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PubMed2005

A combined nucleocapsid vaccine induces vigorous SARS-CD8+ T-cell immune responses.

Several studies have shown that cell-mediated immune responses play a crucial role in controlling viral replication. As such, a candidate SARS vaccine should elicit broad CD8+ T-cell immune responses. Several groups of mice were immunized alone or in combination with SARS-nucleocapsid immunogen. A high level of specific SARS-CD8+ T-cell response was demonstrated in mice that received DNA encoding the SARS-nucleocapsid, protein and XIAP as an adjuvant. We also observed that co-administration of a plasmid expressing nucleocapsid, recombinant protein and montanide/CpG induces high antibody titers in immunized mice. Moreover, this vaccine approach merits further investigation as a potential candidate vaccine against SARS.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited.

OBJECTIVES: High exercise intensity may be associated with reduced adherence to exercise programmes, possibly because it is perceived as aversive. However, several authors have suggested that an intensity as high as 60% or 70% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO(2max)) is necessary for exercise to elicit positive affective changes. To elucidate this discrepancy, the affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity were examined. DESIGN: In total, 30 volunteers rated their affect every minute as they ran on a treadmill while the speed and grade were progressively increased. METHOD: The methodology was unique in three respects: (1) affect was assessed in terms of the dimensions of the circumplex model instead of distinct affective states, (2) affect was assessed repeatedly before, during, and after exercise, not only before and after, and (3) exercise intensity was standardized across participants in terms of metabolically comparable phases (beginning, ventilatory threshold, VO(2max)) instead of percentages of maximal capacity. RESULTS: Pre-to-post-exercise comparisons indicated affective benefits in the form of increased energetic arousal and decreased tense arousal. During exercise, however, affective valence deteriorated beyond the ventilatory threshold and until VO(2max), a trend that reversed itself instantaneously during cool-down. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise intensity that requires a transition to anaerobic metabolism can have a transient but substantial negative impact on affect and this may, in turn, reduce adherence to exercise programmes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Limited impact of vigorous exercise on defenses against hypoglycemia: relevance to hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure.

Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF)-reduced autonomic (including adrenomedullary epinephrine) and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia caused by recent antecedent hypoglycemia-plays a key role in the pathogenesis of defective glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia unawareness and thus iatrogenic hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. On the basis of the findings that cortisol infusion mimics and deficient or inhibited cortisol secretion minimizes this phenomenon, it has been suggested that the cortisol response to antecedent hypoglycemia mediates HAAF. We tested the hypothesis that any stimulus that releases cortisol, such as exercise, reduces autonomic and symptomatic responses to subsequent hypoglycemia. Thirteen healthy young adults (four women) were studied on three occasions in random sequence: 1) cycle exercise ( approximately 70% peak oxygen consumption) from 0830 to 0930 h and from 1200 to 1300 h on day 1 and hyperinsulinemic (2.0 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)) stepped hypoglycemic (85, 75, 65, 55, and 45 mg/dl) clamps on day 2, 2) rest on day 1 and identical hypoglycemic clamps on day 2, and 3) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Exercise raised plasma cortisol concentrations to 16.9 +/- 1.9 (0930 h) and 16.6 +/- 1.6 microg/dl (1300 h) on day 1. Compared with rest on day 1, exercise on day 1 was associated with reduced epinephrine (P = 0.0113) responses-but not norepinephrine (P = 0.6270), neurogenic symptom (P = 0.6470), pancreatic polypeptide (P = 0.0629), or glucagon (P = 0.0436, but higher) responses-to hypoglycemia on day 2. However, the effect was small. (The final day 2 hypoglycemia epinephrine values were 765 +/- 106 pg/ml after rest on day 1 and 550 +/- 94 pg/ml after exercise on day 1 compared with 30 +/- 6 pg/ml during euglycemia.) These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the cortisol response to hypoglycemia mediates in part the reduced epinephrine response to subsequent hypoglycemia, one key component of HAAF in type 1 diabetes. However, the small effect suggests that an additional factor or factors may well be involved. These data do not support the hypothesis that the cortisol response to hypoglycemia mediates the reduced neurogenic symptom response to subsequent hypoglycemia, another key component of HAAF in type 1 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Influence of dietary fat, cholesterol and energy on serum lipids at vigorous physical exercise.

Seven healthy male volunteers participated in four different heavy cross-country ski trips in the mountains, 1 year apart, wearing a back-pack weighing 30 kg. Each trip lasted for 8 days covering a total distance of 160 km. Serum triglycerides and lipoprotein cholesterol were measured before and after the trip. The different experiments were carried out with the same participants and under the same conditions, but with a varying diet composition. With the four different diets used, a standard diet (3800 kcal day-1, 26% fat, 260 mg cholesterol day-1), a low-energy diet (2300 kcal day-1, 21% fat, 110 mg cholesterol day-1, a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet (3800 kcal day-1, 52% fat, 480 mg cholesterol day-1) and a high-cholesterol diet (3800 kcal day-1, 29% fat, 410 mg cholesterol day-1), a decrease in very low-density lipoprotein-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-LDL) fraction by 38%, 50%, 41%, and 54%, respectively, was obtained. No significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was found in the experiments with the standard diet and the low-energy diet, but in the high-fat-high-cholesterol diet experiment the HDL cholesterol increased by 19% and the ratio HDL cholesterol:total cholesterol from 0.327 to 0.490. With the high-cholesterol diet an increase in HDL cholesterol of about the same extent was obtained. In all experiments the serum triglycerides decreased by more than 30% and no significant difference for the different diets was obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Blending vigorous leadership and womanly virtues: Edith Kathleen Russell at the University of Toronto, 1920-52.

This article attempts to explore the gendered attributes of leadership. Using archival resources and interviews with former nursing faculty this article examines the leadership qualities of one woman, Edith Kathleen Russell, in one campaign, the struggle for a nursing program at the University of Toronto. The nursing program was established at the University of Toronto in 1920, a time when women's public contribution remained firmly tied to their traditional feminine qualilties. Kathleen Russell was faced with the virtually impossible task of balancing the traditional feminine qualities while practising the aggressive qualities associated with leadership and authority. Russell was successful in promoting university nursing education when she worked within the confines of gender-determined behavior. When her strong will, determination, and persistence became evident, she was silenced. The dilemma of how to blend traditional feminine characteristics with assertive leadership remains.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

EBV-specific CD4+ T cell clones exhibit vigorous allogeneic responses.

Alloreactive T cells play a key role in mediating graft-vs-host disease and allograft rejection, and recent data suggest that most T cell alloreactivity resides within the CD4 T cell subset. Particularly, T cell responses to herpesvirus can shape the alloreactive repertoire and influence transplantation outcomes. In this study, we describe six distinct EBV-specific CD4(+) T cell clones that cross-reacted with EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), dendritic cells, and endothelial cells expressing MHC class II alleles commonly found in the population. Allorecognition showed exquisite MHC specificity. These CD4(+) T cell clones efficiently killed dendritic cells or LCLs expressing the cross-reactive allogeneic MHC class II molecules, whereas they did not kill autologous LCLs. Endothelial cells expressing the proper allogeneic MHC molecules were poorly killed, but they induced high-level TNF-alpha production by the EBV-specific CD4(+) T cell clones. As already proposed, the strong alloreactivity toward LCLs suggest that these cells could be used for selective depletion of alloreactive T cells.

Animals↗