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PubMed2000

Suckling dysfunction caused by defects in the olfactory system in genetic arhinencephaly mice.

Mouse newborns find their mother's nipples and suckle milk by themselves. It has been argued which sense organ they use when locating their mother's nipples to suckle milk. Olfactory or tactile sensory systems are primary candidates. In the present study, we investigated the trigeminal-whisker sensory and olfactory systems in genetic arhinencephaly mouse embryos (Pdn/Pdn). Pdn/Pdn newborns do not suckle milk and die within 1 day after birth. Dysfunction of nipple-searching behavior was clear in Pdn/Pdn newborns. Pdn/Pdn newborns had a complete developmental failure in the olfactory nerve projection to the central nervous system and no olfactory bulb architecture. The trigeminal-whisker system was intact in this strain. From the results of these experiments, it was suggested that the olfactory system is essential for nipple-searching behavior and suckling milk and that the trigeminal-whisker system is not able to substitute for the lack of olfactory input in mouse newborns.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss.

OBJECTIVE: Some mothers have difficulty initiating lactation even when highly motivated to breastfeed. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior (SIBB), delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss among mother-infant pairs in a population with high educational levels and motivation to breastfeed. METHODS: All mothers residing in Davis, California, who gave birth to a healthy, single, term infant at 1 of 5 area hospitals during the 10-month recruitment period in 1999 were invited to participate if they were willing to attempt to breastfeed exclusively for at least 1 month. Lactation guidance was provided and data were collected in the hospital (day 0) and on days 3, 5, 7, and 14. Infant breastfeeding behavior was evaluated by trained lactation consultants using the Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool. Onset of lactation was defined based on maternal report of changes in breast fullness. Infant weight loss was considered excessive if it was >or=10% of birth weight by day 3. RESULTS: Of the 328 eligible mothers, 280 (85%) participated in the study. The prevalence of SIBB was 49% on day 0, 22% on day 3, and 14% on day 7. SIBB was significantly associated with primiparity (days 0 and 3), cesarean section (in multiparas, day 0), flat or inverted nipples, infant status at birth (days 0 and 3), use of nonbreast milk fluids in the first 48 hours (days 3 and 7), pacifier use (day 3), stage II labor >1 hour (day 7), maternal body mass index >27 kg/m(2) (day 7) and birth weight <3600 g (day 7). Delayed onset of lactation (>72 hours) occurred in 22% of women and was associated with primiparity, cesarean section, stage II labor >1 hour, maternal body mass index >27 kg/m(2), flat or inverted nipples, and birth weight >3600 g (in primiparas). Excess weight loss occurred in 12% of infants and was associated with primiparity, long duration of labor, use of labor medications (in multiparas), and infant status at birth. The risk of excess infant weight loss was 7.1 times greater if the mother had delayed onset of lactation, and 2.6 times greater if the infant had SIBB on day 0. CONCLUSIONS: Early lactation success is strongly influenced by parity, but may also be affected by potentially modifiable factors such as delivery mode, duration of labor, labor medications, use of nonbreast milk fluids and/or pacifiers, and maternal overweight. All breastfeeding mother-infant pairs should be evaluated at 72 to 96 hours' postpartum.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2006

Feeding-facilitating techniques for the nursing infant with Robin sequence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of feeding-facilitating techniques in children with Robin sequence. SETTING: Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS: Twenty-six children less than 2 months of age with Robin sequence, whose only cause of respiratory obstruction was glossoptosis. Thirteen infants were treated by being placed in the prone position (Group 1), and 13 were treated by nasopharyngeal intubation (Group 2). INTERVENTIONS: During hospitalization, the following feeding-facilitating techniques were applied daily to all children: pacifier, massage to relax and anteriorize the tongue, long and soft bottle nipple with original or enlarged hole, global symmetric position, rhythmic movement of the nipple during suction, and insertion of the nipple on the tongue. RESULTS: During the first evaluation, Group 1 patients accepted 36.15 +/- 33.05 mL milk orally within a period of 44.62 +/- 42.94 minutes, whereas Group 2 ingested 20.00 +/- 20.51 mL milk within 30.38 +/- 25.77 minutes. A significant increase (p < .01) in the volume of ingested milk was observed for the two groups at hospital discharge after a mean treatment period of 10.7 days (Group 1: 63.46 +/- 22.58 mL and Group 2: 55.00 +/- 13.07 mL). The mean duration of feeding decreased in the two groups, with a value of 21.54 +/- 7.18 minutes for Group 1 and of 20.28 +/- 8.53 minutes for Group 2. CONCLUSION: The results showed that feeding-facilitating techniques can foster oral feeding in infants with Robin sequence.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1999

Nipple feeding preterm infants: an individualized, developmentally supportive approach.

Many NICU infants present with complex issues that affect the transition to full nipple feeding. At a time when length of stay is critical, this transition can be facilitated by an individualized, developmentally supportive approach. The approach described in this article involves (1) observing the infant for behavioral cues of stability or stress during nippling, as reflected in change in color, state of alertness, breathing, and swallowing; (2) individualizing intervention to help the infant regain and maintain coordination; and (3) facilitating parents' competence and confidence in feeding their infant. Contingent interventions are used to promote physiologic homeostasis and self-regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Computer-controlled milk feeding of group-housed calves: the effect of milk allowance and weaning type.

Calves fed by computer-controlled milk feeders are often weaned gradually by reducing the size of the milk portions. However, reducing the number of milk portions instead may lower calves' occupation of the milk feeder and stimulate their concentrate intake, especially when they are offered a high milk allowance. Before weaning, but not during weaning, the calves on low milk allowance occupied the milk feeder more, consumed more concentrates, and had a lower daily gain. There was no interaction between milk allowance and weaning type. Weaning by reducing the number of milk portions resulted in more unrewarded visits to the milk feeder, but less time ingesting a similar amount of milk. The effect of milk allowance on milk feeder occupancy before weaning was not found when this allowance was halved during weaning.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age-specific behaviors as tools for examining teratogen-induced neural alterations.

One approach to evaluate the impact of chemical insults during development is to examine teratogen-induced alterations in age-specific behaviors that appear to be modulated by activity of specific neurotransmitter systems. A number of age-specific behaviors appear to be useful candidates for neurobehavioral assessment batteries. During the first postnatal week, mouthing in numerous situations appears to be strongly related to serotonergic activity. Footshock- or pharmacologically-precipitated wall climbing behavior, which is seen specifically during the second postnatal week in rat pups, seems to be related to noradrenergic, and perhaps dopaminergic, activity. The rapid ontogenetic decline in wall climbing seen after the second postnatal week may be in part related to the maturation of a cholinergic inhibitory influence on this behavior pattern. The periadolescent period, an age associated in rats with a number of age-specific alterations in behavior and psychopharmacological responsivity, appears to be associated with age-related alterations in dopaminergic activity. Examination of teratogen-induced alterations in age-specific behaviors such as these may provide useful early markers of the neural substrates potentially affected by early insults.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal analysis of the effects of infant-feeding practices on postpartum amenorrhea.

The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey is used to examine the effect of various components of infant-feeding patterns on return of menses postpartum. The results show that factors such as active suckling, the use of two breasts versus one, breast-feeding on demand versus on a fixed schedule, and the feeding of other milks and of nonnutritive or low-caloric other liquids can be important under selected circumstances. Discrete-time logistic hazards modeling is used to estimate the weekly probability of return to menses.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1979

Infant behavioral state and speech sound discrimination.

In order to investigate the interaction between infant state and speech sound discrimination, records of state were obtained from infants participating in 3 speech sound discrimination experiments which employed the high amplitude sucking procedure. A total of 94 individual records were rated for state by 2 independent scorers. When treated as an independent variable, state interacted with responsivity to sound change as measured by sucking rate increases. Infants in the more alert states demonstrated significantly higher rates of sucking following sound change. Treating state as a dependent variable revealed that state was not significantly affected by a change in stimulus conditions.

Arousal↗
PubMed1998

Filling the gut activates paradoxical sleep in suckling rats.

Recent studies with rat pups suggest that suckling and sleeping are coordinated through milk-related events in the gut. Our experiments revealed that suckling rats respond to milk in the upper gastrointestinal tract by displaying more paradoxical sleep (PS) as the volume increases to 4% of the pup's body weight. Conversely, gastric loads larger than 4% reduced PS as a function of the volume. We also discovered that filling the stomach with warm non-nutritive paraffin is as effective as an equivalent volume of warm milk for enhancing PS. Although the temperature of the gut load did not appear to play a major role in the amount of PS displayed, increasing ambient temperature from 22 degrees C to 32 degrees C increased PS significantly. Moreover, a gut load of milk (4% body weight) was more effective than the same volume of water or no load for enhancing PS. Gut loads that stay in the stomach and warm ambient temperature appear to work in an additive manner to enhance PS. The electrophysiological data together with the stomach volume data and behavioral observations of nipple attachment revealed that milk-related stimuli along the gastrointestinal tract, especially gastric distension, alter sleep patterns in predictable ways that permit us to distinguish postingestive satiety from a deprivation state and nimiety in suckling rats.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

How the neonatal rat gets to the nipple: common motor modules and their involvement in the expression of early motor behavior.

One-day-old rat pups adopt a supine posture before attaching to the mother's nipple. Body rotations performed to reach the nipple occur in a typical kinematic structure. First, the pup rotates along the longitudinal axis of the trunk and lies on its side. Next, the pup arches the trunk to achieve a U-shaped posture and then rapidly relaxes the trunk. A second cephalocaudal rotation follows at the peak of trunk relaxation as the pup achieves a supine posture. After reaching a supine posture, the pup crawls to a nipple by performing "stepping" movements on the mother's ventral surface. The kinematic structure of these movements is reminiscent of the structure of righting as seen in the newborn rat. Both righting and achieving a supine posture under the mother involve the expression of common motor modules. During righting the modules are executed in the direction of gravity, and when achieving a supine posture the modules are executed against the force of gravity. Simple motor behaviors expressed by the rat pup during early postnatal development may have common origins and common control mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Determinants of suckling versus drinking in weanling albino rats: influence of hydrational state and maternal contact.

Preferences of weanling albino rats (15, 20, and 25 days of age) for nonnutritive suckling or drinking were determined using a Y-maze. Age, hydrational state, and the opportunity to contact the mother all influenced choice behavior. When tested in a maze that allowed continuous maternal contact in the "drinking-goal box," dehydrated rats chose to drink, while nondehydrated rats chose to suckle. Testing dehydrated rats in a maze that precluded maternal contact in the "drinking-goal box" eliminated drinking preference at all ages. These observations identify maternal presence as an important condition for the expression of drinking behavior during the weaning period and confirm our previous demonstration of dehydration's inhibition of suckling behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of neonatal alcohol and/or cocaine exposure on stress in juvenile and adult female rats.

The effects of neonatal exposure to alcohol and/or cocaine on two measures of stress were studied in juvenile and young adult female rats. After implantation with an intragastric cannula, subjects were artificially reared from postnatal days 4-10. This "brain growth spurt" period is roughly equivalent to CNS development during the third trimester of human pregnancy. There were five treatment groups: alcohol (6 g/kg/day), cocaine (60 mg/kg/day), alcohol/cocaine (6 g/kg/day alcohol and 60 mg/kg/day cocaine), stock (an artificially reared control), and sham (a suckled control). Subjects were tested in open field and forced swim tests beginning at 21 or 60-70 days of age, respectively. Compared to controls, alcohol-exposed females displayed longer latencies to become immobile in the forced swim test as juveniles and cocaine-exposed females showed increased immobility as adults. Increased immobility can be interpreted as hyporesponsiveness to stress. In contrast, very few differences were observed in the open field. Furthermore, the group exposed to alcohol and cocaine in combination did not differ from controls in either paradigm. These findings suggest that the forced swim test may be more sensitive to neonatal drug effects than open field, although these effects may not be consistent across age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

The early impact of feeding on infant breathing-swallowing coordination.

This longitudinal study assessed the coordination of nutritive and non-nutritive swallowing with breathing in 10 healthy term infants from birth to 1 year of age. Swallows were classified into five respiratory-phase categories: mid-inspiration (II), mid-expiration (EE), inspiratory-expiratory cusp (IE), expiratory-inspiratory cusp (EI), and mid-pause (P). Breathing-swallowing coordination differed markedly between the two swallowing conditions, especially between 2 weeks and 2 months. Significant condition effects were found in up to four respiratory-phase categories (II, IE, EI, and P). The condition effect was minimal from 9 months with only IE swallow proportions differing between conditions. These data suggest a 'critical period' in infantile neural response to oropharyngeal stimulation during feeding and that the impact of this on infants with neurological and/or respiratory disorders should be further investigated.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Effect of ewe and lamb genotype on gestation length, lambing ease and neonatal behaviour of lambs.

To distinguish between ewe and lamb breed effects on prenatal growth, ease of parturition and early lamb behaviour, an embryo-transfer study was carried out using a hill breed (Scottish Blackface; liveweight: 54.25 +/- 1.03 kg, mean +/- s.e.m.) and a lowland breed (Suffolk; 80.33 +/- 1.52 kg) to obtain the four possible combinations of ewe and lamb. Data were collected from 38 Blackface ewes (18 with Blackface lambs and 20 with Suffolk lambs) and 41 Suffolk ewes (20 with Blackface lambs and 21 with Suffolk lambs); all ewes were given single embryos. Suffolk lambs had a significantly longer gestation than Blackface lambs (1.5 days, P < 0.01), regardless of ewe breed. Suffolk lambs also had a longer labour (20 min, P < 0.05) and were significantly more likely to require birth assistance (17/21, 81% of all assisted deliveries; P < 0.001), as were male lambs (19/21, 90%; P < 0.01). These variables were independent of ewe breed. Blackface lambs were significantly more active than Suffolk lambs in the first 2 h after birth; ewe breed had little effect on lamb behaviour. Blackface lambs stood twice as quickly as Suffolk lambs after birth (13 min v. 24 min; P < 0.001), and were significantly more likely to suckle within the first 2 h after birth (92% v. 66%; P < 0.05). The behavioural retardation of Suffolk lambs may be a consequence of their birth difficulty which increases their likelihood of suffering birth trauma and hypoxia at parturition. Together, these factors may increase the probability of neonatal death in these lambs.

Animals↗