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PubMed1989

Smoking and lung cancer mortality in Japanese men: estimates for dose and duration of cigarette smoking based on the Japan vital statistics data.

For the purpose of understanding human carcinogenesis and making a quantitative prediction of lung cancer mortality in a general population of Japanese males, we evaluated a statistical model which assumes lung cancer mortality to be proportional to the 4.5th power of the effective duration of cigarette smoking among smokers and to the 4th power of age among nonsmokers, using Japan Vital Statistics data. For the male birth cohorts aged 30-69 in 1965 in the age range of 40-79, studied by quinquennial calendar time intervals from 1955 to 1985, it was found that, (i) for nonsmokers, the estimated lung cancer mortality rate was comparable to the rates reported in the US or Britain, assigning 20 to 25% proportions of nonsmokers, (ii) for smokers, the estimated duration of smoking was shorter than would be expected from the age when smoking was started according to various epidemiological surveys, and (iii) the estimated average numbers of cigarettes smoked per day by smokers were similar to those obtained by epidemiological studies, when these were estimated by incorporating a part of Doll and Peto's dose-response relationship. Also discussed is the possibility of assessing lung cancer mortality risk for Japanese male smokers by means of the statistical model, alpha x (cigarettes smoked per day + beta) x (age - (age started smoking) - gamma)4.5.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of commercial record linkage software and vital statistics to identify patient deaths.

We evaluate the ability of a microcomputer program (Automatch) to link patient records in our hospital's database (N = 253,836) with mortality files from California (N = 1,312,779) and the U.S. Social Security Administration (N = 13,341,581). We linked 96.5% of 3,448 in-hospital deaths, 99.3% for patients with social security numbers. None of 14,073 patients known to be alive (because they were subsequently admitted) was linked with California deaths, and only 6 (0.1%) of 6,444 were falsely identified as dead in the United States file. For patients with unknown vital status but items in the database likely to be associated with high 3-year mortality rates, we identified death records of 88% of 494 patients with cancer metastatic to the liver, 84% of 164 patients with pancreatic cancer, and 91% of 126 patients with CD4 counts of less than 50. Hospital data can be accurately linked with state and national vital statistics using commercial record linkage software.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perinatal mortality and morbidity in rural West-Java, Indonesia. Part I: Vital statistics based on cross-sectional surveys.

The first part of this article gives the summary result of 4 cross-sectional surveys conducted in 3 rural villages in West Java. It is expected that these surveys provide the researchers with more precise data on perinatal mortality and its associated causes in order to plan and implement the Tanjungsari Intervention Study (1986-1990). This comprises a mapping and numbering survey, and a census survey. Based on a sampling frame of 7964 houses, a systematic sample (one in eleven) was drawn for the Household and for the Married Women Surveys. The survey results yield some basic demographic indicators, occupational information and data on education. Also data on environmental health and vital statistics are presented. It is shown that the crude birth rate is 40 per thousand and that the estimated infant mortality rate reaches a figure of 120%. Furthermore, during individual interviews data was collected on characteristics, attitudes habits as well as on reproductive behaviour, of all married women under 50 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Estimating vital statistics and age distributions of measurable soil organic carbon fractions based on their pathway of formation and radiocarbon content.

Radiocarbon measurements have been used in combination with "bomb 14C" models to estimate turnover of soil organic carbon fractions. However, the bomb 14C models assume that all SOC fractions are formed directly from external inputs of carbon, which is not always valid because some SOC fractions may receive carbon from other SOC fractions. Due to the continuous inputs of organic carbon, we argue that the most appropriate way to describe the age of SOC is by an age distribution. We developed age distributed models of SOC fractions and derived analytical solutions to them. The models all assume that SOC fraction decay can be described by first-order kinetics, but differ in their assumptions about the pathway of SOC fraction formation. The solutions can be used to estimate age distributions at steady state of different SOC fractions based on their radiocarbon content. These age distributions can be used to calculate the mean age, mean residence time, and other vital statistics of each measurable SOC fraction. Furthermore, if a sequential scheme is used to isolate the SOC fractions, an estimated age distribution of the total SOC can be obtained by adding the contributions of each soil fraction. The age distributions can be very helpful in interpretations of soil organic carbon dynamics in different soils.

Carbon Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1995

International rankings of infant mortality and the United States' vital statistics natality data collecting system--failure and success.

BACKGROUND: International rankings of infant mortality rates have been consistently lower for the US than other industrialized countries, and this ranking has been falling. This study examines the influence of birth registrations among very low birthweight infants on these international rankings. METHODS: Birth rates of infants weighing < 1500 g (VLBW) reported by Japan, Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the UK and Canada were compared to the rates of infants of this weight born in the US, and these rates were correlated with the infant mortality rates reported by these countries. Also, deaths in the first 24 hours after birth were correlated with the reported mortality rates. RESULTS: Countries with the lowest infant mortality rates tended to have the lowest incidence of births < 500 g (correlation coefficient, r = 0.73) and of births 500-999 g (correlation coefficient, r = 0.81). When white and black newborns in the US were reported separately, the correlation coefficients were 0.96 and 0.97 for these weights. Furthermore, the countries with the lowest infant mortality rates registered the fewest number of deaths in the first 24 hours after birth, correlation coefficient, r = 0.78; when white and black newborns were reported separately, r = 0.95. In addition, the international rankings of the US, 1969-1988, when correlated with the annual birth rate of white infants < 500 g registered in this country was r = 0.78. CONCLUSION: Differences in birth registration practices for infants weighing < 1500 g are primarily responsible for the poor, deteriorating performance by the US in the international rankings of neonatal mortality rates.

Birth Rate↗