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PubMed2006

Experimental pathogenesis for chickens, turkeys, and pigeons of exotic Newcastle disease virus from an outbreak in California during 2002-2003.

Exotic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from chickens during the 2002-2003 California outbreak (CA exotic Newcastle disease [END] virus) was inoculated into 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn chickens, 3-week-old SPF Beltsville White turkeys, 6-week-old commercial Broad Breasted White turkeys, and 10- to 20-week-old racing pigeons, and the clinicopathologic features of disease were compared. Birds were monitored clinically and euthanized sequentially with collection of tissues. Tissues were examined by histopathology, by immunohistochemistry to detect viral nucleoprotein, and by in situ hybridization to detect viral mRNA. Clinically, infected chickens and SPF turkeys showed severe depression, and all died or were euthanized because of severe clinical signs by day 5 postinoculation. In these birds, histologic lesions were widespread and virus was detected in multiple organs. All infected commercial turkeys showed mild depression, and incoordination was observed in some birds. Histologic lesions were mild, and viral distribution was limited. In pigeons, only 1 bird showed overt clinical disease, and histologic lesions and viral distribution were present in limited organs. Consequently, susceptibility to highly virulent NDV was shown to vary among chickens, SPF turkeys, commercial turkeys, and pigeons. Additionally, we have evidence of CA END virus subclinical infections that suggest pigeons could be subclinical carriers of other virulent NDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A heterologous radioimmunoassay for avian prolactin: application to the measurement of prolactin in the turkey.

A specific heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed to measure turkey prolactin (PRL) using a guinea pig anti-hPRL antiserum and 125I-labelled ovine PRL [125I]oPRL. Turkey pituitary prolactin and serum give parallel dose-response curves and no cross-reaction is seen with turkey growth hormone, LH or FSH, or mammalian LH, FSH, TSH, GH or placental lactogens. The RIA is accurate and precise and is sufficiently sensitive to measure PRL in all physiological situations investigated in the turkey. The RIA will measure PRL in several avian species including the chicken, duck, goose, pheasant, pheasant X chicken F1 hybrid, pigeon, quail and rock. Plasma PRL concentrations in laying and broody turkey hens were not significantly different (46.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 39.7 +/- 3.8 ng/ml) but both were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than in non-laying turkey hens (4.6 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). Oestradiol injection into laying hens did not alter PRL levels while the same injection in non-laying hens caused a significant three-fold increase in plasma PRL levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary survey of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing wild turkeys (Aves: Phasianidae) in eastern Kansas.

During the spring and fall turkey hunting seasons of 1999, hunters and Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks field personnel examined wild turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo L., for ticks and submitted them to us for identification. From springtime hunting, we received 113 ticks from 12 turkeys killed in nine counties, all in the eastern one-third of Kansas. Collectors reported examining three additional wild turkeys on which no ticks were found. All ticks were nymphal lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Of 11 wild turkeys examined in seven counties during October, one was parasitized by 30 A. americanum larvae. Data from this study and accounts from the published literature suggest that parasitism of wild turkeys by immature lone star ticks is commonplace wherever this host and ectoparasite are sympatric. Our study suggests that M. gallopavo may be an important host that supports lone star tick populations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenic and immunosuppressive effects of avian pneumovirus in turkeys.

Avian pneumovirus (APV) causes a respiratory disease in turkeys. The virus has been associated with morbidity and mortality due to secondary infections. Our objective was to determine if APV caused immunosuppression in the T-cell or B-cell compartments and to study the pathogenesis of the disease in APV maternal antibody-lacking 2-wk-old commercial turkeys. APV was administered by the eyedrop/intranasal route. Observations were made for gross lesions, viral genome, and T-cell mitogenesis and cytokine secretion at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days postinoculation (DPI). During the acute phase of the disease that lasted for about 1 wk, the turkeys exposed to APV showed clinical signs characterized by nasal discharge and sinus swelling. Virus genome was detected by in situ hybridization in cells of turbinates and trachea at 3 and 5 DPI. At 3 and 5 DPI, spleen cells of the birds infected with APV markedly decreased proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A). Con A and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of spleen cells from virus-exposed turkeys resulted in accumulation of nitric oxide-inducing factors (NOIF) in the culture fluid. NOIF were not detected in culture fluids of Con A-stimulated spleen cells of virus-free turkeys. APV did not compromise the antibody-producing ability of turkeys against several extraneous antigens such as Brucella abortus and tetanus toxoid.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative susceptibility of chickens and turkeys to avian influenza A H7N2 virus infection and protective efficacy of a commercial avian influenza H7N2 virus vaccine.

During the spring of 2002, a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A (H7N2) virus caused a major outbreak among commercial poultry in Virginia and adjacent states. The virus primarily affected turkey flocks, causing respiratory distress and decreased egg production. Experimentally, turkeys were more susceptible than chickens to H7N2 virus infection, with 50% bird infectious dose titers equal to 10(0.8) and 10(2.8-3.2), respectively. Comparison of virus shedding from the cloaca and oropharynx demonstrated that recent H7N2 virus isolates were readily isolated from the upper respiratory tract but rarely from the gastrointestinal tract. The outbreak of H7N2 virus raised concerns regarding the availability of vaccines that could be used for the prevention and control of this virus in poultry. We sought to determine if an existing commercial avian influenza (AI) vaccine prepared from a 1997 seed stock virus could provide protection against a 2002 LPAI H7N2 virus isolated from a turkey (A/turkey/Virginia/158512/02 [TV/02]) in Virginia that was from the same lineage as the vaccine virus. The inactivated AI vaccine, prepared from A/chicken/ Pennsylvania/21342/97 (CP/97) virus, significantly reduced viral shedding from vaccinated turkeys in comparison with sham controls but did not prevent infection. The protective effect of vaccination correlated with the level of virus-specific antibody because a second dose of vaccine increased antiviral serum immunoglobulin G and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) reactivity titers in two different turkey age groups. Serum from CP/97-vaccinated turkeys reacted equally well to CP/97 and TV/02 antigens by HI and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of using an antigenically related 1997 H7N2 virus as a vaccine candidate for protection in poultry against a H7N2 virus isolate from 2002.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Phylogenetic analysis of the sigma 2 protein gene of turkey reoviruses.

The open reading frame of the S3 segment encoding the sigma2 protein of four turkey reovirus field isolates was analyzed for sequence heterogeneity. The turkey reoviruses we present here have a 97% amino acid identity to turkey NC 98. The S3 nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity was < or =61% and 78%-80%, respectively, when compared to the chicken reovirus isolates. Comparison of amino acid sequences from chickens and turkeys with that of a duck isolate revealed a 53% and 55% similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses, based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequence, resulted in three major groups among the avian reoviruses; these groups were clearly separated by species. The results of this study provide further evidence, based on the deduced sigma2 sequence, that turkey reoviruses form a distinct, separate group relative to chicken and duck isolates. In addition, as a result of the limited sequence identity with their avian counterparts, turkey reoviruses could potentially be considered a separate virus species within subgroup 2 of the Orthoreovirus genus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Molecular characterization and typing of chicken and turkey astroviruses circulating in the United States: implications for diagnostics.

Avian astroviruses were detected by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction in intestinal contents collected from commercial chickens and turkeys from throughout the United States from 2003 through 2005. Astroviruses were detected in birds from both healthy and poorly performing flocks with or without enteric disease. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with sequence data from the polymerase (ORF-1b) genes of 41 turkey-origin astroviruses and 23 chicken-origin astroviruses. All currently available avian astrovirus sequence data and selected mammalian astrovirus sequence data were included in the analysis. Four groups of avian astroviruses were observed by phylogenetic analysis: turkey astrovirus type 1 (TAstV-1)-like viruses, turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV-2)-like viruses, both detected in turkeys; avian nephritis virus (ANV)-like viruses, detected in both chickens and turkeys; and a novel group of chicken-origin astroviruses (CAstV). Among these four groups, amino acid identity was between 50.1% and 73.8%, and was a maximum of 49.4% for all avian isolates when compared with the mammalian astroviruses. There were multiple phylogenetic subgroups within the TAstV-2, ANV, and CAstV groups based on 9% nucleotide sequence divergence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no clear assortment by geographic region or isolation date. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between the detection of a particular astrovirus and the presence of enteric disease or poor performance. Based on these data, a revision of the present taxonomic classification for avian astroviruses within the genus Avastrovirus is warranted.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phosphorus speciation in broiler litter and turkey manure produced from modified diets.

Modifying poultry diets by reducing mineral P supplementation and/or adding phytase may change the chemical composition of P in manures and affect the mobility of P in manure-amended soils. We studied the speciation of P in manures produced by broiler chickens and turkeys from either normal diets, or diets with reduced amounts of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) and/or phytase, using a combination of chemical fractionation and synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. All broiler litters were rich in dicalcium phosphate (65-76%), followed by aqueous phosphate (13-18%), and phytic acid (7-20%); however, no hydroxylapatite was observed. Similarly, normal turkey manure had 77% of P as dicalcium phosphate and had no hydroxylapatite, while turkey manure from diets that had reduced NPP and phytase contained equal proportions of dicalcium phosphate (33-45%) and hydroxylapatite (35-39%). This is attributed to the higher total Ca to P ratio (>2) in modified turkey manures that resulted in transformation of more soluble (dicalcium phosphate) to less soluble P compounds (hydroxylapatite). Chemical fractionation showed that H2O-extractable P was the predominant form in broiler litter (56-77%), whereas aqueous phosphate determined with XANES was <18% indicating that H2O probably dissolved mineral forms of P (e.g., dicalcium phosphate). Results show that HCl extraction primarily removed phytic acid from broiler litters and normal turkey manure, while it removed a mixture of hydroxylapatite and phytic acid from modified turkey manures. The combination of chemical fractionation and XANES provided information about the nature of P in these manures, which may help to devise best management practices for manure use.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

H3N2 influenza virus transmission from swine to turkeys, United States.

In 1998, a novel H3N2 reassortant virus emerged in the United States swine population. We report the interspecies transmission of this virus to turkeys in two geographically distant farms in the United States in 2003. This event is of concern, considering the reassortment capacity of this virus and the susceptibility of turkey to infection by avian influenza viruses. Two H3N2 isolates, A/turkey/NC/16108/03 and A/turkey/MN/764/03, had 98.0% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to each other in all eight gene segments. All protein components of the turkey isolates had 97% to 98% sequence identity to swine H3N2 viruses, thus demonstrating interspecies transmission from pigs to turkeys. The turkey isolates were better adapted to avian hosts than were their closest swine counterparts, which suggests that the viruses had already begun to evolve in the new host. The isolation of swine-like H3N2 influenza viruses from turkeys raises new concerns for the generation of novel viruses that could affect humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of lipoprotein lipase activities in chickens and turkeys.

Three experiments were conducted to compare the role of lipoprotein lipase in fatty acid metabolism in chickens and turkeys. An initial experiment to determine the effect of fasting on the enzyme activity of chicken and turkey muscle and adipose tissues demonstrated that fasting decreased the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue, while increasing the enzyme activity of muscle tissue in chickens only. Quantitatively, turkey samples showed a greater enzyme activity in both muscle and adipose tissue than the chicken samples. In a second experiment both insulin and epinephrine added in vitro signifiacntly increased activity of lipoprotein lipase from chicken adipose tissue, but not from turkey adipose tissue. In a third experiment conducted to examine the effects of carbohydrate and fat feeding on lipoprotein lipase activity of chicken and turkey adipose tissue, fat feeding increased activity the greatest amount. In both species, refeeding, regardless of the energy source, produced a significant increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue. Differences in lipoprotein lipase activity does not appear to be related to differences in rate of body fat deposition observed between broiler chickens and turkeys.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

Effects of dietary zearalenone on finishing broiler chickens and young turkey poults.

A total of 168 broiler chickens (6 to 9 weeks of age) and 192 turkey poults (3-1/2 to 6-1/2 weeks of age) were fed purified zearalenone at levels of 0 (control), 10, 25 (turkeys only), 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg diet for a 3 week period to evaluate its toxicity. Dietary zearalenone had no effect on body weight gain, feed consumption, weights of liver, heart, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and cholesterol, hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and differential leukocyte count in both chickens and turkeys. Male broiler comb and testes weights were reduced by high levels of zearalenone. Female comb weight, broiler oviduct weight, and turkey testes and ovaries were unaffected by zearalenone. Histopathological examination of tissues revealed no change due to zearalenone. Male turkeys fed 400 and 800 mg/kg zearalenone had increased development of dewlaps and caruncles and exhibited considerable strutting behavior. Muscle and fat tissue from broilers fed 800 mg/kg zearalenone had no detectable estrogenic activity as measured by mouse uterine bioassay. These studies indicate that the effects of dietary zearalenone on finishing broilers and young growing turkey poults are minimal.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Influence of prior hauling on pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys.

Turkeys were hauled in a truck and exposed to Pasteurella multocida in the drinking water. The clinical course of fowl cholera was modified in hauled turkeys as compared to unhauled turkeys by delaying the onset of depression and reducing the severity of the disease. In unhauled turkeys, there was a marked increase in mortality in the first experiment and a marked increase in depression at the end of the second experiment. In both experiments average cloacal temperature was higher during the first 5 days after inoculation in unhauled than in hauled turkeys. On the day after hauling, plasma corticosterone concentration decreased in both hauled and unhauled turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Lysine and protein requirements of growing turkeys.

A study was conducted with 1,751 Large White turkeys divided into 36 pens of males and 36 pens of females between 8 and 24 or 20 weeks of age, respectively, to determine the requirements of protein and lysine for turkeys. Diets were composed of ground yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, 6% stabilized fat, 4% meat and bone meal, .4% methionine, minerals, and vitamins. A 3 X 3 factorial design of nine diets varying in protein (18, 21, and 24%) and added lysine (0, .1, and .2%) was used between 8 and 12 weeks of age. Birds were reassigned to new balanced pens at the end of each 4-week period, and protein levels were reduced by 3.0%. The addition of 3 and 6% protein, which provides .22 and .44% lysine, to diets of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks of age increased body weight gains 18.3 and 24.7%, respectively, in contrast to an increase of only 2.2 and 3.6% from .1 and .2% added L-lysine per se. the minimum protein requirements of large White male turkeys at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age are 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% and for female turkeys 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0%, respectively. The minimum lysine requirements of large White turkeys to 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age are about 1.4, 1.2, and.9%, respectively, or 4.5, 3.7, and 3.0 g/kcal metabolizable energy. Another amino acid appears to be equally or more deficient than lysine in diets used in this study.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Effects of the evisceration and cooling processes on the incidence of Salmonella in fresh dressed turkeys grown under Salmonella-controlled and uncontrolled environments.

In July and December 1981, turkeys grown in a Salmonella-free environment were sampled at the end of the slaughter and evisceration processes to determine the effect of slaughter and evisceration on the incidence of Salmonella in raw, eviscerated turkeys. A total of 109 eviscerated turkeys from the Salmonella-free flocks and 79 control turkeys were sampled. A total of 75 environmental swab samples and 5 chiller water samples were collected. Less than 1% of the eviscerated Salmonella-free turkeys were Salmonella positive and 6.3% of the eviscerated control turkeys were Salmonella positive. The results of the swab samples indicated generally good processing equipment sanitation.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1984

Effect of dietary protein and light restriction on body weight and semen production of breeder male turkeys.

The relationships of dietary protein, body weight gain, prebreeder light restriction, age at the start of semen production, and semen volume were studied. Large White breeder male turkeys were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing the following percentages of protein at different age intervals: Treatment A, 26% (8 to 12 weeks), 19% (13 to 18 weeks), 15% (19 to 52 weeks); Treatment B, 26% (8 to 12 weeks), 19% (13 to 18 weeks), 8% (19 to 52 weeks); Treatment C, 17% (8 to 28 weeks), 8% (29 to 52 weeks); Treatment D, 17% (8 to 18 weeks), 8% (19 to 52 weeks). Body weights at 18, 28, and 52 weeks of age were: Treatment A, 11.8, 20.8, and 21.7 kg; Treatment B, 11.4, 15.1, and 17.8 kg; Treatment C, 9.2, 20.0, and 20.7 kg; Treatment D, 9.1, 11.8, and 15.0 kg. The effects of 6 hr light: 18 hr dark (restricted light) were compared with 12 hr light: 12 hr dark (full light) during the prebreeder period (18 to 28 weeks of age). All turkeys received 14 hr light: 10 hr dark from 29 to 52 weeks of age. With full light, 50% of the turkeys were producing semen at 29 weeks and 100% at 32 weeks. With restricted light, 50% of the turkeys were producing semen at 32 weeks and 100% at 34 weeks. Turkeys fed Treatments A, B, C, and D reached 50% production at 28, 30, 29, and 32 weeks, respectively, and all turkeys were producing semen at 35 weeks. The average semen volume per ejaculate for weeks 34 to 52 were: .35, .34, .34, and .25 ml for Treatments A, B, C, and D, respectively; and .34 and .31 ml for full and restricted light, respectively. Treatments B and D reduced body weight gain after 18 weeks of age. However, Treatment B had better semen production than Treatment D. There was no advantage to restricted light during the prebreeder period.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Use of peat as a bedding material and dietary component for tom turkeys.

In a study of turkeys over the period 0 to 3 wk of age, body weights of birds fed 5 or 15% dietary peat or carrier-type feed byproducts (rice hulls, sunflower hulls, peanut hulls, soybean mill feed. wood flour, and corn cobs) were compared to those of turkeys fed a diet composed primarily of corn and soybean meal. Turkeys fed 15% dietary peat or carriers showed a greater growth depression than those fed the diluents at the 5% dietary level. At the 5% peat or carrier level, growth was not significantly (P greater than .05) depressed when birds were fed rice hulls (body weight was 98.5% of control), peat (97.1%), sunflower hulls (96.9%), and peanut hulls (95.8%); growth was significantly depressed (P less than .05) when birds were fed corn cobs (93.1%), soybean mill feed (92.9%), and wood flour (92.8%). Peat, when used as a drying agent for liquid agricultural byproducts, would account for 2 to 4% of the diet. Results of this study suggest that peat as a carrier fed at the 5% level would minimally affect growth. In a market study male turkeys were raised on floor pens containing peat or wood shavings and fed 0, 5, or 10% reed-sedge peat as a diluent of a typical corn-soybean meal mash diet. Body weights of turkeys fed 5 or 10% dietary peat showed a slight growth depression on both litter materials, compared with control. Higher body weights (nonsignificant) were observed for turkeys on wood shavings compared with those on peat litter after 12 wk of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of growth curves of weight selected populations of turkeys, quail, and chickens.

The pattern of growth from hatch to sexual maturity was measured in quail, chicken, and turkey females using the Gompertz equation. Quails and chickens were selected for high or low immature BW and turkeys were selected for high BW. Quail and turkey species also included their respective randombred control populations. The chicken species included an F2 of the selected lines. Thus, there were considerable differences in BW not only among species but between lines within species. Differences were evident at hatch as hatch weights relative to asymptotic BW were greater for quail than chickens and turkeys. Age and BW traits associated with point of inflection (POI) were variable. Species differences appeared to be influenced by the selection scheme applied to the populations. Slope at POI was greatest in quail and the same for turkeys and chickens. Age at 90% of the asymptotic BW was generally greatest for chickens, intermediate for turkeys and lowest for quails. Selection age in relation to age at POI may contribute to the timing and magnitude of growth response observed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Influence of increasing photoperiod and toe clipping on breast buttons of turkeys.

Two 17-wk experiments compared the effects of an increasing photoperiod treatment (INC) versus a constant photoperiod treatment (23H), and intact toes versus clipped toes, on the breast button incidence and performance of heavy tom turkeys. Under INC, the photoperiod was increased gradually from 8 to 23 h between 4 and 16 wk. Under 23H, the photoperiod remained constant at 23 h. Use of INC versus 23H resulted in a significant reduction in breast button incidence at 17 wk in both experiments (P less than .05). Toe clipping had no effect on breast button incidence. The presence of breast buttons was positively correlated with body weight at 12 wk, and area of unfeathered skin over the keel at 17 wk. In Experiment 1, the photoperiod treatments had no significant effect on 17-wk body weight or mortality, but the INC treatment had an adverse effect on feed efficiency (P less than .05). In Experiment 2, turkeys reared under INC were heavier at 17 wk (P less than .05), with similar feed efficiencies. Mortality was significantly lower on INC than 23H up to 12 wk in Experiment 2 (P less than .05). Turkeys with intact toes were .44 kg heavier than turkeys with clipped toes at 17 wk in both experiments (P less than .05) and had similar feed efficiencies. Mortality to 4 wk was lower for turkeys with intact than clipped toes in Experiment 2 (P less than .05). Increasing photoperiod treatments have potential for improving turkey performance, survival, and carcass quality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗