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PubMed1985

[Reaction of the biologically active points of the skin to immunization with typhus vaccine].

Electroacupuncture diagnosis was used to demonstrate the reaction of biologically active points of the skin (BAPS) to immunization with typhus vaccine. In 7 persons immunized with chemical and live (strain E) typhus vaccines, the reaction differed significantly from the initial parameters and other measurement data obtained in a group of unvaccinated subjects. The reaction of the BAPS was noticeable starting from the first day after vaccination and was far ahead of seroimmune shifts detectable in the host. The best correlation was established between the seroimmune response and the activity of the acupuncture points on meridians X and I (a positive correlation) and on meridians III, VIII and XI (a negative correlation).

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1981

[Luminescent-serologic analysis of the antigenic interrelationship between R. canada and classic representatives of rickettsiae of the typhus group].

The results of studying the antigenic relationships of R. canada, a new Rickettsia species, and classical Rickettsia species of the typhus group are presented. The study was carried out by luminescent serological analysis with the use of corpuscular antigens and the live infectious agent cultures. R. canada and Rickettsiae of the typhus group were similar in their antigenic structures; this, however, could be revealed only in the study of the live cultures of the infectious agents. The study of corpuscular antigens revealed unilateral relationship: R. prowazeki antigen could be detected with homologous and heterologous sera, R. canada antigen with homologous serum only. In the CFT and the agglutination test corpuscular R. canada antigen reacted with homologous and heterologous sera. The study of the live cultures of the infectious agents revealed that different R. prowazeki and R. typhi strains vary in the degree of their similarity to R. canada.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1994

[Typhus perforation in the tropics. Apropos of 83 cases].

Peritonitis due to typhus is still frequent in Vietnam. We studied retrospectively 83 cases of 83 patients operated for peritoneal perforations due to typhus between January 1986 and December 1987. There were more males than females (56 versus 27) and most of the patients were under 30 years of age (72.2%). The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical picture of fever associated with peritonitis and ileal lesions seen at laparotomy. Treatment for most patients included surgical exeresis, suture of the perforation and lavage and draining of the abdominal cavity. Fifteen patients died during the perioperative period (18% operative mortality). There were 76 cases of post-operative complications involving 55 patients. The most frequent complication was parietal infection observed in 55 cases (66.3%). The most severe complication was suture failure seen in 5 cases, 4 of which had a fatal outcome. Operative delay was a statistically significant factor of prognosis. In the specific situation of our clinical experience, simple suture or suture excision remain the most adapted and effective modes of treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Indirect hemagglutination test for human antibody to typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae.

An indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test is described that uses glutaraldehyde-stabilized erythrocytes treated with a rickettsial erythrocyte-sensitizing substance obtained from Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia rickettsii. The serological reagent was stable for at least 3 months at room temperature and 6 months at 4 C. It exhibited group specificity and no group cross-reactivity. At a minimum dilution of 1:40, acute and early convalescent epidemic and murine typhus antisera showed 86% positive reactors, whereas similar spotted fever antisera had 74% positive reactors. In comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the IHA procedure gave lower titers but showed comparable detection of seroconversion with most paired sera. The IHA test demonstrated significantly higher titers than the complement fixation test and was more sensitive than either the complement fixation or Weil-Felix test in identifying seroconversion. No agglutination was observed when sensitized erythrocytes were tested with rodent sera known to contain rickettsial antibodies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2025

Proteome Profiling in Cerebrospinal Fluid Reveals Increased Levels of Peroxiredoxin 2 Discriminating Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Scrub Typhus Infection.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and scrub typhus (ST) are major etiological agents of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in India and South Asia. The pathophysiological changes at the molecular level caused by JEV and ST have yet to be studied in detail. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic landscape is a critical indicator of CNS pathology. Here, we conducted label-free quantitative proteomics on CSF from AES patients (n = 15) to identify etiology-specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) linked to encephalitis. The key DEPs were validated via ELISA in CSF (n = 49) and serum (n = 33). Our findings revealed 50 proteins exhibited differential expression across JEV and ST groups, with a notable subset of three proteins, PRDX2, KLK6, and TTR. PRDX2 and KLK6 were markedly elevated in JEV CSF (AUC: 0.8933 and 0.9689) but not in ST or non-JEV AES, while TTR was reduced in JEV yet elevated in ST (AUC: 0.5619 vs. 0.8238). Further, PRDX2 upregulation was validated in JEV-infected mouse brains and cortical neurons. Overexpression of PRDX2 in human neuroblastoma cells correlated with enhanced antiviral gene expression, p-STAT1, p-AKT (ser473), and viral replication. Thus, our comprehensive proteomic analysis of CSF identifies PRDX2 as an important circulatory protein, differentially expressed between JEV and ST, with high specificity and enhancing viral propagation, underscoring its role in viral propagation and pathogenesis.

Humans↗
PubMed1973

Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infections. 3. Influence of human immune serum and complement on the fate of Rickettsia mooseri within the human macrophages.

Preincubation of Rickettsia mooseri with human typhus convalescent serum, which is not rickettsiacidal but which confers passive protection to animals, opsonizes the rickettsiae for enhanced phagocytosis by monocyte-derived human macrophages in cell culture and renders them susceptible to destruction within the macrophages. Nonspecific opsonization by preincubation of the rickettsia with methylated bovine serum albumin enhances phagocytosis, but the rickettsiae are not prepared for intracellular destruction. Instead, they grow within the macrophages and eventually destroy these cells. Thus, immune serum and macrophages, neither of which is capable of killing these rickettsiae alone, act in concert to destroy the virulent organisms. In this system, immune serum appears to exert two distinct, possibly dissociable, actions on the rickettsiae: enhancement of phagocytosis and preparation for intracellular destruction. Complement is not required for this action but, when present with immune serum, markedly enhances phagocytosis of the rickettsiae, often leading to rapid destruction of the macrophage.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Serological study of louse borne and flea borne typhus in Addis Ababa.

A total of 500 subjects (288 males and 212 females) were tested in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in Virology and Rickettsiology Division of the National Research Institute of Health, in 1987, for anti R. prowazekii using Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Out of these 58 subjects (41 males and 17 females) were also tested for anti R. typhi using the same test. The study population included three groups. Group I included 200 patients referred to the National Research Institute of Health (NRIH) for the Weil-Felix test for the diagnosis of typhus. Group II consisted of 200 patients with febrile illness visiting the Outpatient Department (OPD) of St. Paul's Hospital. Group III included 100 blood donors' serum samples included from previous collections. The blood donors had no sign of febrile illness during the collection of the blood samples. The results showed that anti R. prowazekii was detected in 38 subjects (7.6%). The sex ratio among the positive subjects indicated that there were 32 males (22%) and 6 females (2.8%). From the 58 subjects who were also tested for anti R-typhi only 7 (5 males and 2 females) (12%) were found to be positive. Only one person was found to be positive both for anti R. prowazekii and anti R-typhi. From 200 samples (Group-I) tested both by the Weil-Felix test and by Complement Fixation Test for anti R. prowazekii only 4 samples were positive by both test, thus showing very low percent agreement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Immunogenicity of a chemical typhus vaccine and of a corpuscular radioantigen obtained from Rickettsia prowazekii].

The protective activity of chemical typhus vaccine and R. prowazekii corpuscular radioantigen (CRA) was studied. Guinea pigs were immunized with doses of 32 and 48 antigenic units. Antibody production was assayed in the complement fixation test. On days 7, 15, 21, 30 and 60 after immunization the animals were challenged with R. prowazekii introduced in an amount of 10(5) minimum embryonal infective doses (MEID). On day 30 some of the animals were challenged with 10(3) MEID of R. typhi. The results demonstrated that both preparations were highly immunogenic and capable of protecting most of the animals from 10(5) MEID of R. prowazekii. Immunity developed earlier after immunization with CRA. The guinea pigs immunized with CRA, purified in percoll density gradient, and challenged with 10(3) MEID of R. typhi on day 30 showed a high level of cross immunity. In all control animals high fever and periorchitis were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Scrub typhus encephalomyelitis with prominent focal neurologic signs.

BACKGROUND: Encephalomyelitis with prominent focal neurologic signs and associated neuroradiologic abnormalities has not been previously described in scrub typhus. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 22-year-old woman was admitted because of fever and an altered mental state. Neurologic examination revealed bilateral sixth and seventh nerve palsies, bilateral gaze evoked nystagmus, anarthria, dysphagia, quadriparesis, and sensory level at T1. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were positive for tsutsugamushi antibody. The patient's magnetic resonance images demonstrated the lesions responsible for the neurologic dysfunctions: in the lower brainstem, cerebellar peduncles, and spinal cord. It was interesting that the gray matter of the spinal cord was predominantly involved. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of unusual manifestations and the clinical suspicion of this treatment-responsive disease may be important, particularly in the face of increasing international and intranational travel.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Atypical lymphocytes with a multilobated nucleus from a patient with tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Japan.

A case of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) with atypical lymphocytes with a multilobated nucleus is reported. Although this type of atypical lymphocyte has been reported in patients with viral infections such as adult T-cell leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, this is the first reported case of atypical lymphocyte with a multilobated nucleus in a patient with rickettsial infection. This type of atypical lymphocyte seems to exist in a broad spectrum of infectious diseases.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2006

High prevalence of antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a murine typhus endemic region in Croatia.

A retrospective serological survey was carried out by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and complement fixation (CF) test in a sample of 425 healthy residents (240 females and 185 males) to investigate whether Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) circulates in the rural area of the northern Croatian island of Vir, which is known to be endemic for murine typhus. The overall prevalence of LCMV antibodies detected by IFA was found to be 36% (155 out of 425) and 13% (54 out of 425) by CF. No significant difference in the LCMV seroprevalence was observed with respect to age and gender by any of the methods used. The results show that inhabitants in the area studied are clearly being exposed to LCMV and the infection of the population occurs in the first 10 years of life. Equal prevalence of IgG and especially of short-lived CF antibodies in the elderly in comparison to other age groups and children can be explained by reinfections and boosting of antibodies through permanent contact with the virus. To the best of our knowledge this study reports the first evidence of endemic LCMV in Croatia and one of the highest LCMV human prevalence reported worldwide to date. The epidemiological association between LCMV and other zoonoses which can be expected in this community as well as the etiology of summer influenza-like illness along the coastal area of Croatia has to be explored further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

HLA-DR+CD3+ and CD8+ cells are increased but CD4+CD45RA+ cells are reduced in the peripheral blood in human scrub typhus.

Immunological studies on scrub typhus (ST) have been limited mostly to animals despite the possible difference in the immune responses among the species of the hosts. To investigate in vivo cellular immune responses to ST in humans, we characterized T-cell subsets in the peripheral blood samples from 30 healthy control subjects (HC), 11 patients with nonrickettsial acute infections (NRAI), and 6 patients with ST by a dual labeling method of flow cytometry. In ST, HLA-DR+CD3+ cells were greatly increased compared with those in HC and NRAI (HC, 2.3 +/- 1.3%; NRAI, 4.5 +/- 4.4%; ST, 32.5 +/- 14.7% values are means +/- SD). CD8+ cells were also significantly increased (HC, 29.5 +/- 5.9%; NRAI, 30.5 +/- 9.4%; ST, 44.9 +/- 11.5%), while CD4+CD45RA+ cells were significantly reduced (HC, 23.6 +/- 8.2%; NRAI, 23.3 +/- 12.3%; ST, 12.9 +/- 7.1%) in ST. The unique changes in the T-cell subsets in the peripheral blood samples from the patients with ST support the importance of the cellular immune responses to the natural infection of ST in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Recent studies on scrub typhus and Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in Shandong Province--China.

In an outbreak of scrub typhus occurred 138 cases in 1986 in Menying County of Shandong Province of China which were confirmed through clinical and epidemiological surveys and laboratory techniques. In the endemic areas, the predominant species of mite is Leptotrombidium (L.) scutelarae and the predominant rodent is Apodemus agrarius, which may be the main vector and reservoir. Several strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (R.T.) were obtained from mites, wild mice and patients, of which 3 human strains (SDH871, SDH875, SDH878) cause illness and some deaths in mice, except SDH871. The LD50 of SDH878 is 3.4. Cross-protection was observed among the strains, SDH871, SDH878, and prototype strain karp. Also the antibodies in mucoid peritoneal fluid were detectable with high titer. Shandong R.T. belongs to the serotype of the Gilliam strain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scrub typhus: an imported Rickettsial disease.

A case of scrub typhus due to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi is reported. This imported rickettsial disease was contracted by a 30-year-old woman while traveling in Thailand, and was transmitted by an infected mite's bite. Diagnosis was confirmed by specific serology and resolution was obtained by tetracycline therapy. Current concepts of the disease are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Splenic involvement in endemic (murine) typhus: CT findings.

Murine typhus is a rickettsial infection that remains endemic in parts of Texas and California. Clinical manifestations of the infection are due to vasculitis. In a patient who acquired the infection in the United States, computed tomography demonstrated intrasplenic pseudoaneurysms, infarcts, and hemorrhage.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Papilledema in endemic typhus.

A 21-year-old women developed severe bilateral papilledema during an acute febrile disease. Her optic disk margins were blurred and the disks were elevated up to 5 diopters. Splinter hemorrhages, cotton-wool exudates, cytoid bodies, and sheathing of veins were also present. The pyrexia was caused by murine typhus diagnosed by serologic tests. These tests revealed that Proteus OX-19 agglutination titer rose to 1:12800, and a positive complement fixation test titer was 1:640 with Rickettsia mooseri antigens. Neurological examination results, skull roentgenograms, brain scan, electroencephalogram, and the cerebrospinal fluid were all within normal range, thereby excluding intracranial hypertension. After the patient's recovery from the rickettsial disease, the papilledema abated gradually until her fundi reverted to normal.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The longevity of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in patients with confirmed scrub typhus.

Serological surveillance for up to two years of 114 patients with laboratory confirmed scrub typhus showed that antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody test is short-lived. The mean reversion time from mean peak titre (1:499) was 48.9 weeks and the calculated annual reversion rate to a titre less than 1:50 was 61%. This can be used to estimate attack rates based on point prevalence of antibody. The relationship between antibody prevalence and attack rates observed by other workers was confirmed using this model. The possible uses of the finding and its implications in Malaysia are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays to detect Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, the causative agents of murine typhus and flea-borne spotted fever.

Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis are the etiologic agents of murine typhus and flea-borne spotted fever, respectively. We have constructed two quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to detect these pathogenic rickettsiae. The qPCR assays were developed utilizing unique sequences of the R. typhi and R. felis outer membrane protein B genes (ompB) to design the specific primers and molecular beacon probes. The assays were found to be species-specific and did not yield false-positive reactions with nucleic acid from other rickettsiae, orientiae, neorickettsiae or unrelated bacteria. In addition, the assays were sensitive enough to detect three target sequence copies per reaction and were capable of detecting R. typhi and R. felis nucleic acid in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. These results demonstrate that two sensitive and specific qPCR assays have been successfully developed to detect and enumerate R. typhi and R. felis.

Animals↗