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PubMed2000

Deep dyslexia is right-hemisphere reading.

Two views exist concerning the proper interpretation of the form of acquired dyslexia known as deep dyslexia: (a) that it represents reading by a multiply damaged left hemisphere reading system; (b) that it represents reading which relies extensively on right-hemisphere orthographic and semantic processing. Price, Howard, Patterson, Warburton, Friston, and Frackowiak (1998) have recently reported a brain-imaging study whose results, they claim, "preclude an explanation of deep dyslexia in terms of purely right-hemisphere word processing." Their claim conflicts with the conclusions of previous published work, which strongly supports the RH hypothesis, work which they do not mention. Furthermore, I argue that their own results also favor the RH hypothesis (even though they claim otherwise); indeed, their results permit the formulation of a much more detailed version of the RH hypothesis than has hitherto been possible. Hence I conclude that the right-hemisphere interpretation of deep dyslexic reading remains the preferred explanation of deep dyslexia.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Right hemisphere semantic processing of visual words in an aphasic patient: an fMRI study.

This study was designed to identify the neural network supporting the semantic processing of visual words in a patient with large-scale damage to left-hemisphere (LH) language structures. Patient GP, and a control subject, RT, performed semantic and orthographic tasks while brain-activation patterns were recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In RT, the semantic-orthographic comparison activated LH perisylvian and extrasylvian temporal regions comparable to the network of areas activated by non-brain-damaged subjects in other neuroimaging studies of semantic discrimination. In GP, the same comparison activated homologous right-hemisphere regions, demonstrating the ability of the right hemisphere to subserve visual lexicosemantic processes. The results are discussed within the context of the normal right hemisphere's capacity for semantic processing of visual words. Examining results from functional neuroimaging studies on recovery in the context of innate hemispheric abilities may enable reconciliation of disparate claims about mechanisms supporting recovery from aphasia.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2000

Useful Microsoft Word Macros for molecular biologists and protein chemists.

Biologists today make extensive use of word processing programs for the production of research reports, literature reviews and grant proposals. Frequently, such programs become the default platform for viewing and the later publication of protein and nucleic acid sequence data. Thus, researchers often switch between their word processor and more specialized programs designed to analyze protein and nucleic acid sequences. It would be more convenient to perform these simple sequence analyses using the word processor without switching to another program. The focus here is on the use of the Visual Basic programming language, which is built into all recent versions of Microsoft Word to generate surprisingly complex and useful macros that can conveniently analyze several important features of protein and nucleic acid sequences. The standard Word interface can also be easily modified to display and run these macros from a pull-down menu. Several examples of this approach are provided.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical applications of electronic data processing in surgery, trauma surgery and orthopedics. Results of a survey of 1,450 clinics].

With a standardized questionnaire we evaluated 1450 orthopedic and general surgery departments. The response rate was 57.2%, 52% of the departments were using computers for different purposes. The favoured system was the MS-DOS system (73%). The computers were mainly used for word processing (58%), statistics (50%), and graphics (39%). For clinical routine the leading use was patient documentation (70%) followed by patient report generation (43%). Other applications (e.g. online use of administrative data (19.4%) or the use of other patient information like blood parameters (10%)) were relatively rarely used. However, most of the users have plans to incorporate these applications in the nearest future. For the out patients care the leading application is private billing (42.5%) and statistics (30%). The majority of the departments (42.6%) only have one PC. Most of the departments use the printer for hard copies and as hard disc a the standard storage medium. The average storage capacity of the used hard discs is 40 to 80 MB. Other peripheral tools like a laser printer, a scanner, or modems are rarely used. Most of the departments invested between 5000 and 15,000,--DM. 33.3% financed the computers only with the official budget of the department. However, 25.8% only used private funds to buy the hard- and software. The distribution according to zip codes showed a slight accommodation in Bavaria and NRW. The amount of new installations showed an almost constant increase from 1975 until 1981. Between 1981 and 1990 there was a significant increase with a small drop in 1986.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1989

[Installation of electronic data processing at the Vienna Forensic Medicine Institute--experiences and outlook].

1985 the systematic use of personal computers in the Viennese institute of forensic medicine began. Due to the big engineering progress there was no more need to connect to a computer center. A gradual installation and a strict determination of requirements are important for computer systems, whereas a personal computer might be useful for word processing only as well.

Austria↗
PubMed1995

Format-independent data collection forms.

Good form design is generally acknowledged to be a key element of clinical trials and follow-up studies. Although some data are collected directly from automated equipment, most measurements, examination findings, and interview responses require at least one manual transcription, either onto paper forms or directly into a computer. Regardless of the transcription method adopted, there is broad agreement that the quality of study data depends strongly on the format and layout of the data collection instruments. The task of form design and production is complicated by two facts: first, a series of different forms is needed even when the period of follow-up is short; and second, form design is an ongoing process that starts before the first person is enrolled and continues over the course of the trial. This paper (1) presents a concept (format independence) aimed at simplifying the design and revision of data collection forms; (2) explains how a feature (styles) present in most word processing software can be used to implement the concept; (3) discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a format-independent approach as compared to more traditional form development tools; and (4) describes the environment that prompted this approach to form development.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Online measures of basic language skills in children with early focal brain lesions.

Twenty children with early focal lesions were compared with 150 age-matched control subjects on 11 online measures of the basic skills underlying language processing, a digit span task, and 6 standardized measures. Although most of the children with brain injury scored within the normal range on the majority of the tasks, they also had a disproportionately high number of outlier scores on the reaction time tests. This evidence for a moderate impairment of the basic skills underlying language processing contrasts with other evidence suggesting that these children acquire normal control of the functional use of language. Furthermore, these children scored within the normal range on a measure of general cognitive ability, suggesting that there is no particular sparing of linguistic functions at the expense of general cognitive functions. Using the MPD procedure (Valdés-Pérez & Pericliev, 1997), we found that the controls and the five clinical groups could be best distinguished with two measures of online processing (word repetition and visual number naming) and one standardized test subcomponent (the CELF Oral Directions subtest). The 12 children with left hemisphere lesions scored significantly lower than the 8 other children on the CELF-RS measure. Within the group of children with cerebral infarct, the nature of the processing disability could be linked fairly well to site of lesion. Otherwise, there was little relation between site or size of lesion and the pattern of deficit. These results support a model in which damage to the complex functional circuits subserving language leads to only minor deficits in process efficiency, because of the plasticity of developmental processes.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selecting and implementing a voice recognition system.

A single radiology department serves the three separate organizations that comprise Emory Healthcare in Atlanta--three separate hospitals, the Emory Clinic and the Emory University School of Medicine. In 1996, the chairman of Emory Healthcare issued a mandate to the radiology department to decrease its report turnaround time, provide better service and increase customer satisfaction. The area where the greatest effect could be made without involving the transcription area was the "exam complete to dictate" piece of the reporting process. A committee investigating voice recognition systems established an essential criteria for potential vendors--to be able to download patient scheduling and demographic information from the existing RIS to the new system. Second, the system had to be flexible and straightforward for doctors to learn. It must have a word processing package for easy report correction and editing, and a microphone that would rewind and correct dictation before recognition took place. To keep capital costs low for the pilot, the committee opted for server recognition rather than purchase the expensive workstations necessary for real-time recognition. A switch was made later to real-time recognition. PACS and voice recognition have proven to be highly complementary. Most importantly, the new system has had a tremendous impact on turnaround time in the "dictate to final" phase. Once in the 30-hour range, 65 percent of the reports are now turned around in less than 15 minutes, 80 percent in less than 30 minutes, and 90 percent in less than an hour.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2000

On subtypes of developmental dyslexia: evidence from processing time and accuracy scores.

Phonological dyslexics (Ph-DYS) are characterized by a phonological deficit, while surface dyslexics (S-DYS) are characterized by an orthographic deficit. Four issues were addressed in this study. First, we determined the proportion of Ph-DYS and S-DYS in a population of French dyslexics by applying Castles and Coltheart's (1993) regression method to two previously unused diagnostic measures: pseudo-word and irregular-word processing time. Thirty-one dyslexics were matched to 19 average readers of the same age (10 years, CA controls) and to 19 younger children of the same reading level (8 years, RL controls). Compared to CA controls, there were more Ph-DYS than S-DYS. Compared to RL controls, there were still a high number of Ph-DYS; however, the S-DYS profile almost disappeared. Next, we examined the reliability of these subtypes across different measures of phonological and orthographic skills. Compared to RL controls, both groups of dyslexics were found to be impaired only in phonological skills, either in processing time (Ph-DYS) or in accuracy (S-DYS). Then we assessed the moment at which the two dissociated profiles emerged in the course of cognitive development. In order to do so, we examined earlier longitudinal data, collected when the children were 7 and 8 years old, and found that only the S-DYS's orthographic deficit increased with development. Last, we looked at whether the Ph-DYS and S-DYS profiles were associated with other specific cognitive deficits. Specific deficits in phonemic awareness and in phonological short-term memory were found for both Ph-DYS and S-DYS. These data suggest that developmental dyslexia could be largely accounted for by an underlying phonological impairment.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adaptive communication systems for patients with mobility disorders.

An adaptive communication system has been developed for individuals with mobility disorders. It uses specialized computer software and hardware that compensate for this disability. For an individual with a motor-control impairment who is not able to use a keyboard effectively, a computer voice-recognition technology now removes this communication barrier. Speech-recognition systems consist of three basic components: speech processing, speech recognition, and speech understanding. The new Dragon Dictate (Dragon Systems, Inc., Newton, Mass.) is the first large-vocabulary speech recognition system in the personal computer industry that interactively learns a user's vocabulary and mode of speaking and responds to natural language rather than to limited sets of words. This speech-recognition system requires a microprocessor, a display monitor, a printer, and specific software packages, including word-processing and enhanced memory-management software. Important considerations in the use of this speech-recognition system include microphone positioning and training of the system. With the advent of this new voice-recognition computer system, another communication barrier between the disabled and society has been overcome.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗
PubMed1996

The effect of first written language on the acquisition of English literacy.

The relationship between first and second language literacy was examined by identifying the skills and processes developed in the first language that were transferred to the second language. The performance of 40 university students from The People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Australia were compared on a series of tasks that assessed phonological awareness and reading and spelling skills in English. The results indicated that the Hong Kong students (with non-alphabetic first language literacy) had limited phonological awareness compared to those students with alphabetic first language literacy. The reading and spelling tasks showed no differences between the groups on real word processing. However, the students from Hong Kong had difficulty processing nonwords because of their poor phonological awareness. The results supported the hypothesis that people learning English as a second language (ESL) transfer their literacy processing skills from their first language to English. When the phonological awareness required in English had not been developed in the first language, ESL students were limited to a whole-word, visual strategy. The findings indicate that students from non-alphabetic written language backgrounds might have difficulties with new, or unfamiliar words when attending universities where English is the medium of instruction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Semantic priming in the prime task effect: evidence of automatic semantic processing of distractors.

The automaticity of the semantic processing of words has been questioned because of the reduction of semantic priming when the prime word is processed nonsemantically--for example, in letter search (the prime task effect). In two experiments, prime distractor words produced semantic priming in a subsequent lexical decision task, but with the direction of priming (positive or negative) depending on the prime task. Lexico-semantic tasks produced negative semantic priming, whereas letter search produced positive semantic priming. These results are discussed in terms of task-based inhibition. We argue that, given the results from the distractors, the absence of semantic priming does not indicate an absence of semantic activation but reflects the action of control processes on prepotent responses when less practiced responses are needed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cortical interactions in short time intervals during the search for verbal associations].

Cortical connectivity was studied in tasks of generating the use of words in comparison with reading aloud the same words. These tasks were used earlier in PET and high-density ERP recording studies, which described both the functional anatomy and time course of involvement of cortical areas in word processing. We developed a new method for studying the synchrony of EEG spectral components within the short time intervals compatible with the duration of particular cognitive operations. The wavelet transform of the ERP records and calculation of correlations between the wavelet curves were used to reveal connections between cortical areas. Three stages of intracortical communications developing over the course of task performance were discovered: between the right and left frontal areas (0-200 ms after the stimulus presentation), between the left frontal and left posterior temporo-parietal areas (250-500 ms), and, finally, between the left temporal and right fronto-centro-temporal areas. These findings are in good agreement with the results of the previous PET and ERP studies and supplement them with the circuitry of cortical information transfer. Also, they suggest some differences in information processing during automated reading and performance of more complicated use-generation task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Attention constraints of semantic activation during visual word recognition.

The reduction of semantic priming following letter search of the prime suggests that semantic activation can be blocked if attention is allocated to the letter level during word processing. Is this true even for the very fast-acting component of semantic activation? To test this, the authors explored semantic priming of lexical decision at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of either 200 or 1,000 ms. Following semantic prime processing, priming occurred at both SOAs. In contrast, no priming occurred at the long SOA following letter-level processing. Of greatest interest, at the short SOA there was priming following the less demanding consonant/vowel task but not following the more attention-demanding letter search task. Hence, semantic activation can occur even when attention is directed to the letter level, provided there are sufficient resources to support this activation. The authors conclude that the default setting during word recognition is for fast-acting activation of the semantic system.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Conquering technophobia: preparing faculty for today.

The constantly changing world of technology creates excitement and an obligation for faculty of schools of nursing to address computer literacy in the curricula at all levels. The initial step in the process of meeting the goals was to assist the faculty in becoming computer literate so that they could foster and encourage the same in the students. The implementation of The Cure for Technophobia included basic and advanced computer skills designed to assist the faculty in becoming comfortable and competent computer users. The applications addressed included: introduction to windows, electronic mail, word processing, presentation and database applications, library on-line searches of literature databases, introduction to internet browsers and a computerized testing program. Efforts were made to overcome barriers to computer literacy and promote the learning process. Familiar, competent, computer literate individuals were used to conduct the classes to accomplish this goal.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of the current computer literacy and future computer needs of emergency medicine residents and faculty.

The purpose of this study was to assess the current computer literacy and future computer needs of emergency medicine residents and faculty to aid in developing a computer literacy curriculum. All emergency medicine residents and full-time faculty from a random sample of emergency medicine residencies were mailed questionnaires assessing current computer familiarity and future computer needs. Twenty-one residencies were surveyed; 15 resident and 17 faculty questionnaires were returned. Thirty-seven percent (116 of 314) faculty and 29% (135 of 470) resident questionnaires were completed and returned. Eighty percent (12 of 15) of residencies had a designated computer for resident use; 93% (14 of 15) had a computer for use in the emergency department. Forty-seven percent of residents owned their own computer; 68% of faculty had a computer in their home, and 52% had computers in their office. Less than 30% of residents and faculty had formal computer training. Residents and faculty rated the current familiarity and future needs for various software applications on a five-point scale. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon-Rank Sum Test. Residents and faculty had the most anticipated need for word processing, graphics, literature searching, data base, and patient management programs. Future computer need was rated significantly higher than current computer familiarity in all computer application areas (P < or = .0002). It seems that emergency medicine residents and faculty have adequate access to computers, but minimal computer training. Residents and faculty have a high anticipated need for various basic computer applications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed1995

Current trends with natural language processing.

Natural Language Processing in the medical domain becomes more and more powerful, efficient, and ready to be used in daily practice. The needs for such tools are enormous in the medical field, due to the vast amount of written texts for medical records. In the authors' point of view, the Electronic Patient Record (EPR) is achieved neither with Information Systems of all kinds nor with commercially available word processing systems. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one dimension of the EPR, as well as Image Processing and Decision Support Systems. Analysis of medical texts to facilitate indexing and retrieval is well known. The need for a generation tool is to produce progress notes from menu driven systems. The computer systems of tomorrow cannot miss any single dimension. Since 1988, we've been developing an NLP system; it is supported by the European program AIM (Advanced Informatics in Medicine) within the GALEN and HELIOS consortium and the CERS (Commission d'Encouragement á la Recherche Scientifique) in Switzerland. The main directions of development are: a medical language analyzer, a language generator, a query processor, and dictionary building tools to support the Medical Linguistic Knowledge Base (MLKB). The knowledge representation schema is essentially based on Sowa's conceptual graphs, and the MLKB is multilingual from its design phase; it currently incorporates the English and the French languages; it will also continue using German. The goal of this demonstration is to provide evidence of what exists today, what will be soon available, and what is planned for the long term. Complete sentences will be processed in real time, and the browsing capabilities of the MLKB will be exercised. In particular, the following features will be presented: Analysis of complete sentences with verbs and relatives, as extracted from clinical narratives, with special attention to the method of "proximity processing" as developed in our group and the rule based approach to language description to resolve the specific surface language problems as well as the language independent semantic situations. Comparison of results for English, French, and German sentences, showing the commonalities between these languages and, therefore, the re-usable features and the language specific aspects. Generation of noun phrases in English and French, showing the opportunities for translation between these two languages. Application of the analyzer to build a knowledge representation of ICD under the form of conceptual graphs and presentation of the possibilities of a natural language encoding of diagnosis. Strategies for query processing through a sample of abdominal ultrasonography reports, which have been analyzed and stored under the form of conceptual graphs. Feeding in and browsing of the Medical Linguistic Knowledge Base and other Dictionary Building Tools, using the perspective of an international initiative to converge towards a multilingual universal solution, valid for the medical domain. The demonstration platform is Microsoft Windows 4 on a PC, with Microsoft Visual Basic as the GUI and Quintus Prolog as NLP tools language. The same programs were originally developed for Unix-based workstations and are available on multiple platforms under Motif and X11. .

European Union↗
PubMed1993

[Electronic data processing in urologic clinics. Results of a survey. Electronic Data Processing in Urology Group of the Graduate and Continuing Education Commission of German Urologists].

Computer equipment in Departments of Urology in Germany was evaluated by a nation-wide questionnaire. One hundred and fifty-three questionnaires were returned with detailed information on computer hardware, software and applications in Urology. Most departments were equipped with at least one computer. Computer equipment varied considerably among the participants including both stand alone personal computers (PCs) and local area networks (LANs) with several PCs connected by cable. Typically, PCs were IBM-compatible and ran the MS-DOS operating system Word processing and related applications were the most frequently mentioned computer tasks in urology. In some departments computers are also used in research for production of databases and graphics and for statistical applications. When computers were used for documentation of therapy and/or medical records, software was often custom-made according to the department's specific needs. In the future, more computers will be needed in departments of urology, because medical records will have to meet higher standards of documentation.

Computer Literacy↗