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PubMed1999

Tissue distribution of placenta-type 6-phosphofructo- 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase.

Several isozymes of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase have been characterized from mammalian tissues and, based on tissue origin, they are classified as liver, skeletal muscle, heart, testis, and placenta isozymes. In this paper, we examined the tissue distribution of placenta-type isozyme in rat tissues at the levels of transcription and translation. Analysis by Northern blotting showed that placenta, brain, testis, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle expressed mRNA of placenta-type isozyme. Western blot analysis of fractions from POROS-HQ column chromatography of extracts from various rat tissues showed that proteins of placenta-type isozyme are expressed in placenta, brain, testis, liver, spleen, heart and lung, but not in kidney and skeletal muscle. An immunohistochemical study showed that, in liver, placenta-type isozyme is localized in Kupffer cells. These results indicate that isozymes of this particular enzyme may occur in particular cell types within each tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Acid phosphatase: new developments.

Acid phosphatase was the first "tumor marker" to be measured in the blood, and over 40 years have passed since an elevation of the serum acid phosphatase level was observed in patients with prostatic carcinoma. However, significant elevations in the level of this enzyme have been observed in other diseases, as well as elevations of other tissue phosphatases. Many improvements in the colorimetric technique have been introduced, but none has been used successfully to detect the tissue origin of this ubiquitous enzyme. The finding that prostatic acid phosphatase is antigenically distinct from acid phosphatase of other tissues opened a new horizon in the measurement of acid phosphatase in prostatic cancer. On the basis of this immunochemical specificity, several immunoassays have been employed for determining the prostatic acid phosphatase level.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1972

The isolation of pure cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organs of elasmobranch fish of the family Torpedinidae.

1. Zonal centrifuging permitted the separation, on the milligram scale and in a form largely free from contamination by soluble cytoplasmic protein or membrane fragments derived from other structures, of synaptic vesicles from the purely cholinergic terminals of the electric organ of Torpedo. Up to 100g of tissue could be processed in a single run. 2. As much as 46% of the bound acetylcholine from the original tissue preparation was recovered as a single peak of density equivalent to 0.38m-sucrose-0.21m-NaCl and with a concentration of up to 680nmol of acetylcholine/mg of protein. 3. The limiting concentration of acetylcholine in isolated vesicles when allowance had been made for non-vesicular protein appeared to be about 600nmol/mg of protein. 4. Vesicle counts by a ;bead-tagging' procedure indicated an acetylcholine content of about 360mumol/ml of vesicles; thus the vesicle protein content would be about 60% (w/v). 5. Calculations showed that the core of the vesicle, accounting for about 55% of the vesicle volume, could be largely filled with acetylcholine and protein.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The etiology of second primary neoplasms.

Neoplasms are derived from normal tissues of the body by cellular transformation. Tumors often represent a less differentiated or an undifferentiated version of the histology of the neoplasms original tissue. Primary tumor(s) may spread by direct extension or by metastasis. For the purpose of this review, second primary tumors will be defined to exclude metastatic lesions or recurrences from an original primary tumor. Second primary tumors arise in several different clinical situations that basically are the result of either inherited or acquired genetic mutations. Second primary tumors may develop soon or very late after treatment of the first primary tumor and may reflect an underlying genetic or immunologic defect in the patient, treatment related genetic damage, or environmental exposure to carcinogens. With the greater success of modern chemotherapy and radiotherapy in achieving long-term remissions in many patients, second primary tumors are a rapidly developing disease-category. This paper will review the clinical circumstances associated with a significantly higher incidence of second primary tumors in patients with an initial primary tumor.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Differentiation and maturation of excurrent duct system of rat testes].

The present study was designed to investigate relations of gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) activities to morphological differentiation and maturation of rat testicular excurrent duct system including rete testis, efferent ductuli and epididymal ducts. Animals used were Wistar rats aged from 3 days to 12 weeks. Histochemical demonstration of gamma-GTP activities was carried out by the method of Rutenburg et al. (1969). Morphological differentiation of the epithelium and structure of the rete testis occurred between 2 and 3 weeks and completed by the age of 6 weeks, which was accompanied by induction and deletion of gamma-GTP activity. Morphological differentiation and maturation of the epithelium of the efferent ductuli and the epididymal ducts became evident by the age of 4 weeks and gamma-GTP was active in both epithelial cells throughout the period examined. Since the maturation of rete testis epithelium was found to proceed as observed as Sertoli cells, the origin and functions of the rete testis epithelium and Sertoli cells are considered to be identical. The simultaneous development of the efferent ductuli and the epididymal ducts suggests that both tissues originate from mesonephric ducts and have similar functions, although mature epithelial cells of both tissues are completely different.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Tendon graft substitutes-rotator cuff patches.

Over the past few years, many biologic patches have been developed to augment repairs of large or complex tendon tears. These patches include both allograft and xenografts. Regardless of their origins, these products are primarily composed of purified type I collagen. Many factors should be considered when choosing an augmentation patch including tissue origin, graft processing, cross-linking, clinical experience, and physical properties. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the sports medicine community with several tendon augmentation grafts: GraftJacket (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, TN), CuffPatch (Organogenesis, Canton, MA, licensed to Arthrotek, Warsaw, IN), Restore (Depuy, Warsaw, IN), Zimmer Collagen Repair (Permacol) patch (Tissue Science Laboratories Covington, GA, licensed to Zimmer, Warsaw, IN), TissueMend (TEI Biosciences, Boston, MA, licensed to Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, Kalamazoo, MI), OrthoADAPT (Pegasus Biologics, Irvine, CA), and BioBlanket (Kensey Nash, Exton, PA).

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed1996

Induction of iNOS mRNA by interferon-gamma in epithelial cells is associated with growth arrest and differentiation.

Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA by interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) is well established in various cell types. We observed earlier that this induction is differentiation-dependent in human keratinocytes. Since IFNgamma-mediated growth arrest and differentiation are separable but interrelated processes in keratinocytes, iNOS might play a role in their regulation. We conducted a series of in vitro experiments on normal and transformed epithelial cells with different tissue origins. We found that immortalization and transformation can influence the IFNgamma-mediated iNOS inducibility, but this process is tissue-specific as the induction correlates with the ability of the cells to differentiate.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro reconstructed tissues on hyaluronan-based temporary scaffolding.

Tissue engineering offers the possibility to reconstruct tissue substitutes in order to replace lost or damaged tissues. The availability of appropriate biomaterial devices is essential to allow in vitro cultured cells to behave as in the original tissues in vivo. In our studies we utilized a seminatural biomaterial made up by the benzyl ester of hyaluronan to grow keratinocytes, fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were isolated from human foreskin. Cells were separately cultured on two different hyaluronan based biomaterial devices for the first 15 days and then co-cultured for an additional period of 2 weeks. Keratinocytes gave rise to a well-differentiated epithelial layer, while fibroblasts were able to synthesize all the main extracellular molecules inside the biomaterial spaces, forming dermal-like tissues. When these two tissues were co-cultured, a skin equivalent was formed with a dermal-epidermal junction. Chondrocytes were obtained from chick-embryo sterna and cultured for 21 days inside a non-woven scaffolding made up of a hyaluronan-based biomaterial. Cells were able to organize themselves into nodules embedded in a dense metachromatic substance in which type II collagen was present. Data from this study suggest that this novel class of hyaluronan derived biomaterials is suitable for different cell culture and in vitro tissue reconstruction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in human glial tumors.

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are anabolic effectors in many tissues and cultured cells, including astrocytes and neurons. Receptors for insulin and IGFs are found throughout the human brain. We examined the level of insulin and IGF receptors on membranes prepared from surgical specimens of tumor (astrocytomas and glioblastomas) and normal human brain. Specific binding (per 100 micrograms membrane protein) of insulin was less than 5% in all normal and tumor samples. Specific binding of IGF-I to 12 normal brain specimens ranged from 1-8%. IGF-I binding to 18 glioma specimens ranged from 2-25%. Scatchard analyses of IGF-I binding confirmed increased IGF-I-binding sites in some glial tumors vs. normal brain, but detected no difference in affinity characteristics. Cross-linking of [125I]IGF-I demonstrated that glioma tissue expressed the same lower mol wt (approximately 118 kDa) alpha-subunit as the normal brain confirming the neural origin of the cells expressing the IGF-I receptor. IGF-binding proteins (approximately 40 kDa) were also found in the membranes of some of the glioma but none of the normal brain specimens. In cell lines derived from glioma specimens, IGF binding was readily detectable (4-10% specific binding), but insulin binding was barely detectable (0-03%) in every line examined. The size of the IGF-I alpha-subunit in the cultured cells was larger (approximately 133 kDa) than that in the original tissue. Most glioma cell lines exhibited an IGF-I dose-dependent stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA, and partially purified IGF-I receptors from these cells exhibited a dose-dependent stimulation of the autophosphorylation of the beta-subunit. We conclude that human glioma cells have functional IGF-I receptors and suggest a role for this receptor in glioma cell growth.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed2000

[Tissue specificity of subunit composition and EGF-dependent changes in the subunit pattern of 20S-proteasomes].

The subunit pattern of 20S proteasomes from rat kidney, rat liver, human A-431 cells, human K-562 cells and mouse NIH 3T3 cells were studied. Proteasomes in cells of a common tissue origin appeared to be similar, independently of the intensity of cell proliferation. Unlike, proteasomes in cells of various types of tissue specificity differed from each other. Besides, EGF was shown to induce changes in the subunit pattern of proteasomes in A-431 cells.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1984

Demonstration of amyloid protein AA in old museum specimens.

Three amyloid-infiltrated organs, which had been stored in fixative for 65 to 83 years, were obtained from a collection of pathologic tissues. All the tissues originated from persons with pulmonary tuberculosis. Amyloid fibril protein AA, typical of secondary systemic amyloidosis, was demonstrated in all the tissues by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Protein AA was also extracted and purified from the tissues in spite of the long period in fixative.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Intestinal and renal origin of trehalase activity in rabbit amniotic fluid.

To utilize specific fetal markers in amniotic fluid for prenatal detection of fetal anomalies, it is necessary to determine the precise tissue origin of these markers. In rabbit fetuses, we distinguished between intestinal and renal forms of trehalase (alpha,alpha'-trehalose-1-D-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) in amniotic fluid on the basis of differences in net electric charges. Trehalase was solubilized from purified brush-border membranes of fetal rabbit kidney and intestine by Triton X-100 treatment, whereas the trehalase activity in amniotic fluid was soluble. The kinetic properties of trehalase from intestine, kidney and amniotic fluid were very similar. The Mr of the soluble amniotic fluid trehalase was between 72,600 and 66,300 from hydrodynamic parameters, depending on the amount of sugar bound to the enzyme, and 48,500 by radiation inactivation, a method which detects only the protein part of the enzyme. For membrane-bound trehalase from kidney and intestine in situ the radiation inactivation method also gave a molecular size of around 49,000. Isoelectric focusing of freshly solubilized membranes allowed us to distinguish between renal and intestinal forms of trehalase in rabbit fetuses on the basis of different isoelectric points. Each trehalase form was also present in the amniotic fluid but in varying proportions depending on the gestational age at which the amniotic fluid was collected. The results suggest that early in gestation amniotic fluid trehalase activity originates exclusively from the fetal kidney but that more and more intestinal enzyme is released into the amniotic cavity as the fetus develops. Similar results were also obtained when ion-exchange chromatography was used to separate the various trehalase forms. The development of trehalase activity in rabbit fetal kidney and intestine correlates well with its occurrence in the amniotic fluid; trehalase activity in the kidney develops early in gestation whereas the intestinal trehalase activity develops just before term.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1981

The wound fibroblast and macrophage. II: Their origin studied in a human after bone marrow transplantation.

The origin of the wound fibroblast and macrophage was studied in a patient following bone marrow transplantation, using sex chromosome markers. Fibroblast-like cells emigrating from explants of a 5-day-old skin wound had the host karyotype, whereas macrophages had donor markers. These results suggest that the wound fibroblast in man is of local tissue origin, whereas wound macrophages are derived from haemopoietic tissue.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1986

In vitro SCE discrepancy between embryonic and extraembryonic mouse tissues.

In vitro sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) background levels and cytokinetics were compared in embryonic (whole embryo cell suspensions) and extraembryonic (yolk sac and amnion, placenta) cells of inbred and outbred strains at various gestational stages (days 12-17). Results indicate a tissue origin (embryonal, extraembryonal) related variation in the formation of baseline SCE frequencies and cytokinetics. The significant higher SCE levels in extraembryonic tissues (maximum increase of 2 X the background values of the embryo cells) were independent of mouse strain and gestational stage. An average of 4-5 SCEs/cell in embryo cells is contrasted by 7-9 SCEs/cell in extraembryo cells. Mitotic index was generally lower and average generation time longer (by 2-3 h) in extraembryonic tissue cells. No significant differences in SCE frequencies and no changes in cytokinetics were detected at the BrdU concentrations used (1.2-4.8 micrograms/ml). The reason for the inter-tissue differences in baseline SCE is still not clear.

Amnion↗
PubMed1995

Physiological, morphological and anatomical responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to flooding.

Two-year-old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings were flooded to 8 cm above soil level for 70 days. The flooding treatment altered the growth, morphology, stem anatomy and ethylene production of the seedlings. Although flooding did not affect height growth, it stimulated diameter growth of the submerged stems by increasing both the number and size of wood fibers produced; however, the thickness of the cell walls of the wood fibers was reduced by flooding. In response to the flooding treatment, the seedlings formed abundant hyperhydric tissues, originating from the vicinity of lenticels on the surface of the flooded stems, and adventitious roots, which grew through the hyperhydric tissues. Aerenchyma tissues were observed in the bark of the adventitious roots. The flooding treatment did not affect dry weight increment of leaves and stems, but it reduced the total dry weight increment of the root system even though it promoted adventitious root formation. Flooding also enhanced ethylene production in the submerged portions of stems. The potential roles of flood-induced ethylene in cambial growth and adventitious root formation in flooded plants are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Gingival salivary gland choristoma. Report of a case.

A unique example of a gingival salivary gland choristoma together with a gingival cyst is described in a human autopsy specimen of periodontal tissues. A choristoma is a tumor-like growth which is derived from primordial cells which have been displaced from their original tissue or organ. Only 6 other examples of the gingival salivary gland choristoma have been described in the world literature.

Choristoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cytomorphologic and cytometric manifestations of cervical reparative processes.

The process of tissue repair or regeneration is the attempt of the injured tissue to be restructured and to reestablish its function as it existed prior to injury. The cytologic alterations depend on the original tissue site, the elapsed time after the incurred injury as well as on the type of the injury itself. From a practical standpoint, the importance of the recognition of tissue repair alterations as such, is the avoidance of false positive cytologic diagnoses and/or the under evaluation of existing malignant lesions with potentially severe clinical consequences. The computerized on-line file of patients examined cytologically and histologically since the year 1959 which contains over two million patient records was searched for those cases identified as "tissue repair". The major criteria of cytomorphology of tissue repair and differential diagnoses are described. For the purpose of enhancing the differential diagnostic accuracy two procedures useful as diagnostic aids are presented: (1) local administration of estrogens, and (2) computerized cell image analyses evaluated and guided by an artificial intelligence expert system.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗