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PubMed1999

Dental wear in horses in relation to the microhardness of enamel and dentine.

The microhardness of enamel, primary dentine and secondary dentine was determined in the incisor teeth of 39 horses of three different breeds, trotter horses, Belgian draft horses and Arab horses. Using a microhardness tester fitted with a Knoop diamond indenter, the overall Knoop Hardness Number was determined for each tissue, and the influence of breed and age on the hardness were evaluated. Enamel and secondary dentine were significantly harder in Arab horses than in trotters and Belgian draft horses, but there were no significant differences between draft horses and trotter horses in the hardness of their enamel and dentine.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dental microwear variability on buccal tooth enamel surfaces of extant Catarrhini and the Miocene fossil Dryopithecus laietanus (Hominoidea).

Analyses of buccal tooth microwear have been used to trace dietary habits of modern hunter-gatherer populations. In these populations, the average density and length of striations on the buccal surfaces of teeth are significantly cor-related with the abrasive potential of food items consumed. In non-human pri-mates, tooth microwear patterns on both occlusal and buccal wear facets have been thoroughly studied and the results applied to the characterization of dietary habits of fossil species. In this paper, we present inter- and intra-specific buccal microwear variability analyses in extant Cercopithecoidea (Cercopithecus mitis, C. neglectus, Chlorocebus aethiops, Colobus spp., Papio anubis) and Hominoidea (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus). The results are tentatively compared to buccal microwear patterns of the Miocene fossils Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus. Significant differences in striation density and length are found among the fossil taxa studied and the extant primates, suggesting that buccal microwear can be used to identify dietary differences among taxa. The Dryopithecus buccal microwear pattern most closely resembles that of abrasive, tough plant foods consumers, such as the gorilla, in contrast to stud-ies of dental morphology that suggest a softer, frugivorous diet. Results for Oreopithecus were equivocal, but suggest a more abrasive diet than that previously thought.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Morphologic and biochemical changes of the masseter muscles induced by occlusal wear: studies in a rat model.

Occlusal alterations may result in changes in the functional performance of masticatory muscles. In this study, we set up an experimental model in rats to examine whether masticatory muscle abnormalities occur after a malocclusion is induced. Rats underwent unilateral amputation of the molar cusps to simulate an occlusal wear situation. The masseter muscles ipsilateral and contralateral to the amputated molars were excised at different experimental times. Sham-operated rats were used as controls. The tissue samples were studied by light and electron microscopy and morphometry. Tissue calcium content, a biochemical index of muscle injury, was also determined. The results show that occlusal dysfunction leads to microvessel constriction and clear-cut morphologic damage of muscular fibers and blood capillary endothelium, as well as to elevation of tissue calcium content, in the ipsilateral masseter muscle. These changes are likely related to muscle fatigue and ischemia. The early signs of injury do not involve the entire muscle but are mostly restricted to tissue areas rich in type I (slow) muscle fibers, which are characterized by a predominantly aerobic metabolism. The muscle damage becomes more extended and severe with time. On the other hand, the contralateral muscles show only slight alterations which are reversible with time, possibly due to an adaptive response.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Fragile X (Martin Bell) syndrome.

Fragile X syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from a single gene mutation on the X chromosome. It is the most common genetic cause of learning disability, though many patients remain unrecognized. Fragile X syndrome is characterized phenotypically mainly by a long coarse face, prominent ears and macro-orchidism. Affected individuals are also mentally challenged and may have mitral valve prolapse, and seizures. A case of Fragile X syndrome is reported, with oral findings and potential management difficulties in oral care.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Restorative management of the worn dentition: 4. Generalized toothwear.

This is the final paper of a four part series on the management of worn dentition. The factors affecting the selection of restorative techniques for generalized toothwear, such as pulpal vitality, jaw relationship and occlusal guidance are discussed. The practical steps of oral rehabilitation using fixed prostheses are illustrated with two clinical cases.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The provision of occlusal splints in primary dental care.

UNLABELLED: Occlusal splints (Michigan splints, night/bite guards or bite-raising appliances) can be an effective, inexpensive and reversible treatment for a wide range of dental problems. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse retrospectively the provision of occlusal splint ('Michigan' type) in general dental practice, following a prescription by a restorative dental consultant. METHOD: One hundred patients were recruited from consultant clinics in a department of conservative dentistry during 1995 and 1996. All patients were prescribed a maxillary, full-coverage, heat-cured, acrylic-resin splint (Michigan splint) as part of a treatment plan. An explanatory letter and questionnaire were sent to all patients and to their referring general dental practitioner in 1997 and 1998. RESULTS: A response rate of 79% was achieved in obtaining completed questionnaires from both patients and general dental practitioners. Of respondents 43% (34/79) received an occlusal splint of some form. A small proportion of the respondents (16.5% [13/79]) received a Michigan splint as prescribed. Irrespective of the type of appliance provided, most patients (82% [28/34]) found them helpful. Of those who did not receive an occlusal splint, 38% (17/45) of patients felt financial implications deterred them from obtaining an appliance. Other common reasons for non-provision included: patients felt that symptoms had improved (18% [8/45]) and patients did not agree with treatment (18% [8/45]). The general dental practitioners had similar opinions to their patients. DISCUSSION: These findings raise some serious doubts on the efficacy of consultant clinic advice in the prescription of occlusal splints in general dental practice. The financial and educational issues raised by this study will need to be addressed to improve service provision. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that 16.5% of patient respondents prescribed a Michigan splint at a consultant clinic received such an appliance in general dental practice.

Comprehensive Dental Care↗
PubMed2006

An unusual pattern of dental damage with salivary gland aplasia.

BACKGROUND: Dental destruction can develop from numerous causes. Major salivary gland aplasia is an uncommon causative factor. The resulting xerostomia can lead to extensive dental demineralization. CASE DESCRIPTION: The author examined a 19-year-old man because of the patient's concern regarding decreased salivary volume and his dental condition. There was extensive loss of tooth structure and an astonishing pattern of dental destruction most notable on the palatal portions of the maxillary molars and premolars that is best described as "chipping." It was only after taking the patient's history, clinically examining the patient and conducting a radioisotope study that the author was able to make a confident diagnosis of the absence of four major salivary glands. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists should be aware that salivary gland aplasia is an uncommon cause of dental deterioration. It may manifest itself not by extensive caries but by a dental chipping effect. Early recognition and a therapeutic strategy can prevent progressive dental damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dental management of severe dentinogenesis imperfecta in a mild form of osteogenesis imperfecta.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI), in which the teeth are discolored, translucent and brittle, can occur in isolation as a familial trait and as a component of the skeletal dysplasia Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI). In a Cape Town family, 20 persons in 3 generations had mild OI, with the additional manifestation of severe DI. The family was assessed at the Dental Genetic Unit of the University of the Western Cape and appropriate dental treatment was provided. In this setting, a detailed treatment plan was devised for a severely affected woman. This plan proved to be efficient and cost effective, and the final outcome was pleasing to the patient. Dentinogenesis Imperfecta is not uncommon and may well be encountered in conventional dental practice. The necessary clinical expertise is within the scope of the skills of the general dentist.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The influence of dynamic occlusal interferences on probing depth and attachment level: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate potential associations between dynamic occlusal interferences and signs of periodontal disease in posterior teeth based on dental and medical measurements obtained from a population-based sample in the cross-sectional epidemiological study entitled, "Study of Health in Pomerania" (SHIP). METHODS: Medical history and dental and sociodemographic parameters of 2,980 representatively selected dentate subjects, 20 to 79 years of age, were collected. The analysis was performed on posterior teeth only using a mixed linear model that considers the clustered structure of the data. The model also was adjusted with respect to known risk factors for periodontal disease. RESULTS: The presence of non-working side contacts only was significantly related to probing depth (P<0.0001) and attachment loss (P=0.001). The presence of non-working side contacts and working side contacts on the same tooth was significantly related to increased probing depth (P=0.004) but not attachment level. The effect magnitude was a mean increase of 0.13 mm for probing depth and 0.14 mm in attachment loss. Known risk factors for periodontal disease that also showed significant associations with probing depth and attachment loss included male gender, age, smoking, education, and plaque score. Other factors significantly related to probing depth and/or attachment loss were tilted teeth, restored occlusal surfaces versus sound surfaces, elongated teeth, and tooth type (molar versus premolar). CONCLUSION: The effect of non-working contacts on periodontal disease status was discernible, but weak in terms of magnitude and specificity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Oral habits of temporomandibular disorder patients with malocclusion.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between oral habits and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder in patients who had sought orthodontic treatment by analyzing their present and past history. The subjects were 57 female patients (average age: 23 years and 6 months old) who had visited the "Temporomandibular Disorder Section" in our orthodontic department. Their chief complaints were the symptom of TMJ and the abnormalities of occlusion such as maxillary protrusion, open bite, crowding, mandibular protrusion, cross bite, deep bite, edge-to-edge bite, and spacing. Their present conditions and past histories were examined and evaluated. The most typical primary symptom was joint sound (23 patients, 40.0%). The second was joint sound and pain (15 patients, 26.3%). Of the symptoms present at the time of examination, the most prevalent were joint sound and pain (20 patients, 35.1%). The 48 patients (82.8%) had significant oral habits. Unilateral chewing was seen in 35 patients (72.9%), bruxism in 27 (56.3%), abnormality of posture in 14 (29.2%), habitual crunching in 10 (20.8%) and resting the check on the hand in 4 (8.3%), respectively. When comparing the primary symptoms to those at the time of examination, the patients with unilateral chewing and bruxism tended to have more complicated symptoms. In conclusion, the TMD symptoms of the patients with notable oral habits did not change or become worse during a period of about 5 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Dental wear and growth performance in steers fed sweetpotato cannery waste.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether feeding sweetpotato cannery waste (SPCW) to cattle had adverse effects on dental wear, growth performance, or ruminal tissues. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 36 Holstein steers. PROCEDURE: Steers were assigned to 1 of 3 groups. All steers received ryegrass hay ad libitum. In addition, steers in group 1 were fed 3.2 kg of corn and soybean meal/steer/d, steers in group 2 were fed 0.45 kg of soybean meal/steer/d and SPCW ad libitum, and steers in group 3 were fed a mixture of SPCW and broiler litter ad libitum. Samples of rumen fluid were collected on day 56. Steers were slaughtered on day 84, and samples of rumen were submitted for histologic examination. Teeth from control steers were removed, and calcium ion loss in response to etching with 2.28% lactic acid solutions buffered to pH of 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, and 4.75 was determined. RESULTS: Average daily gain was lower for steers fed SPCW than for steers in the other 2 groups. Steers fed the SPCW-broiler litter mixture had only mild increases in tooth wear and tooth color scores, compared with control steers, whereas steers fed unbuffered SPCW had substantial increases in tooth wear and tooth color scores. Histologic abnormalities were detected in rumens from steers fed diets containing SPCW. Calcium ion loss decreased as pH of the etching solution increased. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results indicate that feeding cattle unbuffered SPCW can cause dental erosion, ruminal epithelial changes, and poor growth; however, SPCW buffered with broiler litter can be used as a cattle feed.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1999

Wear of composite resin inlays and antagonistic enamel.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the wear of composite resin inlays and antagonistic enamel wear when they opposed each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindrical-shaped composite disk specimens were fabricated with three composite resin inlay materials and a heat-treated direct composite resin (control). The lingual cusps of extracted human maxillary premolars were placed perpendicular to flatten composite resin inlay specimens. Two body localized wear test was carried out using six specimens per material. The surface area of worn enamel and composite specimens was measured by a computerized analysis system. RESULTS: There were statistical differences between inlay materials and the control with respect to enamel wear, although no differences existed between the inlay materials tested. Worn enamel analysis by SEM indicated that large size quartz filler particles created the coarsest surface. The results suggest that the composite resin inlay materials tested are better than the quartz-containing composite resin in terms of antagonistic enamel wear.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Partial dentures for patients with advanced tooth wear.

Many patients attend their dentist for advice, and often treatment, for tooth wear. Poor appearance and inadequate function are the most common presenting complaints but occasionally treatment is needed for acute or chronic pain or sensitivity. Although patients often prefer a fixed replacement for the missing tooth structure this is not always possible or appropriate. This article presents the practical aspects of managing patients with advanced tooth wear using removable partial dentures.

Dental Restoration Failure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical crown lengthening of the maxillary anterior dentition: aesthetic considerations.

Recent patient interest in aesthetic treatment has resulted in the development of advanced surgical and restorative procedures that are capable of conservatively addressing such objectives. While numerous materials and techniques have been developed accordingly, each must respect specific biological criteria in order to be successful. This article demonstrates the implementation of surgical periodontal plastic and restorative procedures that facilitate the full-mouth rehabilitation of a patient who presented with excessive wear of the natural dentition. The procedure described is specific for the maxillary anterior.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Presentation of quantitative tooth wear data to clinicians.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the ease of interpretation and usefulness of different modes of presenting quantitative tooth wear data to clinicians. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A questionnaire that sought to ascertain both the ease of interpretation and usefulness of different modes of presentation for monitoring tooth wear was distributed to 67 clinicians. These modes (contour maps, surface topography and difference plots, and color-coded surface difference plots) were a product of ongoing development that used a mathematic algorithm to detect and quantify wear of teeth with time. A follow-up questionnaire, based on a fusion of the desirable features of surface topography and color-coded surface difference plots, was distributed to 40 of the original respondents to ascertain any improvement in clarity. RESULTS: In all respects, contour maps were rated significantly more difficult to interpret and less useful than the other techniques evaluated. No significant difference was detected between the other modalities. The follow-up questionnaire demonstrated a significantly enhanced utility of the revised plot in informing the clinician as to the worn sites and quantity of wear. CONCLUSION: The combined mode of presentation seems an excellent way of presenting wear results to clinicians for clinical application.

Computer Graphics↗