[Behavioral changes prior to dental treatment in children. I. Changes in adaptable behaviors before treatment].
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Age Factors↗
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Serotonergic control of experimental aggression.
The role played by the inhibitory control of brain functions appears reportedly essential in the regulation of emotions and behavior, and is of great relevance in explaining the behavioral changes that follow induced or spontaneous impairment of the serotonergic system of the brain. As a matter of fact, numerous evidence indicate that genetic predisposition and induced or acquired defects of serotonergic inhibitory control greatly concur to precipitate anomalous strong aggression. The cluster of symptoms presented by laboratory rats in consequence of the serotonergic discontrol confers to laboratory experiments the value of a tool aimed at a better understanding of the biological mechanisms which underlie pathological aggression and violence.
Age Factors↗
Reproductive toxicity and teratology evaluations of naltrexone.
Reproductive toxicology and teratology studies of naltrexone are reviewed. Naltrexone produced behavioral changes in rats at doses below those which affected body weight. Excitatory signs and increased production of seminal plugs occurred in male rats. Prolonged administration to female rats resulted in excitatory signs and impaired maternal activity. Estrus cycling and fertility were decreased in female rats at doses that depressed body weight gain. Higher doses given to pregnant rats for shorter periods of time did not impair fertility or produce embryo or fetal toxicity. In rabbits, there was no evidence of behavioral changes. The highest dosage administered produced transient weight depression and possibly increased resorption. These data are consistent with a report of transient changes in some normal men given single doses of naltrexone. These effects may be mediated via hypothalamic and pituitary mechanisms involved in the control of luteinizing hormone levels.
Animals↗
Behavioral analysis of kanamycin administration to mice.
The present series of experiments investigated behavioral changes in HET mice following administration of kanamycin, one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. After drug treatment, HET mice showed changes in complex behaviors, including male agonistic behavior, female postpartum aggression, and tactile discrimination performance. Specifically, the temporal distribution of agonistic behavior appears to be affected by kanamycin treatment in both males and females, and kanamycin administration seems to alter reversal performance on a tactile discrimination task. These findings suggest the need for more careful examination of behaviors which may prove to be sensitive indices of antibiotic toxicity.
Aggression↗
Childhood injury control.
Control of the widespread, life-threatening 'disease', injury, requires prevention of (1) events which cause injury; (2) injury when such events occur, and (3) unnecessary severity when an injury occurs. Educating children and their parents about the danger has not been enough. Strategies developed in concordance with the epidemiological model successful in controlling many infectious diseases are available. Chosen strategies must work when used, and they must be used. Those which require frequent action on the part of individuals are not as desirable as more automatic or 'passive' protection. When automatic protection has not been achieved, incentives can be added to promote behavior change on the part of parents and children or on the part of decision makers who control the risk of injury for many. Childhood injury control requires the coordinated efforts of all interested in the welfare of children.
Adolescent↗
Behavioral consequences of agonistic experience in rats: sex differences and the effects of testosterone.
The effects of winning or losing on subsequent aggressive behavior in male and female rats were studied. By using three strains of rats with different levels of aggression, a procedure was developed to create winners and losers. Subsequently, winners were tested against losers. Behavioral analysis of all tests enabled a thorough study of these processes and of their consequences. The results indicate that significant and relatively permanent behavioral changes are induced in intact and castrated, testosterone-treated males but not in females. The results suggest that behavioral inhibition is a specific characteristic of the male's agonistic behavioral repertoire.
Aggression↗
Second pregnancies to premaritally pregnant teenagers, 1976 and 1971.
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Adolescent↗
Androgen-induced changes in electrocommunicatory behavior are correlated with changes in substance P-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus.
The hormonal regulation of sex differences in electrocommunicatory behavior and brain substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPI-ir) were examined in the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. This animal modulates its electric organ discharge (EOD) to produce discrete electric social signals (chirps), which function in aggressive and reproductive displays. Males readily chirp in response to electrosensory stimuli that mimic the presence of a conspecific; females also chirp in response to such stimuli, but do so at much lower rates than males. We have recently demonstrated that androgen treatment enhances chirping behavior in females and may also lead to a change in chirp quality or structure. In this study, we quantified androgen-induced changes in chirp structure and simultaneously examined whether androgens alter the sexually dimorphic pattern of SPI-ir in a brain region (prepacemaker nucleus, PPn) known to control chirping. Our results demonstrate that, in females, androgens cause both the induction of chirping and an alteration of chirp structure; chirps recorded from androgen-implanted females had longer durations and more dramatic frequency and amplitude modulations compared to controls, and appear similar to those reported to be produced during spawning. Moreover, androgen-induced changes in chirping are correlated with increased expression of SPI-ir within specific brain nuclei of females. These changes may underly behavioral changes in chirping, since treated females showed a male-like pattern of SPI-ir in the PPn. However, alterations in SPI-ir were not restricted to the PPn, but also occurred in diencephalic regions related to pituitary function and reproductive behavior. The results suggest that androgens modulate chirping activity and cause both specific and wide-spread changes in SPI-ir that may relate to a functional system that interrelates pituitary function, reproductive behavior, and chirping.
Androgens↗
HIV-related knowledge and risk behaviors of street youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The Street Youth Study Group.
Individual interviews were conducted with 379 youth who work and/or live on the streets of a large Brazilian city to assess HIV-related knowledge, sources of information, risk behaviors, and prevention beliefs and strategies. Respondents demonstrated high levels of factual knowledge about HIV transmission (84% correct) coupled with high levels of misconceptions about casual transmission (53% correct) and intermediate levels of knowledge about prevention (64% correct). Only 54% of the respondents had heard about AIDS recently, and 37.5% said they talked to someone about AIDS. The most common sources of information about HIV/AIDS were the mass-media and friends. Over half the sample reported taking precautions to reduce their risk of HIV infection; however, the proportion of youth taking effective precautions was low. Among the 247 youth (65% of the sample) who had initiated sexual activity, lifetime condom use was reported by 18%, and condom use at last intercourse by 10%. Youth with higher levels of knowledge were more likely to report behavior changes to avoid HIV infection. These findings underscore the urgent need for prevention programs tailored to street youth in developing countries.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Sexual behavior of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The need for intervention.
BACKGROUND: Public health efforts to stop the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) emphasize behavior change among all persons at risk of infection. Yet efficient physician-based intervention might be targeted toward persons infected with HIV. To evaluate the need for intervention among HIV-infected persons attending a continuity clinic, we determined the prevalence of behaviors risky for new transmission of HIV and the characteristics of HIV-infected individuals participating in such behavior. METHODS: Cross-sectional structured survey of 227 HIV-infected patients attending an urban HIV continuity-of-care clinic. RESULTS: Nine percent of the subjects had vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with an HIV-negative last sex partner (24% of whom were unaware that the subject was HIV infected) and an additional 13% with an HIV-status-unknown last sex partner (41% were unaware that the subject was HIV infected). Subjects used a condom for intercourse more often with a partner they knew to be HIV negative than HIV-status-unknown or HIV-positive (84% vs 59% vs 51%). Subjects with more lifetime male sexual partners were more likely to have had sex without a condom with an HIV-negative or HIV-status-unknown partner. CONCLUSION: The HIV-infected individuals in this clinic setting participate in a substantial amount of sexual behavior placing others at risk of new HIV infection. Physicians must address such behaviors, and programs specifically aimed at reducing such behavior should be a public health priority.
Adult↗
Social network, support and influence: relationships with drug use and protective AIDS behavior.
One reason for difficulty in long-term maintenance of behavior changes by injection drug users (IDUs) is the concomitant support or distraction from the IDUs social environment. This study explored the relationship of social factors--e.g., encouragement from friends, beliefs about social norms--with drug injection behaviors. Subjects were clients in a short-term residential detoxification program. Self-reports of drug and AIDS-protective behaviors were gathered at baseline and at least 6 months following a trial of enhanced vs. informational educational interventions. Results provide support both for the general hypothesis about the influence of peers and drug-use partners prior and subsequent to detoxification and for the greater effectiveness of the enhanced intervention on social factors. Particularly important to improved drug use behavior were decreased number of friends who inject drugs (social network), increased number of people to talk with when upset (social support), and increased argument skills about safe drug use (social influence).
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Premarital sexuality: a five-year follow-up study of attitudes and behavior by dating stage.
This paper presents the results of a survey on premarital sex conducted in 1988. The study focused on what respondents considered proper sexual behavior, what they reported they did, and what they thought others were doing at five stages of dating. Respondents were asked about cohabitation, the effect of AIDS on their premarital attitudes and behavior, and their views regarding the morality of premarital sex. When compared to the results of a similar study conducted in 1983, the data provided some evidence of change in premarital sexual attitudes and behavior. Female respondents in the 1988 sample showed lower levels of sexual intercourse at all five dating stages than did their counterparts in the 1983 study. However, males in the 1988 sample reported higher levels of sexual intercourse for the first four stages of dating than did males in the 1983 survey. In general, both males and females in the 1988 sample reported changing their attitudes and behavior regarding premarital sex in the direction of greater conservatism since hearing about AIDS. Attitudinal change was more widespread than actual behavioral change.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Outcomes of a risk-reduction intervention with high-risk populations: the Harlem AIDS project.
Many studies of interventions with high-risk populations have reported reductions in risk behaviors. To assess effectiveness of interventions, data are also needed on the characteristics of subjects lost to follow-up, and on follow-up risk behaviors for subjects who were not participants in the intervention. This paper reports on a study conducted in Harlem, New York, recruiting 1,770 injection drug users (IDUs) and sex partners of IDUs, randomly assigned to two interventions. Repeated-measures analyses for the two intervention groups and those who participated in no intervention indicated that all groups reported significant reductions in risk behaviors, with no group effect. Comparisons of those followed-up and not followed-up indicate that those followed-up were less likely to: be homeless, be Latinos, and to use "shooting galleries." The discussion focuses on the need to assess outcomes for all types of participants, and to distinguish the impact of interventions from other explanations for behavior changes.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Stage of behavior change for condom use: the influence of partner type, relationship and pregnancy factors.
A theoretical model was used to examine the influence of relationship factors, pregnancy intentions, contraceptive behavior and other psychosocial characteristics on stages of behavior change in condom use among heterosexual black women of reproductive age. Data from an inner-city street survey compared women who were not contemplating condom use, women who were attempting to use condoms or had used them consistently for short periods of time, and those who had achieved long-term consistent use. Women's relationship with their main partner appears to be an important factor in understanding their use of condoms both with main partners and with other partners. For condom use with the main partner, factors such as emotional closeness and partner support were significant predictors of the likelihood that women would be attempting to use condoms rather than not contemplating use. Cohabitation and the belief that condom use builds trust were significant predictors of long-term consistent condom use. Having a regular or main partner was strongly associated with intentions to use condoms with other partners. Women who wanted to become pregnant were much less likely to intend to use condoms with their main partner, and women using oral contraceptives were less likely to be long-term consistent condom users.
Adolescent↗
Measuring the adoption of consistent use of condoms using the stages of change model. AIDS Community Demonstration Projects.
The stages of behavior change model has been used to understand a variety of health behaviors. Since consistent condom use has been promoted as a risk-reduction behavior for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, an algorithm for staging the adoption of consistent condom use during vaginal sex was empirically developed using three considerations: HIV prevention efficacy, analogy with work on staging other health-related behaviors, and condom use data from groups at high risk for HIV infection. This algorithm suggests that the adoption of consistent condom use among persons at high risk can be meaningfully measured with the model. However, variations in the algorithm details affect both the interpretation of stages and apportionment of persons across stages.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Changes in skin protection behaviors, attitudes, and sunburn: in a population with the highest incidence of skin cancer in the world.
This study describes changes in skin protection attitudes and outdoor behaviors of adults in Queensland, Australia, using two cross-sectional telephone surveys conducted in 1988/89 (N = 1699) and 1991/92 (N = 2317). After adjustment for potential confounders, there were significant improvements in some skin protection attitudes, time spent outside, hat wearing, sunscreen use, overall skin protection (p < 0.01) and shade use (p < 0.05) between 11:00 AM and 3:00 PM on the previous Sunday. The degree of attitudinal and behavioral change varied with age, gender, region, and reported skin type. However, recent sunburn experience remained unchanged. A similar study in Victoria, Australia, observed changes in skin protection attitudes, behaviors, and recent sunburn. We speculate on possible explanations for the lack of improvement in recent sunburn experience despite the improvement in skin protection attitudes, and behaviors, and suggest that part of the explanation may be environmental differences. This has implications for generalizability of such studies outside the geographical region in which they were conducted.
Adolescent↗
Perinatal methanol exposure in the rat. II. Behavioral effects in neonates and adults.
The use of methanol as a component of automobile fuel will increase perinatal exposures in the general population. Few studies have addressed questions concerning neurotoxicity stemming from such exposures. In the current study, four cohorts of pregnant Long-Evans rats, each cohort consisting of an exposure and a control group, were exposed to 4500 ppm methanol vapor in Rochester-type inhalation chambers for 6 hr daily beginning on Gestation Day 6. Exposure continued for both dams and pups through Postnatal Day 21 (PND 21) to model gestational and neonatal toxicity in humans. Several behavioral procedures were used to assess exposure effects in the offspring. Male-female littermates were studied whenever possible to examine sex differences, with one pair from a litter for each procedure. Exposure to methanol did not affect suckling latency and nipple attachment on PND 5 or performance on an aversive olfactory conditioning procedure on PND 10. Exposure to methanol did alter performances in a motor activity procedure. Methanol-exposed neonates were less active on PND 18, but more active on PND 25 than the equivalent control group pups. Two operant conditioning procedures, not used previously in this context, assayed other littermates as adults. A fixed ratio schedule required the rat to rotate a running wheel a specified number of revolutions to obtain food-pellet reinforcers. When the fixed ratio requirement changed, number of responses (revolutions) per 1-hr session displayed a complex interaction with treatment. Changes in performance over the course of training differed between males and females depending on exposure to methanol. Compared to initial baseline performances, methanol-exposed males showed decreases, and methanol-exposed females increases, in the rate of running. A stochastic spatial discrimination procedure permitted subjects to respond on any three levers, with the probabilities of food-pellet delivery determined by the location of the preceding response. A reinforcement matrix defined the response sequence required to maximize reinforcements. When the matrix was changed, the methanol-exposed subjects responded less efficiently at asymptotic levels of performance than controls. Across procedures, developmental exposure to 4500 ppm methanol vapor was associated with subtle behavioral changes in both neonates and adults.
Administration, Inhalation↗
Effectiveness of a violence prevention curriculum among children in elementary school. A randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if a commonly used violence prevention curriculum, Second Step: A Violence Prevention Curriculum, leads to a reduction in aggressive behavior and an increase in prosocial behavior among elementary school students. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Urban and suburban elementary schools in the state of Washington. PARTICIPANTS: Six matched pairs of schools with 790 second-grade and third-grade students. The students were 53% male and 79% white. INTERVENTION: The curriculum uses 30 specific lessons to teach social skills related to anger management, impulse control, and empathy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Aggressive and prosocial behavior changes were measured 2 weeks and 6 months after participation in the curriculum by parent and teacher reports (Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form, the School Social Behavior Scale, and the Parent-Child Rating Scale) and by observation of a random subsample of 588 students in the classroom and playground/cafeteria settings. RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, race, academic performance, household size, and class size, change scores did not differ significantly between the intervention and control schools for any of the parent-reported or teacher-reported behavior scales. However, the behavior observations did reveal an overall decrease 2 weeks after the curriculum in physical aggression (P=.03) and an increase in neutral/prosocial behavior (P=.04) in the intervention group compared with the control group. Most effects persisted 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS: The Second Step violence prevention curriculum appears to lead to a moderate observed decrease in physically aggressive behavior and an increase in neutral and prosocial behavior in school.
Aggression↗