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PubMed1990

[Paralytic shellfish poisoning by Spondylus calcifer contaminated with Pyrodinium bahamense, Costa Rica, 1989-1990].

This paper describes an outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), affecting human populations on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica in October 1989. Numbness in arms, face and legs occurred 30 to 45 minutes after ingestion of the large clam Spondylus calcifer. Paralysis of legs and respiratory symptoms followed, often persisting for one week. Large amounts of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense were found in the intestine of the mollusk. A toxin was detected in crude or filtered and heated macerates of intestine, muscle, mantle and hepatopancreas of S. calcifer, and to a lesser extent Tagelus sp., by injection of its crude or diluted extracts in white mice. The effects in mice consisted in paralysis and asphyxia generally leading to death in less than 5 minutes, compatible with saxitoxin. Mice were killed by the toxin in macerates diluted 1:100 to 1:1000. No toxin was detected in Anadara tuberculosa (Bivalvia) or in peneids. Prevention rests on intersectoral actions between state and private sectors in charge of fishing, distribution and marketing of shellfish, as well as on education of the population at large.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Paralytic shellfish poisoning (author's transl)].

Different diseases as viral or bacterian gastro-enteritis, Tiphoid, viral hepatitis can come from shellfishes. Less known is the shellfish poisoning although recent outbreaks took place in Spain, France, England, Morocco. Toxic poisoning is caused by a poison produced by dinoflagelates of plankton which get developped in shells and make them dangerous, even cooked, to be eaten. A respiratory failure can result from this neurotropic poison.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Acute hepatitis A in Singapore: importance of shellfish ingestion in a non-epidemic period.

A case-control study based on 28 serologically confirmed cases of hepatitis A and 42 home contacts with no recent or past evidence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was conducted to determine the importance of shellfish exposure in the transmission of HAV during a non-epidemic period in Singapore. It was found that consumption of partially-cooked cockles (Anadara granosa) was significantly associated with the illness (p less than 0.001). No other types of locally available shellfish including oysters, mussels and clams were incriminated. The public should be constantly reminded to refrain from consuming raw and inadequately cooked bivalve molluscs all the time, and not just during epidemics.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Viral hepatitis and gastroenteritis transmitted by shellfish and water.

The epidemiology and clinical presentation of water-borne viral diseases, including shellfish-associated viral illnesses, are discussed in this article. Hepatitis A virus, Non A-Non B hepatitis and the agents of viral gastroenteritis, Norwalk agent, Snow Mountain agent, rotavirus, the small round viruses, caliciviruses, and astroviruses are included. The technical problems associated with evaluating the viral contamination of water or shellfish are noted.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid determination of methyl mercury in fish and shellfish: method development.

The AOAC official first action method for methyl mercury in fish and shellfish was modified to provide more rapid determination. Methyl mercury is isolated from homogenized, acetone-washed tissue by addition of HCl and extraction by toluene of the methyl mercuric chloride produced. The extract is analyzed by electron capture gas chromatography (GC) on 5% DEGS-PS treated with mercuric chloride solution. The quantitation limit of the method is 0.25 micrograms Hg/g. Swordfish, shark, tuna, shrimp, clams, oysters, and NBS Research Material-50 (tuna) were analyzed for methyl mercury by the AOAC official first action method. All products also were analyzed by the modified method and the AOAC official method for total Hg. In addition, selected extracts obtained with the modified method were analyzed by GC with Hg-selective, microwave-induced helium plasma detection. There was no significant difference between the results for the various methods. Essentially all the Hg present (determined as total Hg) was in the organic form. Coefficients of variation from analyses by the modified method ranged from 1 to 7% for fish and shellfish containing methyl mercury at levels of 0.50-2.30 micrograms Hg/g. The overall average recovery was 100.5%.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

NAG Vibrio cholerae isolated from imported shellfish in Guam.

A survey of imported shellfish available in public markets on the Island of Guam revealed the presence of NAG Vibrio cholerae contamination (10 of 38 sample lots positive) and high coliform counts (21 of 33 sample lots in excess of 2400 per 100 grams). NAG V. cholerae contamination was associated with high coliform counts and origin in fresh or brackish waters rather than saltwater. Further importation of fresh shellfish from other than approved sources was prohibited.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed1978

Paralytic shellfish poisoning.

Two cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning after ingestion of mussels occurred in October 1977 in Nova Scotia. The incidence of this type of poisoning is relatively high among persons living on the coast of the Bay of Fundy and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River. The causative organism, Gonyaulax tamarensis, elaborates an endotoxin, saxitoxin, that blocks neuromuscular transmission in the motor axon and muscle membrane while leaving the end-plate unaffected; it also suppresses conduction in the atrioventricular node and inhibits the respiratory centre. The clinical manifestations are unique and include numbness of the lips, tongue and fingertips within minutes of ingestion of the poisoned shellfish, then numbness of the legs, arms and neck, with general muscular incoordination, and finally respiratory distress and muscular paralysis. Treatment is symptomatic and prevention can only occur by public education.

Bivalvia↗
PubMed1976

Bacterial enteropathogens in Malaysian shellfish.

Three species of commonly eaten shellfish found in Malaysian coastal waters were examined for the presence of common bacterial enteropathogens. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, non-agglutinating vibrios, and various serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli were isolated from a large proportion of them. Salmonella were isolated in two instances. High colony counts with evidence of faecal contamination indicated the strong possibility of pulltion being the cause for the presence of these enteropathogens. Methods of cooking and eating these shellfish enhance their likelihood of acting as vehicles of diarrhoeal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of kepone residues in finfish, shellfish, and crustaceans.

Finfish, shellfish, and crustacean samples are extracted with isopropanol and benzene; the extract is filtered and then concentrated. The extract, dissolved in hexane, is treated with oleum and extracted with aqueous alkali. The aqueous phase is acidified and extracted with petroleum ether-ethyl ether (1 + 1). The Kepone residue is determined by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Recoveries obtained by 8 laboratories from 15 species of finfish fortified at 0.02-0.23 ppm ranged from 37 to 107% with a mean +/- relative standard deviation of 79.4 +/- 14.5%. For oysters fortified at 0.01-0.10 ppm, recoveries range from 63 to 129% with a mean of 78.8 +/- 20.8%. For crustaceans fortified at 0.05-0.26 ppm, recoveries ranged from 52 to 110% with a mean of 78 +/- 16.4%. The approximate limits of quantitation for finfish and for shellfish and crustaceans are 0.02 and 0.05 ppm, respectively, under the GLC conditions used in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Pollution of fish and shellfish with organotin compounds and estimation of daily intake].

Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds have been widely used as antifouling paint for ship bottoms and fishery firm nets, and they are known to be aquatic environmental contaminants. A survey of the pollution with organotin compounds in fish and shellfish has been carried out for samples (180 samples from 43 kinds) which were collected in the Hokkaido prefecture during the period from February, 1989 to September, 1992. On the other hand, daily intakes of organotin compounds have been investigated using the Market Basket Method. Relatively high concentrations of TBT and TPT were detected from flat fish and shellfish such as Hirame (bastard halibut), Kurogarei (black plaice), Asari (Japanese littleneck), Hokkigai (Japanese surf clam) and Kaki (oyster). The maximum value of TBT in samples was 0.38 microgram/g (for both Asari and Kaki), and TPT was 0.47 microgram/g (Kurogarei). Estimated daily intakes of DBT, TBT and TPT were 0.45 microgram, 2.40 micrograms and 4.11 micrograms, respectively. The values presented in this study were lower in comparison with the acceptable daily intake. It was revealed that the values of the organotin compounds in this study were not so high as to have any efect on human health at the present.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in fish, crabs, and shellfish of the Lower Fraser River, its estuary, and selected locations in Georgia Strait, British Columbia--1972-73.

Between August 1972 and September 1973, fish, crabs, and shellfish were collected from the lower Fraser River, its estuary, and selected areas of Georgia Strait in British Columbia. Samples were analyzed for aldrin, dieldrin, alpha- and gamma-chlordane, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Of these, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, heptachlor epoxide, and one PCB, Aroclor 1254, were detected in samples of many fish, crabs, and shellfish from the lower Fraser River and its estuary. Generally, compounds found in decreasing order of magnitude in samples from the Fraser River and its estuary were: PCB's, p,p'-DDE, heptachlor epoxide, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD. Greatest concentrations of these compounds occurred in biota from the waters adjacent to the City of Vancouver. With one exception, animals from Georgia Strait and those away from the immediate influence of Fraser River water contained no detectable levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of decarbamoyl saxitoxin and its analogues in shellfish by prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Oxidation and chromatographic conditions for detecting the decarbamoyl analogues of several paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) toxins were studied. Prechromatographic oxidation with periodate or hydrogen peroxide under slightly alkaline conditions was used as previously reported for the parent PSP toxins. Both periodate and hydrogen peroxide oxidations produced 2 fluorescent products separable by liquid chromatography for each decarbamoyl (dc) toxin (dc-saxitoxin, dc-neosaxatoxin and dc-gonyautoxins 2 and 3). Decarbamoyl saxitoxin produced the same 2 products as did dc-neosaxitoxin but in different ratios. One of these products was the same as the one obtained with neosaxitoxin after periodate oxidation. Decarbamoyl gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (together) produced 2 products, one of which was the same as the major product obtained with gonyautoxins 1 and 4 (together) after periodate oxidation. Decarbamoyl gonyautoxins 1 and 4 were not available for study. The method was used to detect dc-saxitoxin and dc-gonyautoxins 2 and 3 in shellfish extracts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

TCDD residues in fish and shellfish from U.S. waterways.

TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) in the edible portion of fish and shellfish from various U.S. waterways has been monitored since 1979. Analytical results for the period 1979-1994 are reported. Extracts obtained after column chromatographic and liquid chromatographic cleanup were examined by electron capture detection-gas chromatography (GC), and final quantitation and confirmation were performed by GC/mass spectrometry with multiple ion detection. Analyses of 1623 test samples indicated that TCDD residues in fish and shellfish were not widespread but rather were localized in areas near waste sites, chlorophenol manufacturers, and pulp and paper mills. Analytical results indicated that levels in aquatic species from these sites have been declining steadily. No TCDD (limit of detection and confirmation, 1-2 ppt) has been found in recent years in aquatic species from most Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico sites and Great Lakes other than Lake Ontario and Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a review.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in man results from the consumption of mussels, clams, and oysters that have fed on toxic dinoflagellates. Motile, marine protozoa of the dinoflagellate group often produce "blooms," i.e., red tides, which color the sea. Not all genera or species are toxic to fish and mammals, nor are the toxic principles the same in all poisonous protozoa. At least 5 of the group are known to cause poisonings in man. Shellfish poisonings other than PSP are also recognized. The PSP toxin, saxitoxin, is concentrated in the viscera and occasionally in the mantle and syphon of marine bivalves. Cooking does not completely destroy the low molecular weight poisonous factor. Reported mortality ranges from 8.5 to 23.2%. The disease is of significant public health concern in some localities of the world from May to November.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1975

Oyster-associated hepatitis. Failure of shellfish certification programs to prevent outbreaks.

During October and November 1973, outbreaks of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw oysters occurred in Houston and in Calhoun, Ga. The oysters implicated in both outbreaks had been harvested in two Louisiana bays. Although the bays had been contaminated with polluted Mississippi River water two months before the oysters were harvested, at the time of harvesting the bays met national sanitation standards for shellfish growing and were certified for oyster fishing. These epidemics raise serious questions about the adequacy of shellfish sanitation monitoring systems currently in use.

Certification↗
PubMed2000

Electroporated sperm mediation of a gene transfer system for finfish and shellfish.

We investigated gene transfer in finfish and shellfish via electroporated sperm. The mobility of sperm, the fertilization rate, the hatching rate, gene transfer rate, and abnormality rate of derived embryos were primarily dependent on the voltage level and concentration of DNA during electroporation. Optimal conditions for sperm of each species of aquatic animals can be reached. Genome of the electroporated sperm was analyzed by PCR, and it was shown that an expected-sized product was amplified, corresponding to that of the transgene's amplification. Southern blotting also showed that a positive band located at the same position as the DNA fragment used for the transfer was found in the electroporated sperm after DNase treatment. When the genome isolated from embryos, larvae, juvenile, and adult individuals, all derived from sperm electroporated with foreign DNA molecules, was analyzed by PCR, the existence of foreign DNA was detected in some samples. The integration of the transferred DNA into the genome of transgenic samples was also shown by Southern blot analysis. There was a mosaic distribution of exogenous DNA in a wide variety of tissues analyzed. In addition to CAT activity being positive for the experimental larvae, the transferred GH gene was functional in transgenic finfish and shellfish and resulted in fast-growing transgenic varieties. The overall evidence strongly suggests that the use of electroporated sperm is the simplest yet most efficient approach to perform mass gene transfer in aquacultural animals, including marine mollusks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Shellfish poisons.

In our ongoing search for bioactive metabolites from marine organisms, novel shellfish poisons have been isolated. Pinnatoxins, which are amphoteric polyether compounds, were purified from the Okinawan bivalve Pinna muricata. Pinnatoxins show acute toxicity against mice and activate Ca2+ channels. Two novel alkaloids, pinnamine and pinnaic acid, were also obtained from P. muricata. Pinnaic acid inhibits cytosolic phospholipase (cPLA2). Pteriatoxins, which are pinnatoxin analogs, were isolated from the Okinawan bivalve Pteria penguin. A nanomole-order structure determination of pteriatoxins was achieved by the detailed analysis of 2D-NMR and ESI-TOF MS/MS. This review covers the isolation, structure determination, bioactivity, synthesis, and biogenesis of these shellfish poisons and related compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Interference of free fatty acids from the hepatopancreas of mussels with the mouse bioassay for shellfish toxins.

Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in hepatopancreas of mussel, Mytilus coruscus, contaminated by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorometry as their 9-anthryldiazomethane derivatives. The FFA in the hepatopancreas of mussels during May 30-June 14 were 443-666 micrograms/g. A marked increase in FFA content was observed on June 20 (2197 micrograms/g hepatopancreas) and June 27 (6322 micrograms/g hepatopancreas). The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, in mussel FFA increased during the experimental period. Diatoms almost completely dominated the phytoplankton community at the experimental site, suggesting that diatoms were the origin of the PUFA accumulated in mussels. The toxicity of FFA in mussel hepatopancreas on June 27 was sufficiently high as to interfere with the mouse bioassay by injection of an extract of shellfish, the official method for DSP toxin analysis.

Animals↗