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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Analysis of a swallow homologue from Drosophila pseudoobscura.

We analyzed a functional homologue of the swallow gene from Drosophila pseudoobscura. The swallow gene of D. melanogaster plays an essential role in localizing bicoid mRNA in oocytes, and swallow mutant embryos show anterior pattern defects that result from the lack of localization of the bicoid morphogen. The pseudoobscura homologue rescues the function of swallow mutants when introduced into the genome of D. melanogaster, and its expression is similar to that of the melanogaster gene. The predicted pseudoobscura and melanogaster proteins are 49% identical and 69% conserved. The coiled-coil domain previously identified in the melanogaster swallow protein is strongly conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue, but the weak similarity of the melanogaster swallow protein to the RNP class of RNA-binding proteins is not conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue. These and other observations suggest a structural role for swallow in localizing bicoid mRNA, perhaps as part of the egg cytoskeleton.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Bolus consistency and swallowing in children and adults.

Research has shown that swallowing in adults is affected by bolus consistency. Little is known, however, regarding the effect of bolus consistency on swallowing in children. Electromyographic (EMG) data from typically developing five- and eight-year-old-children and adults were obtained from the following muscles as they swallowed boluses of different consistencies: (1) right upper lip, (2) right lower lip, (3) submental, and (4) laryngeal strap. Signal analyses included calculating EMG onset and offset and average EMG amplitude of muscle activity during swallowing. Findings revealed that by five years of age, children employ adultlike control strategies during swallowing: significant differences in duration and magnitude of muscle activity resulted as a function of bolus consistency. General observations revealed, however, that swallowing in children is characterized by muscle activity that is shorter in duration. Similarities and differences in the biomechanics of swallowing between children and adults are important to consider during clinical evaluations and treatment of children with dysphagia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Change in palatoglossus muscle activity in relation to swallowing volume during the transition from the oral phase to the pharyngeal phase.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the palatoglossus (PG) muscle is involved in the regulation of function during the transition from the oral to the pharyngeal phase. Seven normal adults participated in the study. Smoothed electromyography (EMG) signals of the PG muscle and levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle were collected. Each subject swallowed water at five different volumes: 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100%, and 150% (or 200%) of his/her optimum swallowing volume. PG muscle waveform showed two patterns of activity: one of a single peak and the other of two peaks. There was no significant difference (p < 0.01) in the timing of emergence between the single peak and the second peak of the two-peak pattern. There were two patterns of PG muscle activity in response to a change in swallowing volume, i.e., one was a pattern in which the activity was correlated to the change in swallowing volume, the other was a pattern in which the activity was not changed but almost at the maximum activity level, irrespective of swallowing volume. We conclude that the PG muscle could be involved in the regulation of swallowing from the oral to the pharyngeal phase. The activity could be influenced by swallowing volume.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of viscosity on the breath-swallow pattern of young people with cerebral palsy.

In this observational pilot study, we investigated the effect of swallowing pudding and liquids of different viscosity on the breath-swallow pattern of young people with quadriparetic cerebral palsy (CP) and normal controls. A noninvasive acoustical technique was used to monitor breaths and swallows while the individuals were drinking thin and thick liquids and consuming pudding. The results showed that subjects with CP had a significantly higher rate of post-swallow inspiration than controls when they were drinking thin liquid but not when they were consuming thick liquid or pudding. Subjects with CP had greater variability and duration of deglutition apnea than controls. Whether the differences seen in breath-swallow pattern and deglutition apnea in young people with CP contribute to aspiration risk remains to be determined. Further clarification of these results by a carefully controlled study of individuals with cerebral palsy undergoing concurrent videofluoroscopic swallowing evaluation and acoustical monitoring of the breath-swallow pattern is required to verify these preliminary results and assess their clinical applicability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Oropharyngeal stimulation with air-pulse trains increases swallowing frequency in healthy adults.

This study sought to determine whether air-pulse trains delivered to the peritonsillar area would facilitate swallowing in healthy subjects. Trains of unilateral or bilateral air pulses were delivered to the peritonsillar area via tubing embedded in a dental splint, while swallows were simultaneously identified from their associated laryngeal and respiratory movements. Results from four subjects indicated that oropharyngeal air-pulse stimulation evoked an irrepressible urge to swallow, followed by an overt swallow as verified by laryngeal and respiratory movements. Moreover, air-pulse stimulation was associated with a significant increase in swallowing frequency. Mean latency of swallowing following bilateral stimulation tended to be less than the latency of swallowing following unilateral stimulation. These findings in healthy adults suggest the possibility that oropharyngeal air-pulse stimulation may have clinical utility in dysphagic individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Use of respiratory inductance plethysmography for the detection of swallowing in the elderly.

It is essential to have a user-friendly, noninvasive bedside procedure at our disposal in order to study swallowing and swallowing disorders in the elderly in view of the frailty of this age group. In the present work, respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) is proposed as an appropriate clinical tool for such studies. An automated process for the detection of swallowing is used involving the derivative of the respiratory volume signal. The accuracy of the automated detection is given by the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and is found to be greater than 0.9. At the optimal threshold, RIP constitutes a reliable and objective bedside clinical tool for studying swallowing in the elderly, as well as being user-friendly and noninvasive. In addition, RIP can be used to monitor swallowing in order to analyze swallowing disorders and put in place medical supervision of swallowing for individuals who might aspirate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

The effect of taste and palatability on lingual swallowing pressure.

There is evidence that a strong, unpalatable, sour bolus improves swallowing in neurogenic dysphagia. It is not known whether other tastes may alter swallowing physiology. This study investigated the effect of moderate versus high taste concentrations (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) and barium taste samples on lingual swallowing pressure in ten healthy young adults, using a three-bulb lingual pressure array secured to the hard palate. Palatability of the samples was analyzed using the nine-point hedonic scale. Results showed that moderate sucrose, high salt, and high citric acid elicited significantly higher lingual swallowing pressures compared with the pressures generated by water. Pressures in the anterior bulb were significantly higher than those recorded from the middle or posterior bulb. There was no significant effect of palatability on lingual swallowing pressures. High salt and citric acid are known to elicit chemesthesis mediated by the trigeminal nerve. These results suggest that chemesthesis may play a crucial role in swallowing physiology. If true, dysphagia diet recommendations that include trigeminal irritants such as carbonation may be beneficial to individuals with dysphagia. However, before this recommendation more research is needed to examine how food properties and their perception affect swallowing in individuals with and without dysphagia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

The first year of human life: coordinating respiration and nutritive swallowing.

This study provides the first documented report of the maturation of breathing-swallowing coordination during feeding in ten healthy term human infants through the first year of life. A total of 15,073 swallows were obtained across ten assessments between 48 h and 12 months of age. Midexpiratory swallows represented the dominant pattern of breathing-swallowing coordination within the first 48 h (mean = 45.4%), but the prevalence of this pattern declined rapidly in the first week to 29.1% (p = 0.012). Inspiratory-expiratory swallows increased with age (p < 0.001), particularly between 9 (37.0%) and 12 months (50.4%). Between 72.6% and 75.0% of swallows were followed by expiration in the latter 6 months, which is an adult-like characteristic. These data suggest that while postswallow expiration is a robust feature of breathing-swallowing coordination from birth, two major shifts in the precise patterns occur: the first after 1 week of postnatal feeding experience and the second between 6 and 12 months, most likely due to neural and anatomical maturation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Dynamics of capsule swallowing by healthy young men and capsule transit time from the mouth to the stomach.

We examined the dynamics of capsule swallowing by healthy young men using the anterior-posterior view of videofluoroscopy as a first step in a study on capsule swallowing by dysphagic patients. The subjects were 14 healthy men who did not have any complaint of dysphagia. They were asked to swallow a #4 hard gelatin capsule filled with barium sulfate with 15 ml of water during the videofluoroscopic examination. This examination was repeated three times for each subject (total of 42 trials). In four of the 14 subjects, a swallowed capsule was retained at the upper esophageal sphincter, or the broncho-aortic constriction of the esophagus, or the lower esophageal sphincter. Except where retention occurred, the average capsule transit time from the mouth to the stomach was 6.0 +/- 2.4 s. Three of the four subjects who had capsule retention did not realize that the swallowed capsule was retained en route to the stomach. By considering the dynamics of swallowing a capsule with 15 ml of water in healthy men, we should be able to reveal the dynamics of capsule swallowing in dysphagic patients, and the capsule transit time from the mouth to the stomach.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Swallowing physiology of toddlers with long-term tracheostomies: a preliminary study.

This study investigated the swallowing physiology of toddler-aged patients with long-term tracheostomies. Structural movements and motility of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing were studied in four toddlers ranging in age from 1:2 (years:months) to 2:9 with long-term tracheostomies. A patient aged 1:2 years with no tracheostomy served as a toddler model for comparison. Videofluoroscopic recordings of the patients' liquid and puree bolus swallows were analyzed for a) onset times for pharyngeal stage events, laryngeal vestibule closure, and tracheostomy tube movement; b) timeliness of swallow response initiation; and c) pharyngeal transport function. Results found differences in timing of pharyngeal stage movements between the tracheostomized patients and the patient with no tracheostomy. Laryngeal vestibule closure occurred before or within the same 0.033-s video frame as onset of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening in the patient with no tracheostomy, but occurred 0.033-.099 s after onset of UES opening in the tracheostomized patients. The time line required to close the laryngeal vestibule once the arytenoids began their anterior movement was longer in the tracheostomized patients than in the patient with no tracheostomy and was associated with laryngeal penetration. The patient with no tracheostomy displayed superior excursion of the arytenoid and epiglottis during the swallowing; the tracheostomized patients did not. No association was found between onset of tracheostomy tube movement and laryngeal vestibule closure. Delayed swallow response initiation was observed across tracheostomized patients at a mean frequency of 45% with associated penetration. Pharyngeal dysmotility was not observed. Findings supported the concept that long-term tracheostomy in toddler-aged patients affects swallowing physiology.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Clinical utility of the modified barium swallow.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the immediate and clinically relevant information gained from the modified barium swallow study and to determine the impact of the procedure on patient management. A database containing a nonrandom sample of 608 swallowing studies was reviewed. Results showed that only 10.4% of the studies were classified as normal examinations and aspiration occurred in 32.4%. However, swallowing abnormality without aspiration was recorded in 57.2% of the studies. Five additional outcome variables were assessed: referrals made to other specialties, effectiveness of applied compensatory strategies, treatment recommendations, mode of intake change, and diet grade change. Nearly 83% of the 608 studies showed change in at least one of the variables: needed referral to a specialist was identified on 26.3%; compensatory strategies that improved swallow physiology were identified on 48.4%; swallowing therapy was recommended on 37.2%; changes in mode of intake occurred on 31.4%; and diet texture changes were recommended on 43.8%. The low percentage of normal studies coupled with the high percentage of change in measurable variables indicate high clinical utility for the modified barium swallow study. The misguided tendency to refer to the modified barium study only as a tool for identifying aspiration and the appropriate utilization of the examination for identification of underlying abnormality in swallowing physiology are explained.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Swallowing apraxia: a disorder of the Praxis system?

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the disorder of swallowing apraxia and determine how it fits into the praxis system. Swallowing apraxia, a proposed disorder of lingual, labial, and mandibular coordination, has been observed before bolus transfer during the oral stage of swallowing. Although frequently discussed anecdotally in dysphagia literature, the possible mechanisms and neural networks of swallowing apraxia have not been elucidated. Similarities and differences of swallowing apraxia with buccofacial, speech, and limb apraxias are evident. Critical review of the literature has identified possible similarities as greater occurrence upon command, transitive nature of the action, and evidence of spatial errors. Conversely, differences such as hemispheric lateralization and multiple gesture assessment may exist between swallowing apraxia and more traditional forms of apraxia. Until discrete error patterns of swallowing apraxia are identified and precisely measured, the nature of this disorder and its relationship with the praxis system will continue to remain elusive.

Apraxias↗
PubMed2002

[Primary "swallowing" function in relation to cleft type after 18 years of interdisciplinary therapy].

PURPOSE: The aim of today's interdisciplinary treatment of clefts is complete aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of the patient. But is it possible to also achieve a physiological swallowing pattern? MATERIAL AND METHODS: At the Rostock cleft center patients are treated by an interdisciplinary approach from their day of birth until their 18th year of life. Tongue position during swallowing was investigated in 117 consecutive patients. They were assigned to four groups. The control group consisted of 197 age-matched patients receiving non-cleft orthodontic treatment. RESULTS: Patients with clefts of only the primary or only the secondary palate achieved physiological swallowing in 87% or 88% of cases at the age of 18. Of the unilateral CLP cases, 74% also had a physiological swallowing pattern, but in patients with bilateral complete clefts this pattern could be observed in only 46%. In comparison, 95% of non-cleft patients achieved a physiological swallowing pattern following orthodontic and speech treatment at the age of 18. The so-called anterior swallowing pattern was the pathological pattern found most often in cleft and non-cleft patients. CONCLUSION: In most cleft patients interdisciplinary treatment leads to a physiological swallowing pattern. Only patients with bilateral clefts of lip and palate have a critical prognosis. They need special care and attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A swallow induction avoidance procedure to establish eating.

Swallow induction has been used to shape swallowing behavior in dysphagic children and to accelerate swallowing in nondysphagic children with profound mental retardation who display primitive swallows. Swallow induction may be considered a type of prompt. This project coupled swallow induction with a modified delayed prompting paradigm to establish eating in a 3.5-year-old girl. Coupling these procedures produced prompt swallowing and established oral consumption. Follow-ups at 1, 2, 6 and 12 months demonstrated maintenance and further improvement of the newly acquired feeding skills. Implications for treatment and further research are discussed.

Avoidance Learning↗
PubMed1993

Involvement of excitatory amino acids in the activity of swallowing-related neurons of the ventro-lateral medulla.

Previous studies have shown that swallowing-related (SR) neurons are present in the ventro-lateral medulla (VLM), within and around the nucleus ambiguus. During deglutition, these SR neurons receive an excitatory input from the swallowing network located within the nucleus tractus solitarii and exhibit a swallowing activity, i.e. a burst of spikes occurring in close temporal relationship with the swallowing motor contraction. The present experiments were carried out to evaluate the possible contribution of excitatory amino acids (EAA) receptors to the swallowing activity of VLM neurons. The effects of ionophoretic or pressure applications of EAA agonists and antagonists were investigated on the activity of SR neurons located in the VLM of decerebrate rats. All SR neurons were excited by ionophoretic applications of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate, a non-NMDA receptor agonist. Furthermore, the swallowing response of the neurons was depressed by ionophoretic applications of both the broad spectrum EAA antagonist, tau D-glutamyl-glycine, and the selective NMDA antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, and by pressure applications of the preferential non-NMDA receptors blocker, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. These results indicate that the swallowing activity of SR neurons located in the VLM depends on the activation of EAA receptors. They moreover suggest that both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subtypes are involved.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1994

Gustatory stimulation of the oropharynx fails to induce swallowing in the sleeping dog.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Very little is known about the influence of sleep in initiation of swallowing in response to gustatory stimulation of the oropharynx. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of sleep on swallowing. METHODS: Studies were performed in a group of four dogs trained to sleep naturally in our laboratory. During nasal breathing, tap water, 0.9% NaCl, 0.5 mol/L glucose, 0.5 mol/L NaHCO3, or acetic acid (pH 5.2) were infused at 0.5 mL/s on the dorsum of the tongue using a special feeding tube. The entire surface of the tongue was mapped for initiation of swallowing in the awake and sleeping animal. RESULTS: Swallowing never occurred during non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep. Infusion of a solution either did not cause any reaction, resulting in dribbling of the test fluid through the opening between the jaws, or caused arousal that was occasionally followed by a swallow. Arousal-swallow complex occurred most significantly after application of acid and when the fluid was applied to the posterior tongue area. CONCLUSIONS: Wakefulness is a prerequisite for swallowing.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Cocaine stimulation of ovine fetal swallowing.

Cocaine acts to block reuptake of neurotransmitters, resulting in elevated intra-synaptic norepinephrine levels. As monoaminergic systems may contribute to central regulation of swallowing motor activity as well as dipsogenic responses, and cocaine is known to alter fetal behavior, we examined the effect of intravenous cocaine on fetal swallowing. Six ovine fetuses (130 +/- 1 days) were chronically prepared with esophageal electrodes and an esophageal flow probe. Following a 1-h control period, fetuses received an intravenous injection of 1.0 mg/kg cocaine over 30 s. Fetal blood samples were withdrawn at timed intervals and fetal swallowing activity was monitored for 180 min after the cocaine bolus. Basal fetal swallowing activity during the control period was 0.6 +/- 0.1 swallows/min, with esophageal flow of 0.3 +/- 0.1 ml/min. At 10 min following cocaine, fetal swallowing rate increased to 1.4 +/- 0.4 swallows/min though esophageal flow did not change significantly (0.4 +/- 0.2 ml/min). Swallowing rate then returned to basal levels. Fetal heart rate increased in response to cocaine injection (149 +/- 14 to 174 +/- 24 bts/min at 180 min) though there was no change in fetal mean blood pressure. These results demonstrate acute stimulation of fetal swallowing activity in response to intravenous cocaine injection. Together with previous reports, these data further illustrate the diversity of fetal behavioral effects in response to in utero cocaine exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Affective modulation of swallowing rates: unpleasantness or arousal?

OBJECTIVE: It has been observed that spontaneous swallowing rates are modulated by the affective state. Affect-induced swallowing may be an important biobehavioral factor in gastrointestinal disorders. However, previous studies failed to distinguish between pleasantness and arousal effects and did not analyze gender effects. METHOD: We analyzed swallowing rates in 42 participants (22 women) who viewed 3 blocks of 12 affective pictures preselected for inducing positive, negative, and neutral affect. Swallowing rate was measured by brief and rapid resistance increases in forced oscillation measurements indicating closure of the glottis. In addition, participants rated pleasantness and arousal for each individual picture. RESULTS: Cumulative swallowing rates were lower during positive and neutral than negative picture blocks. This effect was only observed in women. Ratings confirmed earlier findings with picture material. CONCLUSION: Both pleasantness and arousal interact to modulate swallowing rates. The role of gender in moderating affect-induced swallowing requires further research.

Adult↗