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PubMed1989

Worldwide trends and developments in social security, 1985-87.

This article highlights major trends and developments in social security programs featured in the publication Social Security Programs Throughout the World, 1987. Certain developments observable in industrialized countries, especially in Europe--continuing high unemployment levels, particularly among the young; growing numbers of long-term unemployed; and aging populations--tend to create financial instability in social security programs. Thus, as program costs continue to rise, the emphasis on cost-effective use of social security funds becomes more pronounced. In the period under review, this concern is reflected in the widening interest in mandated private pension supplementation of social security, as well as in measures to encourage employment. In developing countries, a strengthening of programs for families and, in some instances, a lowering of the retirement age are noted, in addition to a general expansion in the benefit structure of the work-injury program.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1968

[Follow-up study of school age children having received inpatient treatment for infant atrophy, with regard to their personality development and social adjustment].

In the personality development controlled by complicated and numerous influences we searched for those characteristics which can be made responsible for infantile atrophy. In comparison with children of average development and of the same age we found that in addition to a somatic retardation the intellectual efficiency is impaired in 60 percent of the cases; we were also able to find disorders of the emotional circle. All of these result in the disharmony of personality. In the capacities for adaptation the narrow, familial, environmental influences appear to be of importance in that in contrast to children showing no somatic damages whatsoever these influences exert a greater effect. Those children, therefore, who had been suffering from atrophy are somatically determined and show slight adaptive difficulties due to environmental difficulties.

Attention↗

PubMed1980

On the relationship between the creative and social-emotional development of emotionally handicapped children.

Examined the relationship between the creative and social-emotional development of emotionally handicapped children (N = 78). The question of primary interest was whether changes in social emotional development over the course of treatment would parallel changes in creativity. Two samples of emotionally handicapped children were rated on their mastery of social-emotional objectives and were given similar forms of a creativity test at the beginning and end of an 8-week period. In both samples a significant relationship was found between changes in social-emotional status and creativity. Creative and social-emotional changes occurred independently of most variables known about a child at the beginning of treatment. Possible explanations and implications of this relationship are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMed2004

The development of social behavior following neonatal amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys.

We examined the role of the amygdala in the development of nonhuman primate social behavior. Twenty-four rhesus monkeys received bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of either the amygdala or the hippocampus or received a sham surgical procedure at 2 weeks of age. Subjects were reared with their mothers and were provided daily access to social rearing cohorts. The subjects were weaned at 6 months of age and then observed while paired with familiar conspecifics at 6 and 9 months of age and with unfamiliar conspecifics at 1 year of age. The subjects were also observed during daily cohort socialization periods. Neither amygdala nor hippocampus lesions altered fundamental aspects of social behavior development. All subjects, regardless of lesion condition, developed a species-typical repertoire of social behavior and displayed interest in conspecifics during social encounters. The amygdala lesions, however, clearly affected behaviors related to fear processing. The amygdala-lesioned subjects produced more fear behaviors during social encounters than did control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. Although the heightened fear response of the amygdala-lesioned subjects was consistent across different testing paradigms and was observed with both familiar and novel partners, it did not preclude social interactions. In fact, the amygdala-lesioned subjects displayed particular social behaviors, such as following, cooing, grunting, presenting to be groomed, and presenting to be mounted more frequently than either control or hippocampus-lesioned subjects. These findings are consistent with the view that the amygdala is not needed to develop fundamental aspects of social behavior and may be more related to the detection and avoidance of environmental dangers.

Amygdala↗

PubMed1990

[Technology development as social process: prospects and frontiers of social scientific elucidation of technological advancement].

This article provides an overview of the new developments in social scientific technology research which have changed considerably as a result of public debate and reactions to the importance of advancements in technology. The shift in emphasis, away from the effects of technology to its shaping, is described and certain hypotheses and concepts of advancement in the study of the social conditions underlying technical development processes are presented.

Culture↗

PubMed1975

The development of social skills in autistic twins.

This case study describes the development of social skills in autistic identical male twins, during a year's attendance, as over-age placements, at their local kindergarten. Management techniques were based on behavioural principles; and a team approach was employed.

Aggression↗

PubMed1997

Predicting women's well-being in midlife: the importance of personality development and social role involvements.

Theories of adult development suggest that both personality and social roles are sources of adult well-being, but most research has examined only social roles. An integrated model was used, including personality, number of roles, and role quality, to predict well-being in 2 longitudinal studies of college-educated women. Results for both samples indicated that role quality and personality development were important components of the path to well-being, whereas number of roles, occupied was important mainly in early adulthood. Moreover, the results provided support for E. Erikson's (1968) notion of the importance of the sequencing of personality development for later well-being. Path analyses indicated that engagement in multiple roles during early adulthood facilitated the development of identity, which predicted generativity and role quality, which in turn predicted well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Parental [correction of Perinatal] consanguinity: a risk factor for developmental delay in Pakistani children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of parental consanguinity and delayed development in terms of gross motor, fine motor, speech and social aspects in their children. METHODS: One hundred and seventy seven children (age 15 days--72 months) were evaluated for their developmental status utilizing the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST). An unmatched case-control study design was used. Case group consisted of 94 children and control group 83 children. Odds ratios were calculated for parental consanguinity and delay in gross and fine motor, speech and social development in their children, for cases and controls, utilizing Binary Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. Acquired delay was excluded through detailed birth history in both cases and control group respectively. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed high significant Odds ratios for all areas of developmental delay (viz. gross and fine motor, speech and social development), between cases and controls (p < .001). At the multivariate analysis level however, our results showed no increased risk of parental consanguinity on delayed gross and fine motor, speech and social development in their children. CONCLUSION: Our results show no increased risk of parental consanguinity on delayed gross and fine motor, speech or social development (as measured by the DDST), in their children.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

Childhood personality influences on social-cognitive development: a longitudinal study.

The relation of childhood personality to the development of friendship understanding and moral judgment in adolescence was considered in a longitudinal study. Personality at age 7, assessed with the California Child Q-Set, was characterized in terms of ego-resiliency and ego-control. IQ and social class were also measured. Friendship understanding was assessed when the participants were ages 7, 9, 12, 15, and 19, and moral judgment was elicited when the participants were 12, 15, and 19. Ego-resiliency was found to predict social-cognitive development in adolescence, even after the effects of IQ and childhood measures of social-cognitive development were controlled for. Analyses indicate that the effects of ego-resiliency on social-cognitive development are largely unmediated by the ability to focus attention or by social participation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Development of social behaviour in four litters of dogs (Canis familiaris).

The development of social behaviour in 4 litters of dogs was observed without interfering with the puppies from birth to 8 weeks of age. Direct and continuous observation was combined with video recording. Three of the litters were observed during one session of 2 h once a week, and the fourth litter during one session of 40 min twice a week. Social interactions were divided into 1) investigation of litter mates (licking, sniffing or investigating orally), 2) social play, 3) and interactions in which agonistic elements (dominance postures, threats, bites or submission) were displayed. The different forms of social interactions appeared for the first time when the puppies were between 14 and 21 days of age. Social investigation appeared first and was followed by play and agonistic interactions. From week 5, differences between the puppies in the tendency to initiate social play and agonistic interactions emerged. Generally, within the litters individual differences were consistent over weeks 6-8 (positive correlations between weeks), whereas the tendency in the puppies during these weeks were negatively correlated with those of week 3 (play) or weeks 3 and 4 (agonistic interactions), indicating a rebound effect for both play and agonistic behaviour. No significant correlations, however, were found for social investigation. More often than expected males played or engaged in agonistic with other males, whereas these behaviours occurred less often than expected between females. Both males and females, however, preferred male partners for agonistic interactions. No sex differences were found in the direction of social investigation. Agonistic behaviour was often responded to by play and play was often responded to by agonistic behaviour, and the results indicated that before 8 weeks of age differences in social behaviour between the puppies were already established.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Promoting children's ethical development through social and emotional learning.

In today's climate of increased emphasis on measuring achievement through high-stakes testing, academic subjects are too often divorced from the social context in which they are taught. We know that learning is a social process. In fact, many educators and other youth development practitioners recognize that social, emotional, and ethical development cannot be ignored in the name of better academic preparation, especially in the face of data showing that students are more disengaged than ever before. Social and emotional learning (SEL) offers educators and other youth development personnel a framework for addressing students' social and emotional needs in systematic way. SEL is the process of acquiring the skills to recognize and manage emotions, develop caring and concern for others, establish positive relationships, make responsible decisions, and handle challenging situations effectively. Research has shown that SEL has an impact on every aspect of children's development: their health, ethical development, citizenship, academic learning, and motivation to achieve. This chapter profiles one school in Illinois that has been implementing SEL programming for a number of years. The authors provide evidence of the impact of SEL on school climate, student behavior, and attitudes. Ultimately the authors see this as fostering the kind of understanding of the larger world that leads young people to make ethical choices. They propose that the lessons learned are applicable to a wide variety of settings, including other schools, after-school programs, and summer camps.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Developing a social brain.

UNLABELLED: A new account of human postnatal functional brain development, interactive specialization (IS), is introduced and applied to one important domain of human development: the social brain. Behavioural, ERP and fMRI evidence from newborns, infants and children in face processing tasks is briefly reviewed, and is shown to be consistent with predictions from the IS account. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that this new view of functional brain development can also be applied to other domains of typical and atypical human development.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Communication between parents and deaf children: implications for social-emotional development.

Parent-child communication plays a central role in social growth, as it does in other domains of development. Over 90% of deaf children, however, have hearing parents who frequently do not have a fully effective means of communicating with them. This paper examines the role of effective parent-child communication in the social and emotional development of deaf children. Evidence concerning relations between early communication and social-emotional development of deaf children is reviewed, and superficial differences in the ways that parents interact with deaf versus hearing children are distinguished from differences that may have more significant and enduring effects. Hearing parents and their deaf children are found to develop alternative, often nonverbal, interaction strategies. Of primary interest is the extent to which those strategies have impact comparable to the strategies of hearing parents with hearing children or deaf parents with deaf children.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Fetal alcohol syndrome and its long-term effects.

Ancient scripture and paintings together with several medical reports on the effect of alcohol on the newborn over the past 300 years finally led to the description of the fetal alcohol syndrome in the 1970s by French and American research groups. Maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy can result in the specific pattern of malformations and neurocognitive deficits characteristic of this syndrome. Diagnostic criteria and classifications have been developed and in the 1990s reports showed the long-term consequences for these children. In recent years several studies from different countries have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure will lead to life-long consequences on physical development, intellectual development, behavior, social development, occupation, independence, sexuality or sexual behavior and increased risk of suicidality. In this review of long-term observation studies we found that the prenatal exposure to alcohol have permanent and life-long damage, which impair both the social and occupational future of the person exposed with a need for life-long assistance in order for that person to function at an optimal level. Primary prevention and early intervention with general public health educational efforts seems to be the best way forward.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Paternal effects on the development of social behavior in Mus musculus.

In order to extend the determination and description of effects of the father's phenotype on the development of social behavior in male mice, we tested 24 males from each of 2 highly inbred strains of Mus musculus, A/J and C57BL/6J. Approximately 1 week before the birth of the subjects, we replaced natural fathers with a foster parent such that, within each strain, 8 subjects had preweaning experience with same-strain males, 8 with other-strain males, and 8 with same-strain females, in addition to their natural mothers. Observations of social behavior were conducted at 21, 50, and 60 days of age. The results showed effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice. The different effects in the 2 strains indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.

Aggression↗

PubMed1992

Children of lesbian and gay parents.

This paper reviews research evidence regarding the personal and social development of children with gay and lesbian parents. Beginning with estimates of the numbers of such children, sociocultural, theoretical, and legal reasons for attention to their development are then outlined. In this context, research studies on sexual identity, personal development, and social relationships among these children are then reviewed. These studies include assessment of possible differences between children with gay or lesbian versus heterosexual parents as well as research on sources of diversity among children of gay and lesbian parents. Research on these topics is relatively new, and many important questions have yet to be addressed. To date, however, there is no evidence that the development of children with lesbian or gay parents is compromised in any significant respect relative to that among children of heterosexual parents in otherwise comparable circumstances. Having begun to respond to heterosexist and homophobic questions posed by psychological theory, judicial opinion, and popular prejudice, child development researchers are now in a position also to explore a broader range of issues raised by the emergence of different kinds of gay and lesbian families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Gay and lesbian identity development: a social identity perspective.

This paper critically examines models of identity development from the perspective of social identity theory. It is argued that recent perspectives on homosexual identity development have focused upon psychological processes of the individual and that a shift toward a more social psychological perspective is required. Extant models of homosexual identity development and associated relevant evidence are described, and criticisms of these models are discussed. Next, social identity theory is outlined, illustrating how such an approach can address the criticisms of the dominant approach to gay and lesbian identity development. An extension of social identity theory is then offered in an attempt to explain some of the identities which homosexuals have developed in reaction to being members of an oppressed group.

Female↗

PubMed2005

Costs of twins in free-ranging white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia.

A female spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) that gave birth to twins was studied during 13 months, and her activity budget and diet were compared to those of females with single offspring and females with no offspring to assess selective pressures that could influence litter size. We recorded qualitative information on the development and social interactions of the twins and three other single infants. Emi, the female that had the twins, had the highest proportion of resting time and the lowest proportion of feeding and moving time compared to other adult females and males. Emi also had the lowest average daily travel distance and relied more heavily on flowers and leaves than other group members who included a higher proportion of fruits in their diets. These results suggest that twins are energetically costly to spider monkeys because of the direct energy allocated into raising and carrying the twins and, also, because these costs have direct effects in the ability of a mother to obtain high-quality resources (e.g., fruits). The twins had a slower rate of physical and social development as well as a smaller body size compared to same-aged singletons by the end of the study. Thus, the extended periods of maternal care and the costs associated with rearing and carrying offspring are some of the factors that influence the evolution and maintenance of a litter size of one in most anthropoid primates.

Animals↗