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PubMed2026

Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Jingmen tick virus in Amblyomma mixtum ticks from Costa Rica.

UNLABELLED: Jingmenviruses are a group of segmented flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates that have attracted growing public health interest due to the recognition of some members as emerging human arboviral pathogens. As part of a study aimed at deciphering the virome of ticks of medical and veterinary importance in Costa Rica, we detected Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in host-feeding Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete genome segments and one partial segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that JMTV from Costa Rica (JMTV Costa Rica) shares a common viral ancestor with JMTV viruses identified in ticks from the Caribbean and Latin America. Two distinct clades of Jingmenviruses were identified in the American continent, suggesting two distinct introductions: one from Europe/Asia and the other from Africa/Asia. Of note, JMTV Costa Rica falls in the same clade as viruses from Europe and Western Asia, including sequences found in humans. Our study constitutes the first detection of JMTV in Amblyomma mixtum. This tick species feeds on a wide range of hosts, including wildlife, domestic animals, and frequently parasitizes humans in Central America. Further research involving the detection of active and past infections by JMTV in humans and horses after tick bites is needed to evaluate the risk of spillover in Central America, including Costa Rica. IMPORTANCE: Jingmenviruses are flaviviruses detected in arthropods and vertebrates, reported in several countries worldwide. Some members cause disease and infections in humans; therefore, they are considered emergent human arboviruses. In Costa Rica and Central America, there is no information on tick-associated viruses or the role of ticks as putative vectors of viruses. Here, we report the first regional detection of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in Amblyomma mixtum ticks collected from horses. We assembled three complete and one partial viral segment from tick pools. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the JMTV detected in Costa Rica is closely related to other detections from Latin America and the Caribbean and is located in the same clade as viruses reported in humans. Additionally, we detected two separate introductions of JMTV to Latin America. To determine whether this JMTV is an emergent arbovirus locally, research on past or active infections in humans is required.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Antibacterial monoclonal antibodies and the dawn of a new era in the control of infection.

Literature reports concerned with monoclonal antibodies against bacteria, or their toxins, which are pathogens for man and animals were surveyed. These antibodies have important potential uses in human and veterinary pathology and medicine. They are likely to become key elements in a fast progression toward a more complete understanding and control of infectious diseases and of toxin poisoning. A new area of bacteriology relevant to sanitary engineering is also being advanced with the help of antibacterial monoclonal antibodies. This area involves bacteria that produce the biofuel methane, along with other molecules of nutritional value, through a process which brings about the recycling of organic wastes and thereby limits or controls microbial contamination of soil and water.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[In vitro activity of 12 antibiotics used in veterinary medicine against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolated from calves in the Netherlands].

Results of susceptibility tests of clinical isolates of animal pathogens are periodically summarized and reported by the Animal Health Service. However, these results are based upon qualitative test methods. In the present paper results of quantitative susceptibility tests of twelve antibacterial agents against Mannheimia haemolytica (MHA) and Pasteurella multocida (PMU) isolated from Dutch calves in 1996 and 1997 are presented. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, tilmicosin, neomycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin, flumequine, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and florfenicol were determined. No resistance was detected for ceftiofur and florfenicol. Three strains had an intermediate susceptibility to tilmicosin. The resistance percentages of MHA and PMU for neomycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin, flumequine, enrofloxacin, and chloramphenicol varied from 2% to 16%. Higher resistance percentages (16%-53%) were observed for amoxicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The MIC breakpoints used to determine whether a strain is susceptible, intermediate, or resistant are arbitrary and discussed in this paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Coliform bacilli which produce cytotoxins: importance in veterinary medicine and public health].

This article reviews published data (October 1st, 1990) on 4 types of cytotoxins produced by animal and human pathogenic strains of E coli, ie, verotoxins, also named Shiga-like toxins, cytotoxic necrotizing factors, haemolysin, and cytolethal distending toxin. The biological and molecular properties are described for each type of cytotoxin, the association of producing strains with animal pathology, and the role of domestic animals as reservoirs of strains pathogenic for man.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Temporal shifts in gyrA mutation types and sublineage replacement in ST11 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis over a decade (2014-2023): A genomic epidemiological study in Guangxi, China.

The overuse or abuse of antibiotics drives the global health threat of antimicrobial resistance. Although bans on certain veterinary antibiotics, such as colistin, have proven effective, the impact of fluoroquinolone stewardship on the evolution of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a decade-long (2014-2023) retrospective longitudinal genomic epidemiological analysis of 441 ST11 S. Enteritidis isolates from Guangxi, China, alongside a global reference dataset of 4297 genomes. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of real-world antibiotic stewardship on the shift of gyrA point mutations and lineage distribution. Surveillance identified three global epidemic clade sublineages (GEC-L2, L3, L4), with the multidrug-resistant GEC-L4 (i.e., GC-c or MMC2), characterized by the gyrA mutation with amino acid substitution D87Y, being domestically dominant (70.07%, 309/441). Following China's 2016 ban on the veterinary use of critical fluoroquinolones, the proportion of the highly resistant GEC-L4 sublineage decreased continuously (from 86.84% in 2017 to 56.00% in 2023), while the less resistant GEC-L3 sublineage (i.e., GC-b or MMC1), mainly characterized by gyrA D87G, increased simultaneously (from 13.16% to 44.00%). This phenomenon might be attributed to the fact that the GEC-L4 sublineage exhibited a higher fitness cost compared with the GEC-L3 sublineage, as confirmed by the competition assay. A Random Forest Model validated that the gyrA mutation with amino acid substitution D87Y was the paramount feature for these sublineages' identification. In contrast, global data showed a continuous increase in gyrA mutations (from 8.63% in 2006 to 68.85% in 2024), primarily D87Y (from 1.44% to 31.15%) and D87N (from 4.32% to 22.95%), correlating with rising average fluoroquinolone consumption. This study provides direct genomic evidence that national-level antibiotic stewardship can drive the replacement of highly resistant sublineages with moderately resistant ones. These findings offer crucial scientific evidence for evaluating the impact of antibiotic management policies and inform strategies for the rational use of antimicrobials.

China↗
PubMed1996

The pathogenicity of Brucella suis biovar 4 for bison.

The pathogenicity of Brucella suis biovar 4 for bison (Bison bison) was evaluated by inoculation of 2.1 x 10(7) colony forming units (CFU) in 0.1 ml saline into the conjunctival sac of six pregnant cows. Six pregnant bison were inoculated with 1.27 x 10(7) CFU of Brucella abortus strain 2308 as a positive control. Bison were inoculated on 23 January 1992, and observed until calving or abortion after which they were euthanized, and necropsied. Bacteriological and histological examinations were conducted on lymph nodes, reproductive tract, mammary gland, and internal organs. Terminal serum samples from calves and cows were evaluated by card, rivanol precipitation, standard tube agglutination, cold complement fixation tube, indirect bison conjugated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), competitive ELISA, and particle-concentration fluorescence immunoassay. No clinical signs of brucellosis were seen in bison inoculated with B. suis biovar 4, and infection was found only in lymph nodes of two animals. There was no evidence of metastasis of this organism to the mammary gland or the reproductive tract. There were no detectable levels of antibodies to Brucella spp. in terminal blood samples taken from B. suis biovar 4-challenged bison. Brucella abortus was isolated from several tissues in all control bison. All B. abortus-challenged animals developed uterine infection and five developed mammary gland infection. Reproductive disease resulted in abortions in five B. abortus-challenged bison and neonatal death in the remaining calf. Brucella suis biovar 4 does not appear to be pathogenic for bison.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2006

Molecular diagnosis of viral diseases, present trends and future aspects A view from the OIE Collaborating Centre for the Application of Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Veterinary Medicine.

The emergence and re-emergence of transboundary animal diseases (TADs), e.g., foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and the highly pathogenic avian influenza strongly indicate the need for the development of powerful and robust new diagnostic methods. The experiences of an OIE-Collaborating Centre and of two EU project consortia are summarised on the diagnostic application of gel-based PCR, general PCR systems, phylogeny, molecular epidemiology, real-time PCR (TaqMan, Molecular Beacons, Primer-Probe Energy Transfer), amplification without thermocycling (Invader), multiplex PCR, nucleic acid extraction and pipetting robotics, automation and quality control, including internal controls. By following the steps of OIE validation, the diagnostic assays are nationally and internationally standardised. The development of padlock probes and microarrays, as well as ultra rapid PCR and sequencing methods is further improving the arsenal of nucleic acid based molecular diagnosis. Further trends of diagnostic development are also mentioned, in order to combat TADs and other viral infections more effectively in the future.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Guidelines for planning studies to determine the resistance of infectious agents of veterinary relevance].

This paper describes the most important criteria for the planning of statistically sound and representative studies on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria from animals. The statistical design of the study is of particular importance and therefore described in some detail. The existing published data about antimicrobial resistance are mostly retrospective summaries of results and do not give a true picture of the resistance situation. The authors propose to conduct a pilot study initially because many basic elements for a sound study design are still not known. The systematic recording and assessment of the target variables including the necessary quality assurance are an important prerequisite. Moreover, potential cause variables can be further narrowed down and conclusively identified. To ensure the representativity of the cross-sectional study and avoid potential bias, it is important to achieve the highest possible response rate. This will form the basis of a scientifically sound resistance monitoring programme which should be the joint responsibility of regulatory authorities, industry and academia.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[A new zoonosis--investigation of Gardnerella vaginalis disease of fox. I. Causative agent isolation and artificial infection].

It is the first time that this paper reports on using improved rabbit blood agar culture medium to isolate 145 strains Gardnerella vaginalis from the foxes and their abortion fortus organs of main fox farms. Among the strains, 26 strains were isolated from the abortion foetus organs, isolation rate was 92.86%; 118 strains were isolated from the vaginal exeretion of the abortion and empty foxes, isolation rate was 34.01%; 1 strain was isolated from inguinal lymph node of the pelted positive fox, isolation rate was 2%. None was isolated from blood. By causative agent isolation, we revealed the bacterium survival position in vivo, and the best isolation route isolation opportunity and isolation methods were selected. By artificial infection test, we have proved pathogenicity of the bacterium.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1989

Ecosystem health. IV. The National Animal Poison Information Network database as a tool for ecological risk assessment.

Toxicology is a unique discipline in human and veterinary medicine because there are orders of magnitude more toxicants available to man and animals than all known pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. The study of toxicologic responses of ecosystems to contaminants, ecoepidemiology, and the specific study of animal populations in this context, epizootiologic ecotoxicology, are concerned with identifying chemically induced causes and determining effects on and links among populations, communities, and ecosystems. Necessary activities implied by the term "epizootiologic ecotoxicology" are the systematic compilation and analysis of "health" data for ecosystem components. This concept paper describes the value and limitations of adapting methods used by the National Animal Poison Information Network (NAPINet) for epizootiologic ecotoxicology studies. It is concluded that NAPINet methodology, as part of an innovative use of population statistics and clinical measurements, could eventually be adapted into a valuable component of a standardized approach to epizootiologic ecotoxicology.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern Ontario and Quebec.

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens transmitted by ticks and other insect vectors are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in both dogs and humans throughout North America. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of selected vector-transmitted pathogens in southern Ontario and Quebec. Samples submitted to the Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (VBDDL) at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine were evaluated for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia canis, Bartonella henselae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii, and Rickettsia rickettsii. Information regarding breed and the city or province from which the sample originated was recorded; however, travel history was unknown for the majority of dogs. Overall seroprevalence to these tick-borne pathogens in southern Ontario and Quebec is low compared with most regions of the United States, suggesting that veterinarians in this region of Canada should pursue diagnostic evidence of infection in dogs with a travel history or prior residence in areas endemic for exposure to tick-borne infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genetic approaches for studying myiasis-causing flies: molecular markers and mitochondrial genomics.

"Myiasis-causing flies" is a generic term that includes species from numerous dipteran families, mainly Calliphoridae and Oestridae, of which blowflies, screwworm flies and botflies are among the most important. This group of flies is characterized by the ability of their larvae to develop in animal flesh. When the host is a live vertebrate, such parasitism by dipterous larvae is known as primary myiasis. Myiasis-causing flies can be classified as saprophagous (free-living species), facultative or obligate parasites. Many of these flies are of great medical and veterinary importance in Brazil because of their role as key livestock insect-pests and vectors of pathogens, in addition to being considered important legal evidence in forensic entomology. The characterization of myiasis-causing flies using molecular markers to study mtDNA (by RFLP) and nuclear DNA (by RAPD and microsatellite) has been used to identify the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for specific patterns of genetic variability. These approaches have been successfully used to analyze the population structures of the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax and the botfly Dermatobia hominis. In this review, various aspects of the organization, evolution and potential applications of the mitochondrial genome of myiasis-causing flies in Brazil, and the analysis of nuclear markers in genetic studies of populations, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella: recent developments.

Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antimicrobials highly effective for treatment of a variety of clinical and veterinary infections. Their antibacterial activity is due to inhibition of DNA replication. Usually resistance arises spontaneously due to point mutations that result in amino acid substitutions within the topoisomerase subunits GyrA, GyrB, ParC or ParE, decreased expression of outer membrane porins, or overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps. In addition, the recent discovery of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance could result in horizontal transfer of fluoroquinolone resistance between strains. Acquisition of high-level resistance appears to be a multifactorial process. Care needs to taken to avoid overuse of this important class of antimicrobial in both human and veterinary medicine to prevent an increase in the occurrence of resistant zoonotic and non-zoonotic bacterial pathogens that could subsequently cause human or animal infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Appearance of a new trimethoprim resistance gene, dhfrIX, in Escherichia coli from swine.

A new gene, dhfrIX, coding for a trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), was found in porcine isolates of Escherichia coli. The new enzyme, DHFR IX, containing 178 amino acids, showed an amino acid similarity of about 26% with DHFR I and the chromosomal DHFR of E. coli K-12. The dhfrIX gene was observed to occur on two distinctly different transferable plasmids, although a fragment of about 2.9 kb, including dhfrIX, had an identical restriction enzyme digestion map in each case. The new plasmid-borne dhfrIX gene mediates resistance to a drug level of only about 250 micrograms/ml, as compared with more than 1,000 micrograms/ml for the more frequently encountered dhfrI gene. The new plasmid-borne trimethoprim resistance gene could have been selected and spread as a consequence of the extensive use of trimethoprim in veterinary practice in Sweden. It will be important to try to follow its possible occurrence in human pathogens as well.

Amino Acid Sequence↗