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Results for “Subliminal Stimulation”

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PubMed1979

Semantic interference from subliminal stimuli in a dichoptic viewing situation.

In Expt 1 subjects named words, shapes or colours presented to one eye while words or shapes were presented to the other eye subliminally. The subliminal stimuli were found to slow naming responses when they had the same name as the stimulus to be named or a closely related name, compared with random letter strings or blank cards. This result was replicated in a second experiment which also included unrelated words as subliminal stimuli. On these trials latencies were midway between those for trials with blank cards or random letter strings as the subliminal stimuli, and trials with the same name or a closely related name as the subliminal stimuli. The results imply that stimuli related in meaning compete for common analysing mechanisms.

Attention↗
PubMed1984

Evidence of unconscious semantic processing from a forced error situation.

A study was carried out to determine whether subjects extracted information from words presented below their recognition and awareness thresholds. A series of target words was used to generate the word matrix, which was a set of 24 words related to the target in specified ways. Following subthreshold exposure of a target word, subjects chose the word they thought had been shown from the word matrix for that particular target. It was held that the alternative chosen was a function of the type of processing the target was receiving. Results showed that structural analysis of the target predominated below recognition threshold, whereas semantic analysis predominated below awareness threshold.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

An unbiased errors-in-variables approach to detecting unconscious cognition.

Greenwald, Klinger and Schuh (1995) have proposed a regression approach for detecting unconscious cognition. An errors-in-variables approach is presented that corrects for measurement error in the predictor and takes into account that the latent predictor variable is assumed to be non-negative. The new approach requires the same input as the uncorrected regression analysis and provides consistent estimates of regression weights as well as valid statistical tests of their significance. In particular, the method yields a consistent estimate of the regression intercept that provides critical evidence for unconscious cognition. A simulation study illustrates these aspects of the new technique. Several data sets are then reanalysed by means of the new method.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

The scientific status of the DMT.

The Defence Mechanism Test, the DMT (Kragh, 1969), is claimed to measure defence mechanisms and to reveal important and forgotten experiences in a subject's life. The nature of the responses to this test and the results achieved with it are examined in the light of the psychoanalytic definitions of the defence mechanisms. It is argued that although the responses resemble Freudian defences there is no strong evidence for their validity. Similarly it is shown that the purported parallelism between psychobiography and test responses must be treated with caution. Despite these interpretative caveats the evidence supports the claim that the DMT is a useful test in the clinical setting.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMed1961

Physiological limits for "subliminal" perception.

Cortical, subcortical, and peripheral sensory nerve potentials were studied in cats to determine comparative thresholds of response. Stimuli capable of eliciting responses in peripheral nerve also invariably elicited responses from thalamus and cortex. Together with relevant data from human studies, the results indicate that stimuli subthreshold for perception do not affect the nervous system. They also have implications for studies of "subliminal" perception.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Intracellular olfactory response of hippocampal neurons in awake, sitting squirrel monkeys.

Intracellular recordings of archicortical neurons in a primate have been made and the responses of these neurons in awake, sitting animals have been observed. Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulbs elicits excitatory postsynaptic potentials in these neurons, which unlike those evoked by septal stimulation, are subliminal for generating spikes. The olfactory and septal pathways may be considered representative of inputs from exteroceptive and interoceptive systems. The findings are discussed in relation to a paradigm for archicortical conditioning.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1968

Visual evoked response correlates of unconscious mental processes.

Average evoked responses and accompanying free associations elicited by subthreshold visual stimuli were studied to determine if a differential discrimination between two stimuli would be reflected in either or both of these responses. The results indicate that the effects of subliminal perception are encoded in the average evoked response and also influence the content of free associations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation.

A "response window" technique is described and used to reliably demonstrate unconscious activation of meaning by subliminal (visually masked) words. Visually masked prime words were shown to influence judged meaning of following target words. This priming-effect marker was used to identify two additional markers of unconscious semantic activation: (i) the activation is very short-lived (the target word must occur within about 100 milliseconds of the subliminal prime); and (ii) unlike supraliminal prime-target pairs, a subliminal pair leaves no memory trace that can be observed in response to the next prime-target pair. Thus, unconscious semantic activation is shown to be a readily reproducible phenomenon but also very limited in the duration of its effect.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Subliminal convergence of Kanji and Kana words: further evidence for functional parcellation of the posterior temporal cortex in visual word perception.

Recent evidence has suggested that the human occipitotemporal region comprises several subregions, each sensitive to a distinct processing level of visual words. To further explore the functional architecture of visual word recognition, we employed a subliminal priming method with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during semantic judgments of words presented in two different Japanese scripts, Kanji and Kana. Each target word was preceded by a subliminal presentation of either the same or a different word, and in the same or a different script. Behaviorally, word repetition produced significant priming regardless of whether the words were presented in the same or different script. At the neural level, this cross-script priming was associated with repetition suppression in the left inferior temporal cortex anterior and dorsal to the visual word form area hypothesized for alphabetical writing systems, suggesting that cross-script convergence occurred at a semantic level. fMRI also evidenced a shared visual occipito-temporal activation for words in the two scripts, with slightly more mesial and right-predominant activation for Kanji and with greater occipital activation for Kana. These results thus allow us to separate script-specific and script-independent regions in the posterior temporal lobe, while demonstrating that both can be activated subliminally.

Adult↗