Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Verbal Learning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Verbal learning in aphasic and non-aphasic patients with severe head injuries.

The performances of two groups of patients, one aphasic and one non-aphasic, with severe head injuries, and a control group were compared on tests of: auditory-verbal memory span, rote learning, learning of unrelated words, concrete and abstract, and substance recall. The non-aphasics scored significantly lower than the controls in all tests but substance recall (immediate) and the aphasics did so in all tests. The aphasics were significantly worse on rote learning and learning of unrelated words than patients without aphasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies in bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit neuropsychological impairments when they are euthymic (neither depressed nor manic). One of the most consistently reported cognitive problems in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder is impairment in verbal episodic memory. Recent findings suggest that episodic memory difficulties in these individuals are attributable to difficulties using organizational strategies during encoding. The purpose of the present study was (i) to investigate whether difficulties using organizational strategies in bipolar disorder are due to a failure in spontaneously initiating verbal organization strategies or are due to difficulties implementing such strategies, and (ii) to compare the characteristics of verbal organizational impairment in bipolar disorder with those observed in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: Study participants were 20 individuals with bipolar I disorder (BP-I), 20 individuals with OCD, and 20 healthy control participants matched for age, gender, and education. Participants completed a verbal encoding paradigm that involved spontaneous and directed use of verbal organization strategies during encoding of word lists. RESULTS: Compared with control subjects, both BP-I and OCD participants showed impaired verbal organization in the spontaneous encoding condition. In the directed encoding condition, OCD patients organized the word lists as well as control participants whereas BP-I participants exhibited lower verbal organization than both control and OCD participants. OCD and BP-I participants' free recall performance did not differ from that of control participants in the spontaneous encoding condition. In the directed encoding condition, BP-I participants recalled fewer words than OCD or control participants. CONCLUSIONS: Episodic memory difficulties in OCD are associated with difficulties spontaneously initiating verbal organization strategies during encoding whereas the ability to implement verbal organization when instructed to do so is preserved. BP-I participants, on the other hand, exhibit difficulties in both spontaneously initiating verbal organization strategies and in the ability to implement such strategies when instructed to do so.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Components of verbal learning and hippocampal damage assessed by T2 relaxometry.

We studied a group of 31 temporal lobe epilepsy patients (25 left, 6 right) with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis evident on magnetic resonance imaging. Single slice T2 relaxation times were acquired for the left and right hippocampi. Principal components analysis of preoperative memory data resulted in two factors that reflect a distinction between arbitrary and semantic forms of verbal recall. The former component correlated with left hippocampal T2 relaxation time, while the latter component did not. This study suggests that variation in left hippocampal integrity is more related to the acquisition of arbitrary associates than semantically structured material, and reinforces the possibility that the left temporal lobe is functionally heterogeneous with respect to memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Prefrontal regions supporting spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies: evidence from PET.

The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in strategic memory processes, including the ability to use semantic organizational strategies to facilitate episodic learning. An important feature of these strategies is the way they are applied in novel or ambiguous situations-failure to initiate effective strategies spontaneously in unstructured settings is a central cognitive deficit in patients with frontal lobe disorders. The current study examined strategic memory with PET and a verbal encoding paradigm that manipulated semantic organization in three encoding conditions: spontaneous, directed and unrelated. During the spontaneous condition, subjects heard 24 words that were related in four categories but presented in mixed order, and they were not informed of this structure beforehand. Any semantic reorganization was, therefore, initiated spontaneously by the subject. In the directed condition, subjects were given a different list of 24 related words and explicitly instructed to notice relationships and mentally group related words together to improve memory. The unrelated list consisted of 24 unrelated words. Behavioural measures included semantic clustering, which assessed active regrouping of words into semantic categories during free recall. In graded PET contrasts (directed > spontaneous > unrelated), two distinct activations were found in left inferior prefrontal cortex (inferior frontal gyrus) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (middle frontal gyrus), corresponding to levels of semantic clustering observed in the behavioural data. Additional covariate analyses in the first spontaneous condition indicated that blood flow in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was strongly correlated with semantic clustering scores during immediate free recall. Thus, blood flow in OFC during encoding predicted which subjects would spontaneously initiate effective strategies during free recall. Our findings indicate that OFC performs an important, and previously unappreciated, role in strategic memory by supporting the early mobilization of effective behavioural strategies in novel or ambiguous situations. Once initiated, lateral regions of left prefrontal cortex control verbal semantic organization.

Acoustic Stimulation↗