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PubMed1996

Role conception and role discrepancy: a comparison between hospital-based and degree nursing students in Hong Kong.

This paper reports on a cross-sectional survey that aimed to compare the role conception types and role discrepancy between 140 certificate and 81 degree nursing students in Hong Kong. Non-probability convenience sampling was used and the participants selected from the hospital-based training were first, third and fourth study block students. Second-, third- and fourth-year students from the degree programme were selected for comparison. The role conception scale developed by Pieta was modified and adopted to measure the role conception and discrepancy. ANOVA test was performed to examine differences across and within the two groups. The results showed that the degree students had a significantly higher ideal but lower actual professional role conception than the certificate students. An interaction effect between the groups (certificate--degree) and grades (stages of education) was detected in the ideal professional role, indicating a marked drop of the score for the fourth-year degree students. For the discrepancy role conception score, the degree students had a significantly higher discrepancy score in all the three role conception types compared with their certificate counterparts. In summary, the impact of the educational process on the development of role conception was demonstrated. Compared to the certificate students, the ward practice seemed to exert a far greater impact on degree students' role conception.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Perceived parental efficacy: concept analysis.

AIMS: This paper describes a concept analysis carried out to remove some of the ambiguity surrounding the conceptual meaning of perceived parental efficacy and to distinguish it from related concepts such as parental confidence and parental competence. BACKGROUND: Constructing parental efficacy is a crucial step for family members after the birth of their first child. For some authors, perceived parental efficacy is a motor for adequate parental practices. Confusion about the definition and measurement of this concept has hindered both psychology and nursing practice and research. Concept delineation and concept clarification are required in order to further the development of the concept of perceived parental efficacy. METHODS: A literature search using a variety of online databases yielded 113 articles between the years 1980 and 2000. The final sample (n=60) consisted of 30 articles from two disciplines: nursing and psychology. A content analysis of the literature was done using Rodger's evolutionary concept analysis method. FINDINGS: Content analysis of the literature yielded four contributors to perceived parental efficacy: positive enactive mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion and an appropriate physiological and affective state. Perceived parental efficacy can thus be defined as 'beliefs or judgements a parent holds of their capabilities to organize and execute a set of tasks related to parenting a child'. CONCLUSION: This conceptual analysis has allowed perceived parental efficacy to be distinguished from parental confidence and parental competence. Both nursing and psychology research, practice and education will benefit from a more precise and delineated concept.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed2007

A concept analysis of self-monitoring.

AIM: This paper reports a concept analysis delineating and clarifying the concept of self-monitoring to facilitate development and evaluation of interventions to enhance self-monitoring. BACKGROUND: The concepts of self-monitoring, self-management, self-care and symptom management are often used in similar or interchangeable ways. Clarification of the concept of self-monitoring is needed for research and theory development. METHOD: Rodgers and Knafl's evolutionary concept analysis process was used to delineate and clarify the concept. The PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched using keywords 'self-monitoring', 'self-management' and 'self-care' (with and without the hyphen) for the years 1998-2005, to update a previous study (not published). Later, searching was refined and the keyword 'self-monitoring' was paired with 'awareness' and 'self-regulation' was added. Approximately half the papers were from nursing (n = 34) and half from other disciplines (n = 32). The sample from 1998 to 2005 was further stratified by chronic condition. Definition, exemplars, usage, attributes, antecedents/consequences and implications for further study were identified. FINDINGS: Self-monitoring was composed of two complementary components (attributes): (1) awareness of bodily symptoms, sensations, daily activities, and cognitive processes and (2) measurements, recordings and observations that inform cognition or provide information for independent action or consultation with care providers. CONCLUSION: Self-monitoring may be an important concept for understanding how people self-manage chronic conditions. This concept analysis may be useful for researchers who wish to measure this dimension and to develop nursing theory in this area.

Awareness↗
PubMed2004

A concept analysis of forensic risk.

Forensic risk is a term used in relation to many forms of clinical practice, such as assessment, intervention and management. Rarely is the term defined in the literature and as a concept it is multifaceted. Concept analysis is a method for exploring and evaluating the meaning of words. It gives precise definitions, both theoretical and operational, for use in theory, clinical practice and research. A concept analysis provides a logical basis for defining terms through providing defining attributes, case examples (model, contrary, borderline, related), antecedents and consequences and the implications for nursing. Concept analysis helps us to refine and define a concept that derives from practice, research or theory. This paper will use the strategy of concept analysis to find a working definition for the concept of forensic risk. In conclusion, the historical background and literature are reviewed using concept analysis to bring the term into focus and to define it more clearly. Forensic risk is found to derive both from forensic practice and from risk theory. A proposed definition of forensic risk is given.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1994

Self-concept and children with learning disabilities: observer-child concordance across six context-dependent domains.

This study assessed the self-concept of students with learning disabilities (LD), comparing observer ratings and self-reports both within the LD group and across LD, nondisabled, and high-achieving (HA) classes. Using the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale (MSCS) a total of 135 students from the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades rated their self-concepts. Teachers and parents also rated the children's self-concepts using an abbreviated form of the MSCS. Compared to students' ratings, teachers generally underestimated the LD and nondisabled students' self-concepts, but overestimated the HA students' self-concepts. Parents' ratings of children with LD and HA children generally matched their children's self-reports, but the agreement between nondisabled children and their parents varied depending on the domain of self-concept. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing multiple self-concept domains when working with children who have learning disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Participation in the transcendental meditation program and frontal EEG coherence during concept learning.

This study assesses variation in frontal bilateral EEG coherence among normal subjects during trials of a concept learning task; the task used a concept-reversal paradigm found from prior research to distinguish frontal lobe patients from normal adults. Subjects were either participants in the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program or controls matched for age, sex, and intellectual ability, and additional experimental factors were whether or not the subject gained information on a given trial and whether or not the trial occurred before, during, or after the shift of concept. It was hypothesized that: (1) higher frontal EEG coherence (alpha and beta frequencies) would be associated with trials on which information was gained; (2) higher coherence in the same frequencies would be found in the two concept-solution periods in contrast to the concept-reversal period that divided them; and (3) these patterns would be more clearly expressed among TM program participants. Each hypothesis received partial support. The first hypothesis was true only for TM program participants for alpha coherence, and only during the first concept-solution period for beta coherence. The second hypothesis was true for alpha coherence only, and the third hypothesis received support for alpha coherence. Results were not attributable to muscle or eye artifacts. However, a different response style was found to the change in concept among the two groups; control subjects displayed greater arousal (muscle artifact) during the concept-reversal period, while TM program participants displayed less arousal.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic use of "prizing" and its effect on self-concept of elderly clients in nursing homes and group homes.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of nurse high prizing and nurse low prizing during group therapy in changing the self-concept of institutionalized aged persons. The hypothesis tested was that institutionalized aged clients participating in group therapy who receive nurse high prizing will show an increase in self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) when compared with those aged clients in the same settings participating in group therapy who receive nurse low prizing or those aged clients constituting the matched control groups. The study used an existing data source generated from the research of Williams and Lindell to conduct a secondary analysis of a variable not previously investigated. Mean difference scores from the posttest total self-concept score and subscales of the TSCS were analyzed in conjunction with the levels of prizing within the experimental and control groups. Using the Scale for Rating Prizing, two nurse raters judged the degree of prizing on 40 randomly extracted video segments. The findings indicated that 47.1% of those subjects who received low prizing decreased in self-concept; 68.4% of those who received high prizing increased in self-concept. No change in self-concept was noted in the control group. Findings were significant at the .0001 level. Investigating the effect of nurse high and low levels of prizing on client self-concept completes the Rogerian trilogy of therapist-offered conditions with this same sample of subjects. Extension of previous studies adds to the ever-growing body of nursing knowledge and increases the certitude, casualty, and generalizability of such investigations.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Consistent contrast aids concept learning.

We suggest that coherence among concepts and correspondence between concepts and the world are important in concept learning. We identify one aspect of coherence, consistent contrast, and investigate its role in supervised concept learning. Concepts that contrast consistently carry information about the same attributes across the concepts within a contrast set. Concepts that contrast inconsistently predict and are predicted by values of different attributes. Experiment 1 revealed a large advantage for consistent contrast in learning and generalization. Experiment 2 pitted similarity against consistency and still revealed an advantage of consistency. Experiment 2 also broadened the range of tasks considered to include inductions about novel categories and subjects' category descriptions. We discuss relations to theories of concept learning, to attentional mechanism, and to alignability, and we suggest practical implications.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of concept mapping in an associate degree nursing program.

The purpose of this project was to evaluate concept mapping as a clinical teaching-learning activity that reflects critical thinking by promoting identification of nonlinear relationships among the components of the nursing process. The sample involved 28 associate degree nursing students from one graduating class. Students completed one map each in the second and fourth semesters and two maps in the fifth semester, for a total of four concept maps. The students' learning activity was to create a concept map on a blank sheet of paper describing the clients' physiological and psychosocial needs and nursing care and the relationships among concepts. As students progressed through the curriculum, there was a steady increase in the mean scores and the average number of cross-links in their concept maps. Cross-links indicated students' ability to use nonlinear thinking to identify relationships among concepts. The results of this study support the use of concept maps as an effective teaching-learning activity and support concept mapping as an evidence-based nursing education strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adolescent self-concept and health into adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: This article examines factors associated with adolescent self-concept and the impact of adolescent self-concept on psychological and physical health and health behaviour in young adulthood. DATA SOURCE: The data are from the household cross-sectional (1994/95) and longitudinal (1994/95 to 2000/01) components of Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES: Scores on self-concept indicators in 1994/95 were compared between the sexes and age groups (12 to 15 versus 16 to 19). Multivariate analyses were used to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adolescent self-concept and depression, self-perceived health, physical activity and obesity, controlling for other possible confounders. MAIN RESULTS: Self-concept tends to be low among girls compared with boys. Cross-sectionally, adolescent self-concept was associated with household income and emotional support. For girls and for young adolescents, a weak self-concept in 1994/95 was related to the incidence of depression over the next six years; it was also predictive of physical inactivity among boys, and obesity among both sexes. A strong self-concept had a positive long-term effect on girls' self-perceived health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Differences in adolescents' self-concept as a function of academic level, ethnicity, and gender.

The relations of dimensions of self-concept of adolescents with their academic level, ethnicity, and gender were investigated. A self-concept inventory assessing 11 aspects of self-concept was administered to a sample of 1,140 eight-grade students stratified with regard to academic level (regular class, educationally marginal, learning handicapped), ethnicity (white, black, and Hispanic), and gender. Results showed that regular class students had higher levels of self-concept on most scales than did students who were educationally marginal or learning handicapped; the latter two groups showed few differences. Black students had higher self-concept ratings than did white and Hispanic students on most scales. An interaction on two academically related dimensions of self-concept revealed that white students who were educationally marginal had the lowest level of academic and verbal self-concept. Implications of the results for theories of self-concept formation were discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Factors related to the self-concept of institutionalized, white, male, adolescent drug abusers.

The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between selected drug-related, familial, and demographic variables and the self-concepts of institutionalized, white, male, adolescent drug abusers in a large midwestern city. In addition, the self-concepts of the subjects in the study were compared with the self-concepts of Pulliam et al.'s (1971) non-drug using adolescent sample. The TSCS, a family questionnaire, an index of socioeconomic status, and an interview were used to collect data from 140 subjects. The mean self-concept score of this sample was significantly lower than the mean self-concept score of Pulliam et al.'s sample. Results of a stepwise multiple regression yielded four statistically significant predictors of the subjects' self-concepts: both mother/adolescent relationship and father/adolescent relationship when the adolescent was between age thirteen and his present age; the number of the subject's prior status offenses and the subject's preference for non-depressant drugs. These variables were positively correlated with the subjects' self-concepts. This study demonstrated the importance of differentiating among institutionalized adolescents' self-concepts based on type of drug abused, prior criminal record, and parent/adolescent relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Concept analysis in nursing research: a critical appraisal.

The four major methodological approaches to concept analysis (Wilson-derived methods, qualitative methods, critical analysis of the literature, and quantitative methods) are compared. The authors suggest that qualitative methods and methods that critically analyze the literature may be selected according to the level of the maturity of the concept and the purpose of the analysis. These methods have the ability to facilitate inquiry for concept development, delineation, comparison, clarification, correction, and identification. Quantitative methods may be used for exploring concepts (e.g., delineating conceptual boundaries), and quantitative instrumentation may be used for concept validation, operationalization, and measurement, thus complementing concept analysis methods by moving inquiry into another level of investigation. The authors conclude by presenting criteria for the selection of an appropriate research approach for concept analysis and criteria for evaluating concept analysis research.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2004

Long-term alcohol exposure prior to conception results in lower fetal body weights.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in lower birth weight babies but many women stop consuming alcohol prior to conception as a part of pregnancy planning. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol consumption prior to conception may also have an effect on fetal development. METHODS: Male and female C57BL/6J mice at 4, 6, or 8 weeks of age received either a single administration of alcohol (3.0 g/kg) via intragastric gavage (IG) each day for at least 60 days, or an isovolumetric IG administration of sterile water. After 60 treatment days, males and females within each age and treatment group were mated overnight. Females continued to receive daily alcohol treatments until conception. Males continued to receive treatments until all females were successfully mated. At conception, females were isolated and left undisturbed. On embryonic day 14, fetus number, size, and weight was determined. RESULTS: Maternal food consumption, body weight at conception, and delay to conception onset did not differ between the two treatment groups or among the three age groups. Fetal body weights did not differ among the three age groups. Fetuses from females treated with alcohol had lower body weights compared to those treated with water. Male treatments did not seem to affect fetal body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal growth and development can be affected by alcohol consumption prior to the time of conception. Alcohol consumption prior to conception is a potential risk factor to fetal outcome and an important consideration for those females planning to have children.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Effects of ketamine and 1-glutamic acid diethyl ester on concept learning in rats.

The effects of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and 1-glutamic acid diethyl ester (LGDE), a non-NMDA glutamate antagonist, were evaluated in the acquisition of concept learning in a water maze. In concept learning, the rats must locate an invisible platform whose location changes from day to day. In spatial learning (Morris task), the rats must locate an invisible (or visible) platform whose location does not change. Ketamine increased quadrant entries at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, and latencies at 10 and 20 mg/kg on the final two days of training on the concept task. At 5 mg/kg ketamine disrupted concept learning but not spatial learning or visuo-motor coordination as assessed by invisible and visible platform conditions of the Morris maze. Progressively higher doses of ketamine affected first the invisible condition and then the visible platform condition. On the other hand, LGDE did not affect the Morris task at any dose. However, there was no decrease in latencies over days in concept learning at the two highest doses (240 and 360 mg/kg) of LGDE. Thus LGDE appeared to slow down decision time in the concept task but not the spatial task in the absence of an effect on quadrant entries in any version. These results indicate that NMDA receptors are involved in spatial and concept learning. Non-NMDA receptors appear to be involved only in concept learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The comparative study on concept representation between the UMLS and the clinical terms in Korean medical records.

OBJECTIVE: The National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a rich source of knowledge in the biomedical domain. The UMLS is used for research and development across wide range of different applications. In this paper, we evaluated the coverage of UMLS as compared with medical terms extracted from Korean medical records and identified differences in concept representation between two terminology sets. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT: We measured the concept coverage of the UMLS. For this study, we mapped the clinical terms extracted from the discharge records of Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) to the UMLS. RESULTS: Thirty-five percent of the entry terms used in chief complaint of SNUH were conceptually matched with the UMLS 'Sign or Symptom' concepts. Fifty-eight percent of the terms were found to be matched with the UMLS 'Disease or Syndrome' concept rather than the 'Sign or Symptom' concept. The remaining 7% were not found in the UMLS concepts. We then analyzed some of different expression patterns used by the two term sets and addressed issues to be taken into consideration. CONCLUSION: We found out that the UMLS was comparable with Korean medical records, since most of concepts of Korean medical records were covered with the UMLS concepts.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Methods for automated concept mapping between medical databases.

The retrieval and exchange of information between medical databases is often impeded by the semantic heterogeneity of concepts contained within the databases. Manual identification of equivalent database elements consumes time and resources, and may often be the rate-limiting technological step in integrating disparate data sources. By employing semantic networks as an intermediary representation of the native databases, automated mapping algorithms can identify equivalent concepts in disparate databases. The algorithms take advantage of the conceptual "context" embodied within a semantic network to produce candidate concept mappings. The performance of automated concept mapping was evaluated by creating semantic network representations for two test laboratory databases. The mapping algorithms identified all equivalent concepts that were present in the databases, and did not leave any equivalent concepts unmapped. The utilization of conceptual context to perform automated concept mapping facilitates the identification of equivalent database concepts and may help decrease the work and costs associated with retrieval and integration of information from disparate databases.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Factors influencing the cumulative conception rate and discontinuation of in vitro fertilization treatment for infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cumulative conception rate and live birth rate in women undergoing IVF and to assess the influence of prognostic factors on cumulative conception rate and discontinuation of treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of data from couples undergoing IVF. SETTING: Assisted conception unit of a university hospital. PATIENT(S): Two thousand fifty-six patients undergoing 2708 cycles of IVF from April 1992 to March 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cumulative conception rate by age, number of oocytes retrieved, and embryos transferred, and the influence of these factors on dropout rates. RESULT(S): The cumulative conception rate and cumulative live birth rate after four attempts were 75% and 66%, respectively. The cumulative conception rate differed significantly between women 35 years of age or younger and those older than 35 years who had five or more oocytes retrieved (83% vs. 63%). When fewer than five oocytes were retrieved in women 35 years of age or younger, the cumulative conception rate decreased to 33%. Overall, 36% of patients continued treatment after the first attempt; these patients were more likely to have more than five oocytes retrieved and more than two embryos available for transfer. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative conception rate was greater when the female partner was 35 years of age or younger and had more than five oocytes retrieved and more than two embryos were available for transfer. These factors influenced dropout rates.

Adult↗