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PubMed1980

Effects of phenoxymethylpenicillin, clindamycin and tinidazole on the anaerobic oral, throat and colon flora in man.

Capsules of phenoxymethylpenicillin were given orally to ten subjects in doses of 800 mg twice daily for 7 days. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken over a 29-day period and bacterial cultivations were carried out. No changes in the normal flora of the saliva, throat or faeces were noted during this period. Clindamycin was given orally to ten other subjects in doses of 150 mg, four times per day for 7 days. No changes in the aerobic flora of the saliva and throat were observed while a significant decrease in the number of anaerobic bacteria occurred. Overgrowth of clostridia was seen in two cases. Pronounced changes in the faecal flora occurred. Among the aerobic bacteria, enterococci proliferated, and among the anaerobic bacteria significant decreases in the numbers of cocci and gram-negative rods were seen. In four subjects the number of clostridia increased significantly. Tinidazole was given orally to ten other subjects in doses of 150 mg every 12 hours for 7 days. Slight changes were noted in the anaerobic flora of the saliva while no differences were seen for the faecal flora.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Beta-hemolytic streptococci as a cause of sore throat in the Pretoria area].

A study was performed in Pretoria on 232 unselected patients who presented with the complaint of sore throat. A throat swab was positive for Lancefield group A beta-haemolytic streptococci in 33,2% of these patients. The incidence was significantly higher in Black patients (45,5%) than in White patients (23,2%) and 12,1% of healthy controls showed a positive culture. No seasonal variation was detected. Throat swabs kept overnight at room temperature were falsely negative for beta-haemolytic streptococci in 43,2% of cases. A correlation was found with certain clinical signs.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

[Targetted antibiotic therapy. Acute sore throat: streptococcus A update].

Acute sore throat is a very common pathology, but should not because of this be considered as banal. In effect, the beta-haemolytic streptococcus A, which is responsible for most of the bacteriological etiologies is not only responsible for distant inflammatory complications, acute articular rheumatism (RAA) and glomerulonephritis, which are re-appearing in the United States, but also a fulminating septicemia and a syndrome of visceral failure that makes a grave prognosis for life. Moreover, today, streptococcus A is one of the factors involved in a series of fatal fasciites and necrosing myosites seen in several European countries. Understanding of these complications gives better definition of the causative immunological mechanisms and particularly the adverse role of the "superantigens" of streptococci in the start of an increase in the responses of immunocompetent cells and pro-inflammatory and prothrombic mediators. Finally, availability now of rapid diagnostic tests with monoclonal antibody techniques confirms the presence of streptococci A in acute sore throat and should help the physician to make an etiological diagnosis that takes into account the clinical signs. Unfortunately, these tests are not widely available in France and are not subject to reimbursement. All these factors justify the introduction of an antibiotherapy targetted at streptococcus A in the context of bacterial sore throat. Oral penicillin V (phenoxymethyl penicillin, Oracilline) is always the reference, with an excellent anti-bacterial and clinical activity and without risk of production of strains of streptococcus that are of reduced sensitivity or resistant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

[Sore throat patients as the topic of a general practice quality circle. Determination and development of a practice guideline. Quality Assurance Study group for General Medicine].

UNLABELLED: The present paper describes the institutionalization of a general practitioners' quality circle and the development of management guidelines for the treatment of patients with sore throat. Doctors participating: An invitation to attend an "information meeting" on the subject quality control and a quality circle sent to 200 general practitioners and internists, evoked a response by 18 physicians, ten of whom participated in the first meeting of the quality circle. Practical procedure: Stocktaking of the procedure in the doctor's office on the basis of a documentation questionnaire, the discussion of a video of the counselling of a patient with a sore throat, interviews with patients and the personal experience of the participating physicians was compared with a current analysis of the literature. The results of the comparison were taken as a basis for the development of management guidelines following the Dutch NHG Standard (Nederlands-Huisartsen-Genootschap-Standarden). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A wide variation was found in the treatment offered to patients with sore throats in the doctor's office. Deviation from text book information does not indicate a priori any quality deficit in the GP's practice. With respect to the management guideline worked out, it was agreed that in the individual case, a wellfounded deviation can be justified.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1993

[Effects of laryngeal mask airway on circulation and on incidence of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness].

We studied the effects of laryngeal mask airway (LM) insertion on circulation and on the incidence of postoperative sore throat or hoarseness as compared with tracheal intubation in 50 pediatric patients. LM insertion caused less change of heart rate and systolic blood pressure than tracheal intubation. The incidence of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness was less in the patient of LM group. We conclude that LM is useful in pediatric anesthesia when less circulatory changes are desirable or when the postoperative sore throat or hoarseness is to be avoided.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1995

[Potential pathogenic throat bacterial flora in acute successive pharyngitis and tonsillitis in children].

The purpose of this work was to determine the frequency of occurrence of S. aureus, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae spp. and nonfermenting rods in a group of children suffering from acute successive pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Specimens were taken during three acute occurrences and twice after treatment from first and second acute occurrences. S. aureus was isolated from the throats of 55.1%-62% of the sick children. H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae were isolated from about 22% to over 40% of the sick children, beta-haemolytic streptococci were isolated from 10.3%-16.2% of the sick children and Enterobacteriaceae spp. were isolated from the throats of 6.1%-16.25% of the sick children. Nonfermenting rods were isolated from only one sick child. Two or more possible bacterial pathogens were isolated from several sick children. Among them S. aureus with H. influenzae or with H. parainfluenzae or with beta-haemolytic streptococci were most often isolated. After treatment of these children, S. aureus, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae were more rarely isolated from the throat, and beta-haemolytic streptococci or Enterobacteriaceae spp. were isolated occasionally. Similarly, after treatment mixed potentially pathogenic bacterial flora were more rarely seen.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1977

[Benign disease of the throat in xerotomograms (Part I) (author's transl)].

The advantages of xeroradiography in radiology of the soft parts are emphasized. The technique in tomography of the throat is described. Typical benign diseases of the throat like acute or chronic inflammation, edema, pareses of the vocal cords and injuries are demonstrated on xerotomograms and discussed. Detail of the structures of the throat is better seen in xeroradiographic tomograms than in Röntgentomograms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Postoperative sore throat--a comparison of standard cuff, gas-barrier cuff and Brandt anesthesia tube cuff].

Excessive intracuff pressure due to nitrous oxide diffusion into the cuff can damage the tracheal mucosa. Several endotracheal tubes have been developed (Trachelon gas barrier type tube, Brandt Anaesthesia tube) to limit nitrous oxide-related intracuff pressure increase. We investigated whether the incidence of postoperative sore throat could be reduced by using these tubes. Endotracheal intubation was performed in 37 adult female patients with either a standard tube (group S, n = 14), a gas barrier type tube (group G, n = 11), or a Brandt tube (group B, n = 12). All patients were interviewed 16-30 h postoperatively by anesthesiologist who did not know which tube had been used. The increase of intracuff pressure was significantly lower in group G (7.6 +/- 5.1 mmHg, mean +/- SD) and in group B (3.4 +/- 1.7 mmHg) than that in group S (24.0 +/- 9.5 mmHg). The incidence of postoperative sore throat was not significantly different among the groups, 36% (5/14) in group S, 45% (5/11) in group G, and 33% (4/12) in Group B. This incidence did not correlate with intracuff pressure increase. In conclusion, specially manufactured endotracheal tubes to limit excessive intracuff pressure did not effectively attenuate the incidence of postoperative sore throat in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Severe sore throat as a presenting symptom of adult onset Still's disease: a case series and review of the literature.

We describe our experience with 3 cases and a literature review examining whether sore throat is an early manifestation of adult onset Still's disease (AOSD). From our review of 341 cases in the English literature we noted that 69% of all reported patients displayed sore throat early in the disease course. We propose that sore throat be considered an important early diagnostic manifestation of AOSD because it appears useful in identifying patients in their first month of illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Seroepidemiological study of human herpesvirus-6 and -7 in children of different ages and detection of these two viruses in throat swabs by polymerase chain reaction.

The presence of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) in throat swabs of 62 children of different age groups (group I, ages 0-5 month; group II, ages 6-11 months, group III, ages 12-23 months, group IV, age 2-8 years) and 28 adults was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The detection rate of HHV-6 DNA was the highest (87%) in children aged 1-year-old and decreased with age, whereas the detection rate of HHV-7 increased with age and reached a maximum in adults. HHV-6B was detected in almost all samples except for two children who secreted only HHV-6A. When the antibody prevalence was determined in the four groups of children, HHV-6 antibody was detected in 8/12 (66.7%), 10/12 (83.3%), 15/16 (93.8%), and 13/14 (92.9%), respectively. Antibody to HHV-7 in these groups was detected in 6/12 (50.0%), 4/12 (33.3%), 12/16 (75.0%), and 13/14 (92.9%), respectively. Detection of HHV-6 DNA in throat swabs of triplets who had the sequential onset of exanthem subitum was attempted by using samples sequentially collected from these children after the onset of the disease in the first patient. HHV-6 DNA with high copy numbers was detectable during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease in all patients, but no DNA was detected in samples collected before the onset of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of phenol in an over-the-counter sore throat spray by cyclic voltammetry.

A method for analyzing phenol in an over-the-counter sore throat spray by cyclic voltammetry was developed. The method employed a glassy-carbon disk electrode (3 mm diameter) as the working electrode and 0.1 M HCl as the supporting electrolyte. The reference electrode was a silver-silver chloride electrode with 3 M NaCl. In the cyclic voltammetry procedure, the initial potential was +200 mV and the final potential was +1450 or +1500 mV. The cyclic voltammetric method was validated against a method based on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The phenol results for cyclic voltammetry at 50 mVs(-1) were in good agreement with the results obtained from HPLC. The results also agreed with the label claim (1.4% phenol). Good reproducibility and accuracy were obtained for the voltammetric method. Cyclic voltammetry was shown to be an accurate, reproducible, and rugged technique for the routine analysis of phenol in a sore throat spray.

Analgesics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of irradiation in the management of squamous-cell carcinomas of the mouth and throat.

Fundamental precepts of radiation biology are presented to provide a basis for the comprehension of radiotherapy. These precepts include cell viability, randomness of cell killing by radiation, the influence of molecular oxygen on radiosensitivity, phases of the cell cycle, and repopulation. The combined-treatment concept is developed, and preoperative and postoperative irradiation options, as well as the optimal extent of the surgical procedure, are discussed. These principles of combined treatment are first applied to the management of neck disease, which is a common denominator to all sites. The anatomic sites of the mouth and throat are then discussed. The capabilities of radiotherapy have greatly altered treatment planning for carcinomas of the mouth and throat; one must now develop an initial overall plan that varies with the extent and anatomic site of the primary lesion, the extent of neck disease, and the probability of spread to clinically uninvolved lymphatic areas.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Development and evaluation of a 'real-time' RT-PCR for the detection of enterovirus and parechovirus RNA in CSF and throat swab samples.

A two-step reverse transcriptase TaqMantrade mark duplex PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed using the ABI 7700 Sequence Detection System for the detection of enterovirus (EV) and parechovirus type 1 and 2 (PEV) RNA from samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and throat swabs. Using sequence-specific fluorescent dye labeled probes and continuous 'real-time' monitoring, PCR amplified product accumulation was measured. Based on limiting dilutions, the TaqMantrade mark enterovirus and parechovirus RT-PCR showed an increase of two orders of magnitude compared to cell culture with sensitivity of 100% (7/7) when assessed using enterovirus cell culture positive samples (CSF, TS). The assays were specific for enterovirus and parechovirus and did not amplify a wide selection of virus and bacterial isolates. RNA was amplified from 22 enterovirus serotypes: coxsackie A7, A9, A21; coxsackie B2, B3, B4, B5; echovirus 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31; poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, and parechovirus types 1 and 2. The assay was used to assess the incidence of enterovirus and parechovirus RNA in cell culture negative CSF and throat swab samples (n = 200). An additional 33 (15.9%) enterovirus and 2 (1%) parechovirus were identified as positive by RT-PCR. Also, of 100 CSF samples from suspected cases of meningococcal meningitis submitted for meningococcal PCR testing, 59 (59%) were enterovirus and 2 (2%) parechovirus 1 and 2 were positive by RT-PCR. The TaqMantrade mark duplex assay offers a more rapid and sensitive alternative to conventional cell culture for the diagnosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infection. Closed tube real-time detection using the ABI Sequence Detection System obviates the need for post-PCR manipulation, which reduces hands on time and eliminates the risk of contamination from amplified PCR product.

Enterovirus↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of hepatitis-C virus RNA in serum and throat washings of children with chronic hepatitis.

Serum samples from 46 children with chronic and probably transfusion acquired hepatitis were tested for the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by a "nested" polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, to judge a possible risk of HCV transmission from these patients. In 73% of the samples, viral RNA was detected, indicating a high virus prevalence in this patient group. High titers of HCV-RNA were observed in some sera as shown by the detection of virus in some samples even at dilutions of 10(-3). Comparison of simultaneously obtained PCR results and ALT values revealed no significant correlation between virus presence in serum and higher ALT levels. It was, however, shown that unusually high ALT values may reflect a high titer of viral RNA in serum. To investigate the prevalence of viral RNA in saliva, which could be a vehicle of virus transmission, 35 throat washing samples from the HCV-infected children were screened by PCR. Using three different sample preparation procedures, 20% of the throat washings were found to be positive for HCV-RNA. This indicates a prevalence of virus in this fluid lower than that reported previously.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1999

Social inertia in white-throated sparrows results from recognition of opponents.

Social inertia is a term for the stability of dominance relationships despite changes in the intrinsic dominating abilities of opponents. In a standard test for social inertia, low-ranking birds in an established hierarchy receive implants with testosterone (treated) and high-ranking birds receive empty implants (untreated). Social inertia occurs when the treated birds remain subordinate to untreated opponents in these groups, despite evidence that similarly treated birds dominate untreated strangers. In previous demonstrations of social inertia, however, treated and untreated birds were returned to their original aviaries and tested with familiar opponents, and thus the effects of familiarity with the location and those of familiarity with opponents were not separated. To address this issue, we investigated social inertia in 16 groups of white-throated sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis. When low-ranking treated birds were placed in new aviaries with familiar high-ranking, untreated opponents (treatment S, same opponents), dominance relationships showed social inertia. When such birds were placed in new aviaries with unfamiliar opponents (treatment N, new opponents), testosterone influenced dominance. When groups of high-ranking, untreated birds acquainted with each other were placed with unfamiliar treated opponents (treatment G, grouped dominants), 'coat-tail' effects (dominance by association with high-ranking individuals) sometimes outweighed the effects of testosterone. Social inertia in this species is thus a result of familiarity with opponents, rather than familiarity with locations of encounters. Measurements of aggressive tendencies confirmed a previous report that social inertia suppresses activation of aggression by testosterone. White-throated sparrows can thus recognize their opponents, and this ability affects the expression of both dominance and aggression. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Surface EMG measurements at the throat during dry and wet swallowing.

Within the sphere of dysphagia management, there is a growing need for the development of noninvasive methods of quantification of swallowing disorders. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if surface electromyogram (EMG) at the throat could be measured during swallowing. Surface EMG was measured from 35 normal human subjects during dry and wet swallowing. The EMG signals recorded were highpass filtered using digital fourth order highpass Butterworth filter to eliminate baseline variations. Spectral analysis was performed on the filtered signals. The mean power values of the surface EMG signals were then calculated. Paired t-test between the mean power values of surface EMG during dry and wet swallowing showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that surface EMG at the throat during swallowing could be measured. Mean power of surface EMG measurement provides a reliable noninvasive measure of swallowing.

Deglutition↗
PubMed1979

Effect of bacampicillin on human mouth, throat and colon flora.

Bacampicillin was given as tablets or syrup in doses of 400 mg three times per day for seven days to twelve subjects. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken during fourteen days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No changes in the oral, throat and faecal flora were seen in the subjects receiving tablets while there was a decrease in the number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in those subjects receiving syrup. No increased resistance to ampicillin were found in the isolated bacterial strains. Bacampicillin was well-tolerated and no gastrointestinal disturbances were experienced.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Impact of different betalactam antibiotics on the normal human flora, and colonization of the oral cavity, throat and colon.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin was given orally in doses of 800 mg twice daily for seven days to six patients, and bacampicillin was given in doses of 400 mg three times per day for seven days to another six patients. Saliva, throat and faecal specimens were taken for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Only small changes in the normal saliva and throat flora were observed, and no changes in the faecal flora were noticed during the observation period. Cefoxitin was administered parenterally in doses of 2 g at 6 h intervals for 12 h to six other patients. Pronounced changes in the colon flora occurred. Of the aerobic bacteria, enterobacteria decreased and cefoxitin-resistant enterococci increased in number; of the anaerobic bacteria, gram-negative rods decreased in number. At the end of the administration period, all cefoxitin-resistant strains decreased, and suppressed enterobacteria and bacteroides increased in number.

Adult↗