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PubMed1991

Borderline increases in albumin excretion rate and the relation to glycemic control in subjects with type I diabetes.

We evaluated "borderline" increases in overnight albumin excretion rates (AERs)----i.e., those between the upper 95th percentile of normal (7.6 micrograms/min) and the lowest value currently considered predictive of nephropathy (30 micrograms/min)----to determine their importance and to see whether glucose control influenced subsequent changes in the "borderline" AER values. Between 1985 and 1990, we studied 190 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type I), analyzing a mean of 6.5 timed overnight urine samples collected per subject. Above-normal AERs were associated with a significantly (by ANOVA) higher mean age (P = 0.03), longer duration of diabetes (P = 0.0002), and greater mean glycohemoglobin values (P = 0.002). The transition rate between borderline and abnormal AERs was significantly higher (P less than 0.0001, chi-square test) than the direct transition rate between normal and abnormal AERs, thus showing the borderline AER to be a definite intermediate stage. Good and poor glucose control were clearly associated with improvement and worsening, respectively, of the borderline AER values (P = 0.032, chi-square test of trend). More attention to borderline AER values is clearly indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absence of post exercise hypotension and sympathoinhibition in normal subjects: additional evidence for increased sympathetic outflow in borderline hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: In young men (mean age 25 years) with borderline hypertension the authors have documented a reduction in systolic blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity 60 mins after 45 mins of submaximal treadmill exercise. The aim of this study was to determine if post exercise hypotension occurs in normotensive young men, and if so, if it is accompanied by a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. DESIGN: Replicating a previous protocol, the authors recorded blood pressure, heart rate, plasma noradrenaline and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography; peroneal nerve) before and 60 mins after submaximal treadmill exercise. SUBJECTS: Ten healthy male volunteers (mean age 28 +/- 5 years). INTERVENTION: Forty-five minutes of treadmill exercise at 70% of resting heart rate reserve. MAIN RESULTS: In contrast to borderline hypertensive subjects, prior exercise had no effect on either systolic or diastolic blood pressure or muscle sympathetic nerve activity in healthy volunteers. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations were similar before and after exercise. Resting heart rate (56 +/- 3 versus 70 +/- 3 beats/min; P less than 0.002), and sympathetic burst frequency (10 +/- 4 versus 20 +/- 2 bursts/min; P = 0.026) were lower in normal than in borderline hypertensive men. CONCLUSIONS: At rest, discharge to muscle sympathetic nerves is increased in young borderline hypertensive men; and blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity are decreased after exercise in borderline hypertensive but not normotensive men. These observations suggest that the depressor response to prolonged rhythmic exercise in young men with borderline hypertension may be due in part to transient suppression of augmented central sympathetic outflow.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of the predictive stable hypertension validity during the ergometric test in borderline hypertension].

Aim of this study was to assess blood pressure (BP) response to exercise in borderline hypertensive subjects and to evaluate its predictive value for subsequent established hypertension development: 74 male subjects (28 borderline subjects, 26 normotensive subjects and 20 subjects with established hypertension) underwent a maximal exercise testing in the sitting position with a bicycle ergometer at the beginning of the study and then after 1 and 2 years; besides casual BP was controlled every 3 months for 2 years. Systolic BP exceeding 220 and/or diastolic BP exceeding 105 mmHg at maximal exercise and/or diastolic BP exceeding 100 mmHg at th fifth min of recovery were considered as abnormal. On the basis of BP response to exercise we divided our study group in: normotensive subjects with a normal BP response (Group A: 88%); normotensive subjects with an abnormal BP response (Group B: 12%); borderline subjects with a normal BP response (Group C: 46%); borderline subjects with an abnormal BP response (Group D:56%). At the end of a 2-year follow-up established hypertension developed in 1 subject of Group B (33%), in 2 subjects of Group C (15%) and in 10 subjects of Group D (67%); 7 subjects of Group C returned to normotension (54%). The incidence of established hypertension is significantly higher in borderline subjects with an abnormal BP response to exercise. This finding is probably due to both functional and organic factors and stresses the predictive value of exercise testing in borderline hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors): immune morphology and current status.

CA 125, CA 19-9 and CEA were demonstrated in tissue samples of 30 ovarian borderline tumors by immunohistochemistry. Of the 21 serous and 9 mucinous borderline tumors, 23 were in stage I and 7 stage III. None of the patients died of disease. All mucinous borderline tumors were CA 125 negative, 89% CA 19-9 positive and 44% CEA positive. 62% of the serous borderline tumors were CA 125 positive, 52% CA 19-9 and 19% CEA positive. Tumors of low malignant potential responded to CA 19-9 like invasive carcinomas. The incidence of positive responses to CA 125 ands CEA fell between that of benign and malignant tumors. The marker pattern did not correlate with tumor stage and cytological grading. The biological behavior of ovarian borderline tumors ranges between that of benign tumors and invasive carcinomas and cannot be classified as definitely belonging to either group. It is plausible that they are primarily of the borderline type, and not benign tumors that undergo malignant degeneration.

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate↗
PubMed1987

[Differences in hemodynamic responses to dynamic exercise between borderline and sustained hypertension].

To observe the effects of anatomical distribution of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the differences in blood pressure on cardiac function, borderline hypertensives (group A) and mild or moderate sustained hypertensives (group B) were studied at rest and during dynamic exercise and their results were compared with those of normal controls (group C). LVH was estimated by M-mode echocardiography, and cardiac function was assessed by radionuclide (RI) first pass and multigate methods. In each subjects, 0.5 watt/kg and 1.0 watt/kg loads of ergometer exercise were administered for 16 min in the supine position. The main results were as follows: 1. In borderline hypertension, there was significant hypertrophy of the interventricular septum, and the left ventricular mass index was greater than that in normal controls. 2. The cardiac index in borderline hypertension did not differ from that of normal controls, but that of sustained hypertension was significantly reduced. 3. Significant positive correlations were observed between blood pressure and the left ventricular mass index at rest and during exercise. 4. No difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at rest was observed among the three groups, but that in sustained hypertension during exercise was markedly less than that of the other groups. LVEF at 1.0 watt/kg load and delta LVEF correlated inversely with the left ventricular mass index. 5. Left ventricular end-systolic volume determined by an RI count method decreased significantly during exercise in normals and borderline hypertension, while that in sustained hypertension was not reduced during exercise. Accordingly, cardiac function in the latter group was judged to be impaired. 6. In borderline hypertension, regional LVEF in the septal portion was slightly reduced at rest and during exercise. This reduction might have been caused by an imbalance of hypertrophy between the septal and free wall portions. In sustained hypertension, regional septal LVEF was maintained at rest, but was markedly less during exercise as compared with the other groups. Regional LVEF in the free wall portion was similar in degree to that of LVEF at rest and during exercise in the three groups. 7. Though the peak filling rate (PFR) in borderline hypertension did not differ from that in controls, that of sustained hypertension was significantly reduced at rest and during exercise. Significant positive correlations were obtained between PFR and LVEF at rest and during exercise. In summary, elevated blood pressure at rest and during exercise was thought to be the most important causative factor of LVH in hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Common epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential).

The creation of the category of ovarian borderline tumors has been a step forward in classification because it has segregated from the general group of common epithelial cancers a subgroup with an unusually good prognosis. Of all borderline tumors, the serous variety is the least difficult for the pathologist to diagnose. The mucinous borderline tumor is not as easy to recognize when an absence of invasion is used as the sole diagnostic criterion, but evaluation of other architectural as well as cytological features is helpful in making the diagnosis. Although the treatment of the majority of serous and mucinous borderline tumors is well standardized, therapy of residual serous borderline tumor is highly controversial and the treatment for pseudomyxoma peritonei, unsatisfactory. Borderline tumors exist in the endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, and mixed common epithelial categories, but these tumors have been too rare to date in order to clearly characterize their clinical and pathological features. It is hoped that more can be learned about this general group of tumors by a more widespread recognition of their distinctive clinico-pathologic features and by their acceptance as a special subgroup of ovarian cancer. Their behavior differs strikingly from that of other types of malignant ovarian tumors and it is clear that their management should differ accordingly.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Stroke volume--pulse pressure relationships in borderline hypertension: a possible indicator of decreased arterial compliance.

Resting invasive haemodynamic measurements were performed on 354 volunteers, 168 normals, and 186 with borderline hypertension. To test the hypothesis that patients with borderline hypertension would have a decrease in the compliance of their arterial system, the relationship of stroke volume (SV) and stroke volume index (SVI) to pulse pressure (PP) in the two groups was examined. Theoretically, as compliance decreases, there should have been a stronger relationship between SV or SVI and PP. In the sample studied, SV and SVI were significantly related to PP in borderline hypertensive patients (P less than 0.005), but not in normotensive patients. When the samples were divided into tertiles of low, middle, and high SV, the borderline hypertensive patients had higher PP with higher SV (P less than 0.01), while the normals did not. It is concluded that there appear to be significant differences between normals and patients with borderline hypertension in the relationship of SV and SVI to PP. This can be interpreted as evidence to support the existence of an abnormality in arterial compliance in borderline hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Detailed deletion mapping of chromosome 9p and p16 gene alterations in human borderline and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors.

We used PCR amplification of tandem repeats to study the pattern of allelic loss in borderline and invasive ovarian epithelial tumors using 12 primer pairs to generate a detailed deletion map of chromosome 9p. In the invasive ovarian carcinomas, there were three regions displaying high frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) ranging from 31-38%. In contrast, LOH was a rare event among the borderline ovarian tumors, with one region revealing a rate of 20% and the remaining regions only 0-8% LOH. Therefore, allelic loss does not seem to be important for the development of borderline ovarian tumors. We also examined p16 gene expression and mutations in ovarian cancer cell lines and invasive and borderline ovarian tumor tissues. Southern blot analysis revealed no losses of the p16 gene in either the invasive or borderline ovarian tumors. However, the ovarian carcinoma cell lines showed a 50% homozygous deletion rate. SSCP analysis detected a mobility shift in only one (borderline) tumor. Since the primary invasive ovarian tumors did not show any deletions or mutations, it appears that p16 does not play a role in the pathogenesis of these tumors.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1994

[High-resolution ultrasonographic study of atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries in borderline essential arterial hypertension].

BACKGROUND: High resolution echotomographic study of the carotid arteries allows the examination of the arterial wall and the resulting alterations from different factors. Aim of the present study is to evaluate the atherosclerotic lesions of the extracranial carotid arteries wall in subjects with essential borderline arterial hypertension, pharmacologically untreated. The selection of the patients was made, at first, by means of sphigmomanometric measurement of blood pressure and successively by means of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. METHODS: We studied: 59 subjects with borderline essential hypertension with casual systolic arterial pressure between 140 and 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic between 90 and 95 mm Hg and increased ambulatorial pressure; 11 subjects with white coat hypertension with casual systolic pressure between 140 and 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic between 90 and 95 mm Hg with normal ambulatorial pressure; 30 normotensive subjects with casual blood pressure < 140/90 mm Hg and normal ambulatorial pressure. Borderline hypertensive subjects were divided in two groups: Group 1 with sensible fall of blood pressure values, from day to night, more than 10% (14.3% systolic and 14.5% diastolic), and Group 2 with reduced nocturnal blood pressure fall, lesser than 10% (3.8% systolic, 2.7% diastolic). All the patients underwent high-resolution B-mode echotomography of both carotid arteries, which consented the evaluation of the myointimal thickening, of the atherosclerotic plaques with their echogenic characteristics and seat. A thickness > or = 0.95 mm Hg was considered as myointimal thickening, while a thickness > or = 2 mm was considered as plaque. RESULTS: In 59 borderline hypertensive subjects, compared with normotensive subjects, it was more frequent the detection either of myointimal thickening (p < 0.01) or subjects with plaques (p < 0.05), or subjects with more than one plaque (p < 0.05). In those subjects with white coat hypertension, it was detected a prevalence of myointimal thickening and plaques identical to that of normotensive subjects and lesser compared with borderline hypertensive subjects, not statistically meaningful. In those hypertensive subjects with reduced nocturnal blood pressure fall (Group 2), compared with Group 1, it was significatively more frequent the detection of myointimal thickening (p < 0.01), of subjects with plaques (p < 0.01) and subjects with more than one plaque (p < 0.05). There were no meaningful differences either among hypertensive and normotensive subjects or between those two sub-groups of hypertensive subjects for what concerns seat and echogenic characteristics of the plaques: the more frequent localization was at level of the common carotid artery and bifurcation, and less frequently at level of internal and external carotid artery. More frequently "hard" plaques and less frequently "fibrous", "mixed" and "soft" plaques were found. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the results of our investigation document the role of the increase of the blood pressure, even of mild entity like in borderline essential hypertension, in determining atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arterial wall, and the usefulness of both the echotomographic study, that shows such lesions, and of the ambulatory monitoring, that allows a better selection of hypertensive patients, to study and identify hypertensive subjects at minor or major risk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma insulin and blood pressure response to oral glucose tolerance test in young borderline hypertensives.

In order to evaluate whether borderline hypertension might be associated with hyperinsulinaemia, twenty non-obese borderline hypertensives and twenty matched normotensives underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Blood pressure, plasma glucose and insulin were measured at fasting and 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after glucose load. Fasting plasma insulin was significantly higher in borderline hypertensives in comparison to normotensives (16.6 +/- 6.9 vs 12.4 +/- 4.2 mU/l; P < 0.05). Plasma insulin response estimated by the positive incremental area under the curve did not differ significantly between two groups but borderline hypertensives showed a larger interindividual difference. Decrease of systolic blood pressure after glucose load was significantly greater in borderline hypertensive subjects. Furthermore, blood pressure and plasma insulin relationship was different in borderline hypertensives compared to normotensives.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Strong expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in ovarian borderline and malignant neoplasms.

Angiogenesis is a critical factor in the growth, progression, and metastatic spread of solid tumors. Furthermore, angiogenesis has been correlated with prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. The pathogenesis of the angiogenic events in ovarian cancer, however, are not well defined. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) is a multifunctional cytokine that has been shown to be an important regulator of tumor angiogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to define the expression of VPF/VEGF and its receptors flt-1 and KDR in ovarian tumors. Four specimens of normal ovarian cortex and 41 specimens of benign (4), borderline (8), and malignant (29) ovarian tumors were studied by in situ hybridization, and in some cases by immunohistochemical analysis. VPF/VEGF protein was also determined by an immunofluorometric assay in cyst fluids obtained from 11 patients, including 7 benign, 2 borderline, and 2 malignant tumors. VPF/VEGF mRNA and protein were expressed by the neoplastic cells in all of the malignant tumors evaluated, with the majority of tumors (28 of 29) showing strong expression of mRNA. Serous borderline tumors had variable VPF/VEGF mRNA expression, with two of six cases showing focal strong expression and four showing low-level expression. No definite expression of VPF/VEGF was seen in two cases of mucinous borderline tumors. No strong expression of VPF/VEGF mRNA was observed in normal ovarian cortex, including surface epithelium, or benign tumors. Substantially higher VPF protein concentrations were detected in cyst fluids of the two malignant (60, 440 pM) and two borderline tumors (210, 590 pM) than in the seven benign serous cysts (mean, 10 +/- 3 pM). In addition, microvascular endothelial cells strongly expressed mRNA of the VPF/VEGF receptors flt-1 and KDR and immunostained for VPF/VEGF protein in the majority of malignant and borderline tumors examined. These findings suggest that VPF/VEGF plays an important role in the angiogenesis associated with ovarian neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Transference neurosis, transference borderline, and transference psychosis--as seen through a case of obsessive-compulsive neurosis treated successfully through regression to the state of transference psychosis.

Transference manifestations are divided into the neurotic, borderline, and psychotic, and their corresponding states are termed transference neurosis, transference borderline, and transference psychosis, respectively. This paper discusses the onset of these conditions and their relationship to each other through the process of long-term psychotherapy of a case of obsessive-compulsive neurosis manifesting all three forms of transference. The transference neurosis appeared naturally soon after initiating psychotherapy, but the transference borderline and the transference psychosis appeared at the peak of transference neurosis and transference borderline, respectively, triggered by defeat in an imaginary triangular relationship. This case was not that of shifting from transference neurosis to transference borderline, and from there on to transference psychosis. Even though the newly appearing form of transference was the tangible form appearing in therapeutic situations and became more prominent, this was a case of two, or all three forms of transference existing together. Additionally, although the transference psychosis was prominent for some time, it gradually declined, leaving transference borderline and transference neurosis to coexist, until their simultaneous resolution and disappearance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Expression of p53 protein in borderline epithelial ovarian tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 39 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of p53 protein in borderline ovarian tumors and its correlations with the clinicopathological parameters. STUDY DESIGN: p53 protein was detected by immunoperoxidase in 79 ovarian tumors (39 borderline, 20 malignant, 20 benign). p53 expression was compared to histological type, FIGO stage, age, presence of ascites, recurrence and patient survival. RESULTS: The median value of quantitative p53 immunopositivity was: 0.80+/-0.42 in ovarian cancers, 0+/-0.24 in borderline tumors and 0+/-0.16 in benign tumors (p=0.001). In borderline tumors, no correlation existed between p53 expression and the histological or clinical parameters. In malignant tumors, no correlation existed between the expression of p53 and patient survival. CONCLUSION: We found no correlation between p53 immunopositivity and clinicopathological parameters in carcinomas and borderline tumors of the ovary. p53 immunopositivity may help in distinguishing borderline tumors from ovarian cancers.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1998

Management of borderline tumors of the ovary: state of the art.

Evidence published during several decades has shown that there is a group of epithelial ovarian tumors having histological and biological features between those of clearly benign and frankly malignant tumors. In 1963, FIGO accepted an intermediate group of ovarian carcinomas of low malignant potential. In 1973, WHO adopted the term borderline malignancies to describe these tumors. Borderline tumors represent approximately 10% to 15% of all epithelial ovarian malignancies. There are considerable discrepancies in the reported incidence of ovarian tumors of borderline malignancies. Some centers do not recognize tumors of this type and include them among invasive cancers. The prognosis for patients with borderline tumors is generally considered to be excellent. Although the standard treatment for older patients is abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, many young patients who have not completed childbearing can be safely treated with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy coupled with comprehensive surgical staging, thereby preserving fertility potential. Even ovarian cystectomy has been reported, but the recurrence rate in the ovary approximates 15%. Many experts strongly believe that surgery is the only effective treatment for borderline tumors. Others routinely use postoperative chemotherapy for at least some subsets of patients with peritoneal implants. Currently, insufficient information is available to make a definitive statement regarding the efficacy of postoperative therapy. Nevertheless, clinicians are faced with the difficult task of making treatment recommendations to anxious patients. In the past, extensive application of automated methods for analytical cytology has resulted in large quantities of data on ploidy abnormalities in different types of human cancers. The main purpose has been to obtain additional parameters for the characterization of various types of malignancy to give more precise information on their biological behavior. Data from the Norwegian Radium Hospital showed that the majority of borderline tumors have DNA diploid tumors and good prognosis, DNA aneuploidy indicates high risk. Several other investigators have shown the same results on DNA ploidy as a predictor of recurrence and survival, but a few others have shown conflicting results. Early studies suggest that p53 mutation does not appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Studies on other molecular markers have not yet uncovered a reliable predictor of biologic behavior. However, it is hoped that future studies of genetics and molecular biology of these tumors will lead to useful laboratory tests.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of prostate needle biopsies in a population-based screening study: the impact of borderline lesions.

BACKGROUND: The finding of isolated high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or borderline lesions (lesions suspicious for malignancy) in prostate needle biopsies warrants repeat biopsies. The reported frequency of these lesions in prostate needle biopsies varies considerably. The authors evaluated the frequency and clinical impact of high grade PIN and borderline lesions in sextant prostate needle biopsies obtained from screened participants in the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). METHODS: A total of 8763 participants in the Rotterdam section of the ERSPC ages 55-75 years were screened systematically for prostate carcinoma. Systematic sextant prostate needle biopsies were prompted by an abnormal digital rectal examination and/or abnormal transrectal ultrasonography findings at serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels > or = 1.0 ng/mL or a PSA level > or = 4.0 ng/mL. Repeat biopsies were obtained within 6 months after initial biopsy. RESULTS: Of 1824 biopsied men, 384 (21.1%) were found to have prostate carcinoma on initial biopsy. Twelve participants (0.7%) had isolated high grade PIN and 43 (2.4%) had borderline lesions. Repeat biopsies yielded no carcinoma in 7 participants with initial high grade PIN and 15 tumors (38.5%) in 39 participants with borderline lesions. CONCLUSIONS: In prostate needle biopsies obtained from a screened population, indications for repeat biopsy such as high grade PIN and borderline lesions do not represent large diagnostic subsets. Borderline lesions comprise the most important indication for a repeat biopsy. The low frequency of equivocal biopsy diagnoses in the current study supports the clinical applicability of sextant needle biopsies in population-based screening for prostate carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

The prevalence of trauma and its relationship to borderline personality symptoms and self-destructive behaviors in a primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of five types of trauma and their relationship to borderline personality symptoms and self-destructive behaviors in female subjects recruited from a primary care setting. DESIGN: Consecutive sample. METHOD: Subjects completed a lengthy research booklet. SETTING: Primary care, outpatient, health maintenance organization setting. PATIENTS: One hundred fifty-two consecutive women, aged 18 to 45 years, who were scheduled for routine gynecological care by a female family physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures included a demographic questionnaire, a trauma questionnaire (ie, sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, physical neglect, and witnessing of violence), the Borderline Personality Scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised; and the Self-Harm Inventory. RESULTS: Traumatic experiences were reported by 70.7% of the subjects (25.8%, sexual abuse; 36.4%, physical abuse; 43.7%, emotional abuse; 9.3%, physical neglect; and 43.0%, witnessing of violence). There was a significant correlation between the acknowledged number of abuse categories and borderline personality symptoms (r = .36, P = .01) as well as self-destructive behaviors (r = .43, P = .01). Sexual abuse and witnessing of violence were most associated with borderline personality symptoms; sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnessing of violence were most associated with self-destructive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence that abuse is a nonspecific but contributory factor to psychopathologic processes, in particular borderline personality symptoms and self-destructive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Familial transmission of DSM-III borderline personality disorder.

A comparison was made of the types of mental disorders occurring in the first-degree relatives of 83 female patients with DSM-III borderline personality disorder, 100 female patients with DSM-III schizophrenia, and 100 female patients with DSM-III bipolar disorder. Diagnosis of the relatives was made independently by two clinicians who were blind to the diagnosis of the probands. The relative of a borderline patient was about ten times more likely to have been treated for a borderline or borderlinelike personality disorder than was the relative of a schizophrenic or bipolar patient. The borderline patients' relatives were also treated for more unipolar depression than the schizophrenics' relatives. However, the relatives of the borderline patients did not have a higher morbid risk for treated mania or schizophrenia than that usually reported for the population at large.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Diagnosing borderline conditions in an outpatient setting.

Application of the Gunderson-Kolb Diagnostic Interview for Borderline to a population of psychiatric outpatients suggested two complicating factors in diagnosing borderline conditions in an ambulatory setting: the reduced level of borderline symptoms and the confounding presence of recompensated psychotic patients. Overlap between the Gunderson and Kernberg borderline constructs, which is relatively high in the inpatient setting, is diminished in the outpatient setting. Contrary to expectation, distinguishing borderline patients from patients with other personality disorders was not a source of difficulty.

Adolescent↗