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PubMed1990

Managing clinical pharmacy services by integrating drug information and dispensing.

Managing clinical pharmacy services in the 1990s will remain a challenge. Planning appropriate services, matching resources to workload and needs, and meeting the rapid changes in hospital diversification requires substantial pharmacy management knowledge and expertise. A key step in meeting these challenges is integrating the pharmacist's responsibilities for drug information and drug dispensing. This step ensures the provision of the highest quality clinical and distributive pharmacy services. Patient care demands it. Pharmacists will achieve their full potential if drug dispensing and information are provided as one comprehensive service.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed1984

A hierarchical neural network model for associative memory.

A hierarchical neural network model with feedback interconnections, which has the function of associative memory and the ability to recognize patterns, is proposed. The model consists of a hierarchical multi-layered network to which efferent connections are added, so as to make positive feedback loops in pairs with afferent connections. The cell-layer at the initial stage of the network is the input layer which receives the stimulus input and at the same time works as an output layer for associative recall. The deepest layer is the output layer for pattern-recognition. Pattern-recognition is performed hierarchically by integrating information by converging afferent paths in the network. For the purpose of associative recall, the integrated information is again distributed to lower-order cells by diverging efferent paths. These two operations progress simultaneously in the network. If a fragment of a training pattern is presented to the network which has completed its self-organization, the entire pattern will gradually be recalled in the initial layer. If a stimulus consisting of a number of training patterns superposed is presented, one pattern gradually becomes predominant in the recalled output after competition between the patterns, and the others disappear. At about the same time when the recalled pattern reaches a steady state in the initial layer, in the deepest layer of the network, a response is elicited from the cell corresponding to the category of the finally-recalled pattern. Once a steady state has been reached, the response of the network is automatically extinguished by inhibitory signals from a steadiness-detecting cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Association Learning↗
PubMed1999

Effectiveness of an information broker service.

The many disparate databases existing within the same health care organization create confusion and frustration for the consumer trying to get integrated information. The purpose of this research was to create a regional service that would provide a customer oriented information broker service with a single point of contact and guaranteed performance. From 1/98-6/99 there were 34 requests made. 23 were completed on time, eight still in progress and three were late (86.46% on time, average late time 0.76 days). 13 clinical departments used the service. Data was integrated from twelve different data sources. The requests produced about 2 Gigabytes of integrated data (416,666 single spaced pages). The resources required were approximately 1.3 FTE ($65K in direct costs). The cost/page of integrated information was 19 cents. The benefit to cost ratio was at least 3 and most likely higher. Surveys of customers indicated high satisfaction with services and would both utilize the service again and recommend it to others.

Commerce↗
PubMed2004

Teachers' instructional efficacy and teachers' efficacy toward integration of information technologies in the classroom.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between teachers' instructional efficacy and their efficacy toward integration of technologies in the classroom. A sample of 309 French Canadian elementary school teachers volunteered and were administered a French Canadian version of the Teacher Efficacy Scale and Teachers' efficacy scale toward integration of technologies in the classroom. Analysis yielded, as expected, a positive and significant partial correlation between the two types of self-efficacy beliefs (.27 and .36).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expert systems integrated with information systems.

Amongst the users of the AIDA applications there is a rapidly growing interest in the use of expert systems, not as independent systems, but as logical extensions of their already existing information systems. In this paper a prototype system (IDEA) will be described that consists of a set of utilities for the construction of an expert system within the context of an AIDA application. Although IDEA does not excel in sophisticated knowledge representations nor in search strategies (the development of which was not our primary concern) it is able to demonstrate that the facilities provided by AIDA together with the IDEA facilities result in an expert system which is characterized by a high degree of integration with the already operational information system.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1976

An integrated cardiorespiratory pathology information system.

An integrated computer system which is in its initial year of implementation has been developed to handle pathological data of cardiorespiratory organs. On the single entry of data captured at the source, the interactive computer system generates reports for administrative requirements by law, updates a data base of cardiorespiratory histopathological data for research purposes and facilitates inquiry for periodical management reports. The system is based on multiple-source documents which have numerically precoded choice option statements as well as free text provision for those statements where precoded options are not provided. The computer system has replaced manual system procedures most effectively in terms of cost.

Cardiovascular System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A critical change in a day in the life of intensive care nurses: rising to the e-challenge of an integrated clinical information system.

Critical care nurses in a large academic, tertiary care trauma center have adapted to a major system change since the implementation of a fully integrated Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) system, an automated process of order entry. Working in a rapidly changing environment, clinicians are accustomed to viewing real-time discrete data and then using that data to provide safe, effective, and efficient intensive care to critically ill patients. This article describes how the implementation of the CPOE system from a major healthcare software vendor has changed the life of critical care nurses and the perceptions of the experience 1 year after the new technology was initiated. Through experience sharing, perhaps others may gain knowledge to ease their transition to CPOE.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A "building block" approach to application development for education and decision support in radiology: implications for integrated clinical information systems environments.

Education and decision-support resources useful to radiologists are proliferating for the personal computer/workstation user or are potentially accessible via high-speed networks. These resources are typically made available through a set of application programs that tend to be developed in isolation and operate independently. Nonetheless, there is a growing need for an integrated environment for access to these resources in the context of professional work, during clinical problem-solving and decision-making activities, and for use in conjunction with other information resources. New application development environments are required to provide these capabilities. One such architecture for applications, which we have implemented in a prototype environment called DeSyGNER, is based on separately delineating the component information resources required for an application, termed entities, and the user interface and organizational paradigms, or composition methods, by which the entities are used to provide particular kinds of capability. Examples include composition methods to support query, book browsing, hyperlinking, tutorials, simulations, or question/answer testing. Future steps must address true integration of such applications with existing clinical information systems. We believe that the most viable approach for evolving this capability is based on the use of new software engineering methodologies, open systems, client-server communication, and delineation of standard message protocols.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2006

Problem focused integration of information, quality and process management with empirical research: The example of the Essen Interdisciplinary Pressure Ulcer Project.

Issues of information management, quality management, process management, and empirical research are often seen independently from each other. In the Essen interdisciplinary pressure ulcer project, they were integrated to establish a synergy between quality of care, economics and research. The electronic documentation of events and supplementary information was done with the hospital wide patient administration system. Feedback and automatically requests were used for quality improvement. Codes for reimbursement are generated from the clinical documentation. Research studies had been based on the routine documentation. Prerequisite was the cooperation of all relevant groups, nurses, physicians, informaticians, theoreticians and medical controller. In the future, it will be necessary to extend the approach to other relevant nursing problems and to replace the redundant documentation (paper-based as well as electronic) by an electronic health record.

Empirical Research↗
PubMed2003

Development and implementation of a multi-centre information system for paediatric and infant critical care.

BACKGROUND: With no UK collective information system, a need existed to establish an integrated information system for public and private sector hospitals providing paediatric and infant critical care services. A lack of information in the past made it difficult for those procuring, providing and monitoring services to make informed, evidence-based decisions using reliable integrated data. OBJECTIVES: To develop and implement a collective multi-purpose information system for paediatric and infant critical care that was easily adaptable to any UK infant or paediatric critical care setting. Information outputs had to fulfil policy requirements and meet the needs of stakeholders. METHOD: Two minimum datasets, corresponding data definitions, survey forms and a user database were developed through a process of consultation by utilising an information partnership. Design, content, development and implementation issues were identified, discussed and resolved through a co-ordinated collaborative process. RESULTS: Data collection was implemented in all London and Brighton National Health Service (NHS) general and cardio-thoracic paediatric intensive care (PIC) units, several private PIC units and one NHS tertiary referral neonatal unit (NNU) 24 months from project start. CONCLUSIONS: The development of universal integrated information systems for defined settings of care is achievable within reasonable timeframes; however, successful development and implementation requires working within an information partnership to maximise co-ordination, co-operation and collaboration. Those collecting and using data must be identified and involved in all aspects of development from project start. Financial and manpower resources must be well planned. Datasets should be as small as possible in order to make the collection of complete and valid data realistically achievable. When considering service-based information needs, considerable thought should be given to a multi-purpose; multi-use approach based on the most refined minimum dataset possible.

Child↗
PubMed2005

The impact of the pervasive information age on healthcare organizations.

New information technologies place data on integrated information systems, and provide access via pervasive computing technologies. Pervasive computing puts computing power in the hands of all employees, available wherever it is needed. Integrated systems offer seamless data and process integration over diverse information systems. In this paper we look at the impact of these technologies on healthcare organizations in the future.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1992

Integrated information-processing system in clinical orthodontics: an approach with use of a computer network system.

A computer network system has been developed in the Orthodontic Clinic, Osaka University Dental Hospital, to improve treatment efficiency and patient service. The system consists of a 32-bit host computer, its peripheral units, and personal computers connected to the host computer by data-transmission circuits, making up a local area network (LAN). It is possible in this system to integrate various types of data, such as the patient's basic information, treatment records, image data, and diagnostic analysis results to construct a relational database. It has been shown that the computer system developed in the orthodontic clinic has various clinical advantages.

Databases, Factual↗