[Urbanization of the country and regions].
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The authors "focus primarily on voluntary, peacetime migration [in Pakistan], both internal and international, and attempt to analyze some of its possible socioeconomic consequences." The importance of the role of migration in urban population growth is discussed, with attention to implications for social and economic development. The impact of large-scale emigration of workers to the Middle East is also assessed. The analysis is based on data from the 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981 censuses as well as from secondary sources.
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Patterns of urbanization in Turkey from 1945 to 1975 are examined, with emphasis on the analysis of rank-size patterns. Attention is given to changes over time in the national rank-size distribution of cities, the growth rates of new cities, and the rank-size distribution of cities in various regions. "In general, the patterns of distribution of cities in Turkey are quite regular when compared with other developing countries. Since 1945 the city system has moved to a state more adjusted to the rank-size rule, paralleling the economic development of the country."
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"Data from the preliminary results of the 1989 census and Naseleniye SSSR 1987 permit analyses of age-sex structures of the Soviet population and distributions by civil divisions of natural growth rates, total population growth, urban growth, rural growth, percent urbanization, and growths of cities. The paper complements the treatment of census results by macroregions appearing in the November 1989 issue of Soviet Geography...by summarizing trends emerging at a finer scale of analysis and providing recent background information on demographic components of population change."
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"Socialist urbanization is not a new model of modern urbanization. East-Central European socialist countries replicate...the global process. The specific features of their urbanization result partly from their historical development--especially their belated urbanization--and partly from their political system. Behind the facade of East-West differences lies a common underlying pattern of causality: the modern process of urbanization. Capitalist and socialist political systems have different mechanisms by which to express the process but these result in similarities in long-term urban development."
The authors assess a model of urban growth developed by G. S. Tolley, with a focus on "the model's potential contribution towards an improved comprehension of urbanisation in socialist polities. Although previous studies indicate that Tolley's model would seem to fit developments in China and that of other Soviet-type economies in a rather congenial manner, it is here suggested that it is not fully appropriate."
"This paper examines two aspects of hierarchical urban models: the variations of total urban population and that of the urbanization ratio, in function of the number of hierarchical levels. Both variations are analysed through four categories of models. The complexity of the results suggests two approximations in order to make the analysis more tractable."
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