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Laboratory vector competence experiments with yellow fever virus and five South African mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.

Three domestic and peridomestic mosquito species, selected because their prevalence, distribution and ecology favoured them as potential urban vectors of yellow fever (YF) in South Africa, were submitted to numerous tests for infectivity [measured as dose needed to infect 50% of the mosquitoes (MID50)], mainly with a Kenyan strain (BC7914) of the virus. Use of a Nigerian virus strain (TVP1617) did not significantly alter infectivity. After artificial infective blood meals with titres of 7.0-8.0 log10MID50/mL, head squash infection rates (HSIRs) determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test were 0-4% (Eretmapodites quinquevittatus), 0-29% (Aedes simpsoni s. s.) and 0-21% (5 populations of Aedes aegypti). For some populations of Ae. aegypti tests were repeated with blood meals incorporating freshly prepared rather than frozen mouse brain but HSIRs did not increase. HSIRs did increase when a high infecting titre of 9.0 log10MID50/mL was used with the Richards Bay population (67-90%). It is concluded that these 3 mosquito species are potentially poor YF vectors but that Ae. simpsoni and Richards Bay Ae. aegypti are the most susceptible to the virus. However, the latter 2 species could support person-to-person transmission only if they were present at very high densities. This rarely occurs with Ae. simpsoni in South Africa but Ae. aegypti may occur at high densities although only in discrete foci. The feral Ae. furcifer and Ae. cordellieri had HSIRs of 29% and 3% respectively and Ae. furcifer 'transmitted' the virus in vitro at a transmission rate of 25%. This suggests that Ae. furcifer would be more important than Ae. cordellieri in transmission between monkeys in West Africa.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Timing of nuclear maturation of nonstored and stored domestic cat oocytes.

In this study we compared the effects of preculture storage of ovaries, IVM medium, a reduced O(2) atmosphere and duration of culture on in vitro maturation (IVM) of domestic cat oocytes. One randomly selected ovary of each pair (69 pairs) was stored in PBS at 10 degrees C for 16-24h before oocyte recovery. The second ovary from each pair was used as a nonstored control. In Experiment I, we investigated the effect of culture media (TCM 199 versus SOF) and a reduced O(2) atmosphere (a humidified gas atmosphere of either 5% CO(2) in air or 5% CO(2):5% O(2):90% N(2)) on IVM of both stored and nonstored oocytes. In the second experiment, we compared timing of nuclear maturation of both stored and nonstored oocytes cultured for 17-18, 20-21, 24-26, 28-30, 33-34 or 42-45 h before being evaluated for meiotic status. In both, Experiments I and II, the recovery rate, quality and competence for maturation of oocytes originating from stored ovaries did not differ (P>0.05) compared with nonstored. In Experiment I, neither culture medium (37.5 versus 43.2% of Metaphase II, respectively in TCM 199 versus SOF) or gas atmosphere (40.0 versus 32.5% of Metaphase II, respectively in 5% CO(2) in air versus 5% CO(2):5% O(2):90% N(2)) affected oocyte maturation. In Experiment II, the mean proportion of oocytes achieving Metaphase II within 17-18 h of culture was 36.1% and did not significantly increase (P>0.05) over time up to 28 h. The highest proportion of oocytes (67.3%) reached Metaphase II stage after 42-45 h of culture. Therefore, we conclude that two "waves" of nuclear maturation of cat oocytes can be distinguished. The first wave takes place within 26 h and it is likely that most oocytes of this wave mature by 17-18 h; the second wave occurs after 28-30 h of IVM. It can be assumed that this double wave may reflect the presence of two oocyte populations with two different degrees of "prematuration" which require different lengths of IVM.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Identification of host fruit volatiles from flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) attractive to dogwood-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies.

Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection were used to identify volatiles from fruit of flowering dogwood, Cornus florida, as key attractants for Rhagoletis pomonella flies originating from dogwood fruit. A six-component blend containing ethyl acetate (54.9%), 3-methylbutan-1-ol (27.5%), isoamyl acetate (0.9%), dimethyl trisulfide (1.9%), 1-octen-3-ol (9.1%), and beta-caryophyllene (5.8%) was identified from flowering dogwood fruit that gave consistent EAD activity. In a flight tunnel assay there was no significant difference in the response of individual dogwood flies exhibiting upwind anemotactic flight to volatile extracts from dogwood fruit and the six-component synthetic mixture. Dogwood flies also displayed significantly greater levels of upwind flight to sources with the dogwood volatile blend than with previously identified volatile blends from domestic apple or hawthorn fruit. Selected subtraction assays showed that the three-component mixture of 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, and beta-caryophyllene elicited levels of upwind flight to the source equivalent to the six-component mixture. Our study adds to previous ones showing that populations of Rhagoletis pomonella flies infesting apple, hawthorn, and flowering dogwood fruit are attracted to unique mixtures of fruit volatiles, supporting the hypothesis that host fruit odors could be key traits in sympatric host shifts and establishing host fidelity within members of the Rhagoletis pomonella species complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Photoperiodicity in the male albino laboratory rat.

Animals inhabiting areas where there are drastic changes in the environment often reproduce only during limited time periods to ensure that young are raised in optimal environmental conditions. The lack of a well defined breeding season in many domesticated animals, presumably because the selective pressures for seasonal breeding have been minimized, suggests that the neuroendocrine events controlling seasonal cyclicity have been bred out of these animals. Little is known about the underlying neuroendocrine changes which may occur during the evolution of a species from a seasonal to a nonseasonal breeder. Whereas the changing photoperiod is the primary environmental cue which initiates and/or terminates the reproductive season in many animals, this is not so in the albino rat Rattus norvegicus, a model nonseasonal breeder. Nevertheless, daylength can influence various reproductive parameters in laboratory rats, suggesting that some of the neuroendocrine components that controlled seasonal breeding previously are still extant in this species. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of daylength on the responsiveness of the neuroendocrine--gonadal axis to the negative-feedback effects of testosterone. This paradigm was chosen because of the important role played by photic-induced changes in steroid feedback sensitivity in the control of seasonal reproduction. We report here that although daylength has very little effect on neuroendocrine--gonadal function in the intact male laboratory rat, it seems that some component(s) of a photoperiodic system involving the pineal gland has been preserved.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Are mice calorically restricted in nature?

An important question about traditional caloric restriction (CR) experiments on laboratory mice is how food intake in the laboratory compares with that of wild mice in nature. Such knowledge would allow us to distinguish between two opposing views of the anti-aging effect of CR--whether CR represents, in laboratory animals, a return to a more normal level of food intake, compared with excess food consumption typical of laboratory conditions or whether CR represents restriction below that of animals living in nature, i.e. the conditions under which house mice evolved. To address this issue, we compared energy use of three mouse genotypes: (1) laboratory-selected mouse strains (= laboratory mice), (2) house mice that were four generations or fewer removed from the wild (= wild-derived mice) and (3) mice living in nature (= wild mice). We found, after correcting for body mass, that ad libitum fed laboratory mice eat no more than wild mice. In fact, under demanding natural conditions, wild mice eat even more than ad libitum fed laboratory mice. Laboratory mice do, however, eat more than wild-derived mice housed in similar captive conditions. Therefore, laboratory mice have been selected during the course of domestication for increased food intake compared with captive wild mice, but they are not particularly gluttonous compared with wild mice in nature. We conclude that CR experiments do in fact restrict energy consumption beyond that typically experienced by mice in nature. Therefore, the retarded aging observed with CR is not due to eliminating the detrimental effects of overeating.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Growth of plants on TBT-contaminated harbour sludge and effect on TBT removal.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, large amounts of sediments have to be dredged annually from waterways and harbours. These sediments are sometimes polluted with a variety of toxic compounds. In some countries, including Belgium, the load with the biocide tributyltin (TBT) from ship coatings prohibits the dumping of harbour sludge into the sea. Land-based dumping is a commonly used alternative. OBJECTIVE: This research investigated the feasibility to use land-deposited harbour sludge for plant production. In a field trial, the growth of 38 more or less salt-tolerant plant species on low and high TBT-contaminated sediments was studied. The elimination of TBT from sludge with and without vegetation was compared. The uptake of TBT and its degradation products di- and monobutyltin (DBT and MBT) into harvest products under field conditions was determined. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP: Sediments dredged in May 2003 from the brackish waters of the port of Antwerp were analysed in the laboratory for soil texture, pH, electroconductivity, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen, chloride, sulphur and the organotins TBT, DBT and MBT. The sediments were lagooned for one year to dewater, desalinate and improve their structure. Salt-tolerant domestic and wild plants were selected and sown in May 2004. In August 2004, plants were harvested and the produced biomass was determined. Samples were taken from vegetated and non-vegetated top and bottom sediments and from plants growing above soil and analysed for TBT, DBT and MBT. RESULTS: The fresh sediments showed a good supply with nutrients and a neutral pH, but were rather saline (EC 14 mS cm(-1) of the saturated paste extract). The salinity decreased to 3.7 mS cm(-1) during lagoonation. The high and the low contaminated sediment had initially 43 and 1.6 mg TBT kg(-1) dry weight, respectively. Besides TBT, several other contaminants were present in the sediments at critical levels. The biomass production of the plant species from the field trial ranged from 0.2 to 13 tons dry mass per hectare. Plants performing excellently were barley, sorghum, rape seed, a clover/grass mix and reed. If at all, a positive influence of TBT on plant growth was seen. TBT was degraded significantly faster (>40%) below barley. The uptake of TBT, DBT and MBT into stem and leaves of reed, grass and clover was very low, but measurable and not related to concentrations in soil. No uptake of TBT or its metabolites into corn of barley was found. DISCUSSION: This study confirmed former results: the toxicity of TBT to higher plants is low, and even high levels in soils would not be a hindrance for crop production. The removal of TBT seemed to be increased by both lagooning and plant growth, although the target values for sea dumping in use in certain European countries were not reached. A plausible explanation for the faster degradation of TBT under vegetation is that oxygen is a limiting factor, and plants dewater the soil, thus aerating it. The uptake of the organotins TBT, DBT and MBT into harvest products is probably due to attached soil particles. CONCLUSIONS: To summarize, barley was the optimal species: it grew very well despite the salinity of the dredged sediments, it had a significantly positive effect on TBT removal; it showed no measurable uptake of TBT or the other butyltins into the harvested product; and it is a cash crop well established in European agriculture. OUTLOOK: The amounts of dredged sediments are high, and good soils are becoming increasingly rare. The feasibility of using dredged sediments for non-food production, such as energy crops, should be investigated by a critical risk assessment.

Belgium↗
PubMed2003

Recurrent exon shuffling between distant P-element families.

Two independent stationary P-related neogenes had been previously described in the Drosophila obscura species group and in the Drosophila montium species subgroup. In Drosophila melanogaster, P-transposable elements can encode an 87 kDa transposase and a 66 kDa repressor, but the P-neogenes have only conserved the capacity to encode a 66 kDa repressor-like protein specified by the first three exons. We have previously analyzed the genomic modifications associated with the transition of a P-element into the montium P-neogene, the coding capacity of which has been conserved for around 20 Myr ( Nouaud, D., and D. Anxolabéhère. 1997. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:1132-1144). Here we show that the P-neogene of some species of the montium subgroup presents a new structure involving the capture of an additional exon from a very distant P-element subfamily. This additional exon is inserted either upstream or downstream of the first exon of the P-neogene. As a result of alternative splicing, these modified neogenes can produce, in addition to the repressor-like protein, a new protein which differs only by the NH2-terminal region. We hypothesize that this protein diversity within an organism results in a functional diversification due to the selective advantage associated with the domestication of the P-neogene in these species. Moreover, the autonomous P-element which provides the additional exons is still present in the genome. Its nucleotide sequence is more than 45% distant from the previously defined P-type element (M-type, O-type, T-type) and defines a new P-type element subfamily referred to as the K-type.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Molecular evolution of FLORICAULA/LEAFY orthologs in the Andropogoneae (Poaceae).

Members of the grass family (Poaceae) exhibit a broad range of inflorescence structures and other morphologies, making the grasses an interesting model system for studying the evolution of development. Here we present an analysis of the molecular evolution of FLORICAULA/LEAFY-like genes, which are important developmental regulatory loci known to affect inflorescence development in a wide range of flowering plant species. We have focused on sequences from the Andropogoneae, a tribe within the grass family that includes maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The FLORICAULA/LEAFY gene phylogeny we generated largely agrees with previously published phylogenies for the Andropogoneae using other nuclear genes but is unique in that it includes both members of one of the many duplicate gene sets present in maize. The placement of these sequences in the phylogeny suggests that the duplication of the maize FLORICAULA/LEAFY orthologs, zfl1 and zfl2, is a consequence of a proposed tetraploidy event that occurred in the common ancestor of Zea and a closely related genus, Tripsacum. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the transcribed regions of the FLORICAULA/LEAFY-like genes in the Andropogoneae are functionally constrained at both nonsynonymous and synonymous sites and show no evidence of directional selection. We also examined conservation of short noncoding sequences in the first intron, which may play a role in gene regulation. Finally, we investigated the genetic diversity of one of the two maize FLORICAULA/LEAFY orthologs, zfl2, in maize and its wild ancestor, teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis), and found no evidence for selection pressure resulting from maize domestication within the zfl2-coding region.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Mother-lamb acoustic recognition in sheep: a frequency coding.

Ewes of the domestic sheep ( Ovis aries ) display selective maternal investment by restricting care to their own offspring and rejecting alien young. This trait relies on individual recognition processes between ewes and lambs. Whereas identification at the udder is only olfactory, distance recognition is performed through visual and acoustic cues. We studied the effectiveness and modalities of mutual acoustic recognition between ewes and lambs by spectrographic analysis of their vocal signatures and by playbacks of modified calls in the field. Our results show that ewes and their lambs can recognize each other based solely on their calls. The coding of identity within the vocal signatures, previously unknown in sheep, is similar in lamb and ewe: it uses the mean frequency and the spectral energy distribution of the call, namely the timbre of the call. These results point out a simple signature system in sheep that uses only the frequency domain. This engenders a signal with low information content, as opposed to some highly social birds and mammal species that may integrate information both in the temporal and spectral domains. The simplicity of this system is linked to the roles played by vision and olfaction that corroborate the information brought by the vocal signature.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Distinct B-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative disease prevalence among dog breeds indicates heritable risk.

Immunophenotypes in lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD) are prognostically significant, yet causative factors for these conditions, and specifically those associated with heritable risk, remain elusive. The full spectrum of LPD seen in humans occurs in dogs, but the incidence and lifetime risk of naturally occurring LPD differs among dog breeds. Taking advantage of the limited genetic heterogeneity that exists within dog breeds, we tested the hypothesis that the prevalence of LPD immunophenotypes would differ among different breeds. The sample population included 1,263 dogs representing 87 breeds. Immunophenotype was determined by the presence of clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin heavy chain or T-cell receptor gamma chain. The probability of observing the number of B-cell or T-cell tumors in a particular breed or breed group was compared with three reference populations. Significance was computed using chi2 test, and logistic regression was used to confirm binomial predictions. The data show that, among 87 breeds tested, 15 showed significant differences from the prevalence of LPD immunophenotypes seen across the dog population as a whole. More significantly, elevated risk for T-cell LPD seems to have arisen ancestrally and is retained in related breed groups, whereas increased risk for B-cell disease may stem from different risk factors, or combinations of risk factors, arising during the process of breed derivation and selection. The data show that domestic dogs provide a unique and valuable resource to define factors that mediate risk as well as genes involved in the initiation of B-cell and T-cell LPD.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Differential expression of mRNAs encoding the putative inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan) and activin type-I and type-II receptors in preovulatory and prehierarchical follicles of the laying hen ovary.

Ovarian follicle development is primarily regulated by an interplay between the pituitary gonadotrophins, LH and FSH, and ovary-derived steroids. Increasing evidence implicates regulatory roles of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily members, including inhibins and activins. The aim of this study was to identify the expression of mRNAs encoding key receptors of the inhibin/activin system in ovarian follicles ranging from 4 mm in diameter to the dominant F1 follicle (approximately 40 mm). Ovaries were collected (n = 16) from mid-sequence hens maintained on a long-day photoschedule (16 h of light:8 h of darkness). All follicles removed were dissected into individual granulosa and thecal layers. RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the expression of mRNA encoding betaglycan, activin receptor (ActR) subtypes (type-I, -IIA and -IIB) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); receptor expression data were normalized to GAPDH expression. Detectable levels of ActRI, -IIA and -IIB and the inhibin co-receptor (betaglycan) expression were found in all granulosa and thecal layers analysed. Granulosa ActRI mRNA peaked (P < 0.05) in 8-9.9 mm follicles, whereas ActRIIA rose significantly from 6-7.9 mm to 8-9.9 mm, before falling to F3/2; levels then rose sharply (3-fold) to F1 levels. Granulosa betaglycan mRNA expression rose 3-fold from 4-5.9 mm to 8-9.9 mm, before falling 4-fold to F3/2; levels then rose sharply (4-fold) to F1 levels. ActRIIB levels did not vary significantly during follicular development. Thecal ActRI mRNA expression was similar from 4-7.9 mm then decreased significantly to a nadir at the F4 position, before increasing 2-fold to the F1 (P < 0.05). Although thecal ActRIIB and -IIA expression did not vary significantly from 4 mm to F3, ActRIIB expression increased significantly (2-fold) from F3 to F1 and ActRIIA increased 2-fold from F2 to F1 (P < 0.05). Thecal betaglycan fell to a nadir at F6 after follicle selection; levels then increased significantly to F2, before falling approximately 50% in the F1. In all follicles studied expression of betaglycan and ActRI (granulosa: r = 0.65, P < 0.001, n = 144/group; theca: r = 0.49, P < 0.001, n = 144/group) was well correlated. No significant correlations were identified between betaglycan and ActRIIA or -IIB. Considering all follicles analysed, granulosa mRNA expression of betaglycan, ActRI, ActRIIA and ActRIIB were all significantly lower than in corresponding thecal tissue (betaglycan, 11.4-fold; ActRIIB, 5.1-fold; ActRI, 3.8-fold; ActRIIA, 2.8-fold). The co-localization of type-I and -II activin receptors and betaglycan on granulosa and thecal cells are consistent with a local auto/paracrine role of inhibins and activins in modulating ovarian follicle development, selection and progression in the domestic fowl.

Activin Receptors, Type I↗
PubMed1993

Lactation: historical patterns and potential for manipulation.

The advent of biotechnology has made data on undomesticated mammals relevant to dairy science. Such data indicate the potential of lactation for modification, reveal genetic material available for use through bioengineering, help distinguish adaptive features from historical artifacts, and clarify limits on lactational diversity that date from early evolution. Evolutionary analysis indicates that a complex degree of lactation preceded divergence of the extant mammalian lineages during the Mesozoic Era. Although aspects of monotreme lactation appear to be ancestral for extant mammals, the marsupials and eutherians exhibit divergent specializations. Evidence is consistent with the idea that protolacteal glands evolved by combining features of skin gland populations into a new functional complex. Secretions of these ancestral glands may have had antimicrobial properties that protected the eggs or hatchlings and organic components that supplemented offspring nutrition. Following development of highly nutritious milks, evolution produced diversity in milk composition and function, milk output, length of lactation, mammary gland anatomy, and contributions of lactation to offspring nutrition. Certain marsupials are specialized in terms of functional independence and temporal plasticity of mammary tissues. Mammalian diversity indicates that artificial selection and physiological manipulation of domestic artiodactyls has only modestly exploited the potential of mammary glands as a nutritional source for humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of open and laparoscopic surgery on cellular immunity in a swine model.

Immune suppression associated with trauma has been demonstrated to be proportional to the magnitude of injury. Laparoscopic surgery has been shown to produce a diminished stress response compared to open surgery. Postoperative immune function, specifically cellular immunity, may be better preserved after laparoscopic surgery compared to open surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of open versus laparoscopic surgery on cellular immunity in a swine model. Twenty domestic female pigs were randomly selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) or open cholecystectomy (OC). Cellular immune functions were evaluated with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test and serial phytohemoagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell proliferation of the peripheral blood. There was a significant reduction in PHA-induced T-cell proliferation in both LC and OC groups on days 1 and 3 compared to preoperative values (p < 0.05). The reduction of mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation after LC was significantly less than after OC on day 1 (p = 0.03). The mean DTH reaction was 29.7 +/- 3.7 mm2 in the LC group compared to 13.9 +/- 1.2 mm2 in the OC group (p < 0.001). There was no difference in postoperative white blood count values between the two groups. Suppression of cellular immunity occurred after both LC and OC. The magnitude and duration of impaired cellular immunity after laparoscopic surgery was less than after open surgery as measured by T-cell proliferation and DTH response.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[The reconstruction of three-dimension morphology of proximal femur].

OBJECTIVES: To reconstruct the morphology of the proximal femur and measure the parameters of them by means of the computer-aided design (CAD) in order to provide help to the design and research of the domestic prosthesis, event for the selection of the adapted implant for the doctors before operation. METHODS: The data of 160 healthy Chinese proximal femur images were obtained by the PHLLIP SR7000 computer tomography. The correlative parameters were measured exactly by medical imaging software. Then the imaging data were input into an computerized contouring program which generates the three dimensional coordinates representing periosteal and endosteal contours of the femur for each CT slice. Though the computer-aided design (CAD) software, the three-dimensional solid model was reconstructed by the vectorisation of image contours. In the circumstance of CAD system, the bone axis is defined as the line across the geometric center of the cross-section of the isthmus and 20 mm above the lesser trochanter mid-point. We measured the parameters of the endosteal and periosteal dimensions of the medullary canal. RESULTS: The parameters of the medullary canal measured with the reconstructed normal Chinese femur have significant difference from that measured with the Caucasian's. The extracortical and endosteal parameters of male have significant differences from most of female's. However, there were no significant differences in endosteal width between different age groups in two gender groups. From the proximal to the distal femur, the intersection angles between the longest mediolateral endosteal diameters of the slices and the plane of the femoral neck were increased. CONCLUSIONS: The reconstructive femur contains more information and can be cut at arbitrary levels which means it is facility to the research of the Morphology of the Proximal femur and the measurement of relative parameters. It is necessary to design the prosthesis which fit anatomic parameters of the Chinese femur. It needs to further study whether the gender factor will be considered in the prosthesis design. The angle between the anteversion and the helitorsion at the level 20 mm above the lesser trochanter midpoint should be noticed by the implant designers and doctors.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic structure and phylogeny status of Chaidamu goat population].

Genetic structure and character of Chaidamu goats were studied through simple random sampling. Genetic structure was analysed from five aspects, and phylogeny status was also investigated. The results indicated that: (1) the average phenotypic heterogeneity degree of coat color and morphological character were 0.3419 and 0.5207, respectively; (2) polymorphous blood albumen existed in 6 loci and the average loci heterozygosity was 0.2584; and (3) polymorphism existed in marked genes by DND-RAPD with diversity of 0.4085 approximately 0.5318. Phylogeny status was investigated through clustering by Ward's method on Chaidamu Goats and other domestic goats. All these indicated that Chaidamu Goats was a domestic goat with less intensively selected breed.

Albumins↗
PubMed1989

[Possibilities in the use of ambulatory oxygen therapy in practice].

Of 524 patients suffering from chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease and cryptogenic fibrotizing alveolitis according to accepted criteria 49 patients were selected fro long-term domestic oxygen treatment. In the course of 3-4 weeks comprehensive treatment of the basic disease 10 patients improved to such an extent that ambulatory oxygen therapy was no longer indicated. One patient was eliminated from treatment because he was a heavy cigarette smoker. In eight patients ambulatory oxygen therapy was started. The remaining 30 patients, i.e. 61%, fully indicated for oxygen treatment did not have ambulatory treatment because oxygen concentrators are not available. This shortage must be rapidly resolved.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Milling procedures and air classification of amaranth flours.

The different milling characteristics of Amaranthus cruentus, a domestic variety prevailing in Mexico, selected as representative sample, are herein discussed. This was subjected to proximate analysis, which confirmed its good quality. Milling trials were carried out for the preparation of whole flour by means of conventional mills and by combining some of these with the Raymond and Alpine separators for air classification. Results were then compared to those obtained with a Strong-Scott pearler. Grits and bran contained the highest protein concentration. After comparing overall results, it may be concluded that the best operating conditions are the following: a) seed pearling using five passes, in a pearler, with variable yields of approximately 22% containing 36% protein, and b) combining the Miag mill and Raymond air separator, with variable yields of approximately 32% and a protein content of 30-36%. Proximate analysis of the fractions as well as farinographic and amylographic characteristics--different from those of whole wheat and amaranth flours--suggest their use in the preparation of nutritionally-enriched food products.

Amaranthus↗
PubMed2005

Genetic variation and selection response in model breeding populations of Brassica rapa following a diversity bottleneck.

Domestication and breeding share a common feature of population bottlenecks followed by significant genetic gain. To date, no crop models for investigating the evolution of genetic variance, selection response, and population diversity following bottlenecks have been developed. We developed a model artificial selection system in the laboratory using rapid-cycling Brassica rapa. Responses to 10 cycles of recurrent selection for cotyledon size were compared across a broad population founded with 200 individuals, three bottleneck populations initiated with two individuals each, and unselected controls. Additive genetic variance and heritability were significantly larger in the bottleneck populations prior to selection and this corresponded to a heightened response of bottleneck populations during the first three cycles. However, the overall response was ultimately greater and more sustained in the broad population. AFLP marker analyses revealed the pattern and extent of population subdivision were unaffected by a bottleneck even though the diversity retained in a selection population was significantly limited. Rapid gain in genetically more uniform bottlenecked populations, particularly in the short term, may offer an explanation for why domesticators and breeders have realized significant selection progress over relatively short time periods.

Brassica rapa↗