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PubMed2002

Knowledge and beliefs among brothers and sons of men with prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To describe prostate cancer knowledge and beliefs, important predictors of screening behavior, in first-degree relatives of men with prostate cancer and to compare the knowledge with beliefs about familial risk. METHODS: We sent a letter to 837 men with prostate cancer to invite their brothers and/or sons aged 40 to 70 years to participate in the study. Their first-degree relatives who responded received a survey to explore their prostate cancer family history, prostate cancer knowledge, self-efficacy, barriers to screening, perceived benefits, perceived vulnerability, social support, and sociodemographic and medical characteristics. RESULTS: Of 139 participants (age 53 +/- 9 years), 92% were white, and 27% had more than one relative with prostate cancer. Ninety-eight percent of men answered at least one half of the knowledge questions correctly. Older men responded correctly more often than did younger men. Physician recommendations did not appear to be associated with better knowledge about familial risk. Among the 105 subjects (76%) who knew about familial risk, only 65 (62%) believed they themselves were at higher risk of prostate cancer than the average American man. Most of the beliefs were favorable to screening. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer knowledge appeared high, although, surprisingly, familial risk was not the best understood domain. Physician recommendations were not associated with better knowledge about familial risk. Many men underestimated their own risk of developing prostate cancer, even among those with good knowledge about familial risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Crystal structure of the Dbl and pleckstrin homology domains from the human Son of sevenless protein.

Proteins containing Dbl homology (DH) domains activate Rho-family GTPases by functioning as specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors. All known DH domains have associated C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domains that are implicated in targeting and regulatory functions. The crystal structure of a fragment of the human Son of sevenless protein containing the DH and PH domains has been determined at 2.3 A resolution. The entirely alpha-helical DH domain is unrelated in architecture to other nucleotide exchange factors. The active site of the DH domain, identified on the basis of sequence conservation and structural features, lies near the interface between the DH and PH domains. The structure suggests that ligation of the PH domain will be coupled structurally to the GTPase binding site.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1989

Sporotrichosis in a father and son.

A 41-year-old man developed classic lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis on the left arm; his 2-year-old son developed a single lesion of the "fixed" type on the right leg. Both patients responded rapidly to therapy with oral potassium iodide. Seven previous reports of familial sporotrichosis are listed, and therapy is reviewed briefly.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A case of aneurysmal bone cyst in father and son.

The authors report a familial case of primary aneurysmal bone cyst in father and son, affecting both at the same location at nearly the same age. This fact again raises the speculation of a genetic link as another factor in the pathogenesis of aneurysmal bone cyst.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Did this father's sleep apnea contribute to the inadvertent death of his infant son?

Sleepiness impairs memory and concentration. We report a case of a patient who inadvertently left his infant son in a car, having forgotten to drop him off at day care. The infant died of heat exposure. There is credible evidence that sleepiness from a combination of sleep deprivation and previously undiagnosed severe obstructive sleep apnea contributed to this tragedy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Delayed motherhood increases the probability of sons to be infertile.

PURPOSE: To ascertain whether advanced maternal age at birth is associated with offspring infertility. METHODS: A written questionnaire was completed by infertile couples attending our clinic in the presence of a researcher. RESULTS: Maternal age at birth (odds ratio 1.236, 95% CI 1.100-1.388) and birth order of all respondents and their respective siblings (odds ratio 0.551, 95% CI 0.351-0.865) were significant predictors of male infertility. The probability of a man being infertile increased as mother's age at birth increased (regression coefficient +/- standard error 0.212 +/- 0.059; P < 0.001), but decreased as birth order increased (regression coefficient +/- standard error -0.596 +/- 0.230; P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed motherhood may enhance the probability of sons to be infertile. The probability of a man being infertile would be greater if he comes from a small family than if he comes from a large family.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Heterogeneity in the families of sons of alcoholics: the impact of familial vulnerability type on offspring characteristics.

In 2 samples of sons of alcoholics (family history positive for alcoholism; FHP: N = 74 & N = 72), cluster analyses identified 3 subtypes of familial vulnerability: 1 with low levels of familial psychopathology (FHP-LP) and moderate levels of familial alcoholism; a 2nd with high levels of familial antisocial personality (FHP-ASP), violence, and alcoholism; and a 3rd with high levels of familial depression (FHP-DEP), mania, anxiety disorder, and alcoholism. Compared with family history negative (FHN) participants (N = 106), FHP offspring had higher levels of alcohol problems. FHP-ASP offspring had elevated levels of antisocial traits and negative affect. Compared with FHN participants, FHP-DEP offspring elevated levels of antisocial traits, hypomania, and experience seeking. FHP-LP offspring had moderate levels of antisocial traits.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Inherited predisposition to alcoholism: characteristics of sons of male alcoholics.

Sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) are at markedly heightened genetic risk for the development of alcohol abuse. Study of SOMAs could therefore conceivably increase the efficiency of research aimed at uncovering those heritable factors that predispose to alcoholism. SOMAs manifest observable behavioral, cognitive, and psychophysiological abnormalities while sober and react idiosyncratically to alcohol intoxication. They are most commonly described as conduct disordered and hyperactive, appear heir to a variety of deficits in verbal and abstract cognition, and perform more poorly in the academic environment. SOMAs are characterized by abnormal patterns of cued psychophysiological response, and appear more sensitive to the putatively reinforcing aspects of alcohol intoxication. Various methodological weaknesses permeate the relevant literature. Some straightforward improvements are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Predicting boys' early-onset substance abuse from father's alcoholism, son's disruptiveness, and mother's parenting behavior.

Sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) are said to be at risk for alcoholism. The present study examined 4 groups of 13-year-old boys: SOMAs with and without disruptive behaviors, disruptive boys who were not SOMAs, and control participants. The classification of disruptive was based on 7-year longitudinal data, and father's alcoholism was determined by standardized tests. Mother's nurturance and promotion of autonomy were assessed in a laboratory setting; boys' substance abuse was measured by self-report methods in the same year as the observation. Boys with disruptive behaviors showed the most substance abuse; no effect of father's alcoholism was found. Disruptive boys' mothers were significantly less nurturant and demanded obedience rather than promoted autonomy. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the boys' disruptive behavior and the mother's lack of nurturance predicted early-onset substance abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sensitive mother-to-adolescent disclosures after divorce: is the experience of sons different from that of daughters?

This study addressed two main questions: (a) Are adolescent sons and daughters exposed to sensitive maternal disclosures after divorce with similar frequency and in similar detail? and (b) Does gender act as a moderator in the association between maternal disclosures and adolescent adjustment difficulties? Forced-choice and open-ended data were collected from 194 adolescents within 2 years after their parents' divorce. Quantitative analyses revealed that although the majority of adolescents experience some level of maternal disclosure, neither frequency nor detail of maternal disclosure differed as a function of adolescent gender. Frequent and detailed maternal disclosures were associated with adolescent adjustment difficulties, primarily psychological distress. Gender did not moderate that significant association. Qualitative analysis shed light on the link between maternal disclosures and adolescent distress, suggested the importance of how disclosures are made, and revealed several gender differences in reactions to maternal disclosures. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Recreating mother: the consolidation of "heterosexual" gender identification in the young son of homosexual men.

In psychotherapy, the 4 1/2-year-old son of two fathers began immediately to contend with the unmourned loss of "Mommy," his first babysitter, precipitously fired when he was 2 1/2; he then created his own mother figure with whom to take up the task of becoming a boy/man with a woman as his primary love object. Several factors, including internal "working models," are described as having determined this stance preoedipally. Oedipal dynamics are also discussed, and questions raised about when father pairs should disclose to the child the nature of their commitment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Son-sire-regression based heritability estimates of chiasma frequency, using T70H mouse translocation heterozygotes, and the relation between univalence, chiasma frequency and sperm production.

T(1;13)70H/+ translocation heretozygous mice were used for assessing heritability values for chiasma frequencies and the epididymal sperm count. The chiasma frequency estimates were based on 15 son-sire pairs, the translocation heterozygotes being maintained in a Swiss random-bred genetic background. The chiasma frequencies were scored separately for the T70H/+ derived multivalent, specific pairing segments within the multivalent and the remaining bivalents. Chiasma counts within these specified parts of the genome were positively correlated. The heritability estimates, significantly greater than zero, ranged from 0.78-0.98, depending on the chromosome segments included. These results indicate a strong genetic control on a cellular basis for the formation of chiasmata in the mouse. Despite significantly positive correlations and regressions between the various chiasma frequencies and the sperm count (for which 29 pairs of observations were available), no significant heritability estimate for the sperm count was obtained. The relation between the chiasma frequency and the sperm count was weakest when the chiasma count was confined to a region of the translocation-caused multivalent in which the absence of a chiasma almost always resulted in the production of an univalent. This indicates that in the translocation heterozygotes used, the overall chiasma frequency has a greater predictive value for the sperm count than autosomal univalence alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

On the difficulties of discriminating between major and minor hybrid male sterility factors in Drosophila by examining the segregation ratio of sterile and fertile sons in backcrossing experiments.

The observation of segregation ratios of sterile and fertile males in offspring samples from backcrossed hybrid females is, in principle, a valid method to unveil the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility in Drosophila. When the female parent is heterozygous (hybrid) for a sterility factor with major effects, equal proportions of fertile and sterile sons are expected in her offspring. However, intact (not recombined) chromosome segments of considerable length are expected to give segregation ratios that can not be easily differentiated from the 1:1 ratio expected from a single factor. When the phenotypic character under analysis can be determined by combinations of minor factors from the donor species spanning a certain chromosome length, very large offspring samples may be needed to test this alternative hypothesis against the null hypothesis of a single major factor. This is particularly the case of hybrid male sterility determinants in Drosophila.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

J. M. W. Turner's painting "The unpaid bill, or the dentist reproving his son's prodigality".

In November 2002, the BDA News carried an item, illustrated with a colour reproduction, describing a painting of a Georgian dentist's rooms by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), one of the most respected of English artists, which was shortly to come up for auction at Christies' Rooms in London. This work, first exhibited in 1808, was entitled "The unpaid bill, or the dentist reproving his son's prodigality", and had originally been commissioned by the connoisseur Richard Payne Knight (1750-1824). "The examiner", a contemporary London journal, identifies the 'cradle-piece' for the commission as being a Rembrandt which Payne Knight owned, and the journalist Robert Hunt said that Turner had more than come up to the task of showing that a modern could handle light as well as the old master, 'for a picture of colouring and effect, it is ... inestimable'.

Dental Offices↗
PubMed2004

Effect of ethanol on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system response to psychosocial stress in sons of alcohol-dependent fathers.

Familial risk and environmental stress promote the development of alcohol dependence. This study tested two hypotheses: that a family history for alcoholism is associated with (i) a greater stress response and (ii) more effective stress response dampening by alcohol. We studied 29 high-risk subjects with a paternal history of alcoholism (PHA) and 23 family history negative (FHN) controls all aged 18-26 years, who were recruited using a representative sample of the local area population. Psychosocial stress was induced by having subjects deliver a speech and perform mental arithmetics in front of an audience on two separate days, after drinking either placebo or alcohol (0.6 g/kg) in a randomized double-blind crossover design. Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) were measured up to 90 min after the test. The stress task induced a phasic increase of both hormones in PHA and FHN subjects during all experimental conditions except in tests where FHN subjects received alcohol during the second day. ACTH secretion was higher in PHA subjects during placebo experiments, but equal to controls after alcohol administration. The alcohol-induced attenuation of ACTH response was statistically significant in PHA, but not FHN, subjects. Cortisol response was higher in PHA than FHN probands if placebo was administered during the first test, but equal if subjects received alcohol first. The increased stress response and its stronger dampening by alcohol in sons of alcoholic fathers suggest a mechanism by which predisposition to develop alcohol use disorders might be expressed, implying that a transient favorable alcohol effect might occur in PHA, but not FHN, subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Being a parent of an adult son or daughter with severe mental illness receiving professional care: parents' narratives.

The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of parental care-giving with reference to having an adult son or daughter with severe mental illness living in a care setting. The parents were asked to narrate their relationship to offspring in the past, in the present, and their thoughts and feelings concerning the future. The study was guided by a phenomenological hermeneutic perspective. The meaning of parental care was illuminated in the themes 'living with sorrow, anguish and constant worry', 'living with guilt and shame', 'relating with carer/care; comfort and hardships' 'coming to terms with difficulties' and 'hoping for a better life for the adult child'. Parental care-giving emerged as a life-long effort. The narratives revealed ongoing grief, sorrow and losses interpreted as chronic sorrow. The narratives disclosed a cultural conflict between the family system and the care system, which was interpreted as a threat to the parental role, but also experiences of receiving comfort and having confidence in the care given. Experiences of stigma were interpreted from the way of labelling illness, narrated experiences of shame and relations with the public and mental health professionals. Parents' persisting in the care-giving role, striving to look after themselves and expressing hopes for the future were interpreted as a process of coming to terms with difficulties. Results suggest that mental health professionals need to be aware of their own attitudes and treatment of families, improve their cooperation with, and support to families, and provide opportunities for family members to meet one another.

Adolescent↗