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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality traits and hyperactive behavior].

The hyperactive child has traditionally been considered impulsive rather out of self-control, anxious, problematic as regards his/her interpersonal relationships, and highlystrung. In this paper, we aim to prove the existence of these traits by analyzing them from a psychometric perspective, and starting from Cattell's theory of traits. We have worked with a sample of 130 hyperactive children and 79 control individuals, aged six to ten, who were diagnosed according to DSM III criteria. We have used the CPQ and ESPQ tests. The data were submitted to a contrast of differences. The results agree with the hypothesis proposed.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Efficiency of multimodal smoking cessation therapy combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy.

Effects of smoking cessation treatment combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy were investigated in three studies. A total of 535 smokers underwent 9 weeks of behavioral self-control treatment. For 7 weeks, groups with transdermal nicotine substitution received in addition nicotine patches that continuously released nicotine through the skin into the circulatory system. The effects of treatment were measured by daily cigarette consumption. Subjects additionally treated with transdermal nicotine substitution reached significantly higher abstinence rates by the end of treatment and during the follow-up period than control subjects. The results thus indicate enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of transdermal nicotine substitution.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1989

Does an insulin pen improve the metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus if added to conventional treatment?

This study concerns the metabolic control of 19 type 1 diabetic patients during 3 consecutive periods of 4 months. All patients were well trained in self-control and self-regulation. During the first period, the previous treatment regimen consisting of diet and injections once or twice daily of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulin was intensified. During the 2nd period, an insulin pen, filled with short-acting insulin, was added to the treatment. The patients were advised to use this pen every time the blood glucose concentration exceeded 10 mmol/l or when this was expected; extra attention was paid to the lunch time and afternoon snacks. During the 3rd period, the use of the insulin pen was stopped but, just as in the 1st period, adjustments with short-acting insulin using normal syringes were allowed. The total daily dose of insulin remained unchanged throughout the entire study. The relative proportion of short-acting insulin increased from 25 to 34%, a quarter of which was injected by the insulin pen during period 2. The HbA1 % decreased steadily from 12.8 +/- 2.0 to 10.6 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.001) during the first 2 periods and remained unchanged thereafter. The blood glucose concentration measured 7 times during the day twice monthly showed the greatest fall during the 1st period with only a minor extra fall during the 2nd period, and no further statistical drop during the last period. None of the patients had any problems using the insulin pen and 15 of 19 patients resumed its use after the end of the study. It is concluded that the improvement of glycaemic control was due to the intensified attention and not to the use of the insulin pen per se.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Prevention of diabetes mellitus].

Problems dealing with the current status of diabetes prevention are discussed. Data on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the main types of diabetes is presented which is based on the original research and international experience in the primary and secondary prophylaxis of this disease. The necessity of an integrated approach to the prophylaxis of diabetes and other chronic non-infectious diseases is emphasized stemming from the concept of common risk factors. The efficacy of programmes on the diet correction in the primary prophylaxis, populational health study, use of automated systems for the determination of risk groups and primary prophylaxis in them, and the system of diabetics' self-control are analysed.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping behavior in women with miscarriage or spontaneous abortion and recurrent spontaneous abortion].

In a pilot study about medical, psychological and psychosocial factors in spontaneous and recurrent spontaneous abortions, coping strategies of 83 women were investigated and compared with a control group (n = 69). Two further subgroups were selected (31 women with recurrent spontaneous abortions and 30 without pregnancy complications). A modified form of a stress-investigation-scale (SVF from Janke et al.) was used. The results indicated that women with spontaneous abortions had increased depressive and lowered positive and cognitive coping modes. According to the hypothesis most psychological disturbances and depressive coping strategies were found in recurrent spontaneous abortions. In pregnancy depressive withdrawal, need of social support and information seeking was further increased, but emotional self-control lowered. A connection between psychological disturbances and negative coping strategies was shown. After pregnancy loss psychological support and building up positive and efficient coping strategies are therefore indicated.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1989

[Therapeutic problems of patients with diabetes mellitus after total pancreatectomy].

Followed were 11 patients after total pancreatectomy (for carcinoma--6 patients, for sequelae of the chronic pancreatitis--5 patients), aged 52-62 years. The follow-up period ranged 5 months up to 4 years. All pacreatomized patients had diabetes needing insulin administration, although the need for insulin decreased with time down to 16-40 units/24 hours after one year. The diabetes was rather brittle with high incidence of hypoglycaemia. In 7 patients keeping exact records the incidence of hypoglycaemic events was 16-24 within the first month, 9-16 in the third month following pancreatectomy. In two patients death was due to the severe hypoglycaemia developing in the later postoperative period. The observations call for a necessary "intensive metabolic care" of every patient, totally pancreatomised. This intensive metabolic care must include not only careful instructing the patients but also his or her family how to behave in a totally different metabolic condition of the patient. Self-control, including blood sugar estimation several times a day gets special importance.

Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring↗
PubMed1989

[Personal experience in the therapy of diabetes mellitus].

Our aim was to investigate and establish the methods and therapeutic procedures as well as their efficiency and success in the diabetic patients in the community of Tuzla and region of north-east Bosnia. We found that 61,32% percent of our patients were treated with oral antidiabetic medicines; 23,68% percent by the special diet and only 14,16% percent of diabetics were treated by insulin. The treatment was successful in 73,65% percent of our patients and without any effect in 26,35% percent. We found different causes of unsuccessful treatment and some of them are: the low cultural and educational level of the inhabitants, inadequate dietal nutrition, unregular and insufficient control and self-control of the patients and also inadequate treatment: 1. refusal of insulin therapy and 2. insufficient usage of antidiabetic medicines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of different dosages of a transdermal nicotine substitution system on the success rate of smoking cessation therapy.

The effectiveness of different nicotine dosages on abstinence rates was investigated in a smoking cessation study. One hundred smokers underwent nine weeks of self-controlled treatment based on behavioral principles. The overall group was divided into two subgroups randomized according to sex, cigarette consumption and age. The first group (n = 51) was given a nicotine dose adapted to daily cigarette consumption. The second group (n = 49) was given a standardized dose. There was, unexpectedly, no difference between the two groups in respect to short-term abstinence rates. These results suggest that standardized dosage is preferred to individually adapted dosage.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1978

[Gingival bleeding].

Gingival bleeding is not of decisive importance in diagnosticating periodontal diseases, since various endogenous causative factors and exogenous conditions may enhance its occurrence. In the absence of periodontal disease, gingival bleeding might be a symptom of a systemic disease. Because gingival bleeding is in most cases the first sign of an affection of the tooth-supporting structures that the patient observes, it should be, for all the difficulties its substantivation, be considered in history taking and for self-control.

Gingival Hemorrhage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biofeedback and the behavioral treatment of disorders of disregulation.

This paper reviews biofeedback research from the perspective of cybernetic/feedback theory and applies the theory to the behavioral treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The concept of disregulation is used to elucidate how environmental factors can modulate the central nervous system and effect homeostatic, self-regulatory control of peripheral organs. When feedback from peripheral organs is disrupted, it is hypothesized that disregulation occurs, leading to physiological instability and functional disease. Within this framework, biofeedback provides a new feedback loop that can help individuals regain physiological self-control. Basic research using biofeedback to enhance self-regulation of cardiovascular responses is reviewed. The use of biofeedback in the behavioral treatment of disorders such as tension and migraine headache, hypertension, and epilepsy are selectively reviewed and critically evaluated. The need to consider feedback mechanisms in behavioral and biomedical approaches to treatment is highlighted. Predictions regarding the potential inadvertent perpetuation of disregulation and disease through inappropriate biomedical intervention is also considered.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1979

Reinterpretative cognitive strategies in chronic pain management.

This preliminary study was conducted to test the effectiveness of cognitive treatment of clinical pain. Chronic pain patients were trained in a self-control cognitive strategy procedure. Specifically, they were provided with a conceptualization of their pain, instructed in an awareness of their thoughts prior to and during their experience of pain, and trained in the use of several cognitive strategies to replace these thoughts and relabel their pain experience. Training was provided in a group setting to further consolidate the use of the instructions by enabling patients to roleplay the instructions to one another. Patients were also encouraged to verbally reinforce themselves each time they used the procedure. The experience of pain was measured by the McGill pain questionnaire, a behavioral checklist and staff reports. Results suggest that cognitive strategies can effectively alter the experience of clinical pain. Moreover, pain as a cognitive label for a nonspecific state of arousal is suggested.

Cognition↗
PubMed1979

[Self control developing function of self verbalization in children in experimental situations].

80 children received 5 different instructions which the children were supposed to repeat when exposed to classical tempting situations. As one result it could be shown that children of the middle class under the treatment conditions of verbalizing positive consequences were significantly better concerning the time of latency than those of other groups. In contrast to the expectations there were no differences according to factors like class, intelligence and latency. Results are discussed in terms of the development of self-control, relations between verbal and nonverbal behavior, cognitive behavior modification, and in the relation to a similar experiment by Hartig and Kanfer (1973).

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

An eclectic approach to parent group education.

Many factors contribute to a need for parent education today. Parent education has changed over the past centuries as a result of our changing values, our increasing knowledge base, and changes in family structure. The parent education group attempts to meet the parents' need to validate their concerns and offer them process and skills that promote mental health in children. Two popular models of parent education, the reflective model and the behavioral model, stem from two schools of psychologic thought-the phenomenologic school and the behavioral school. Because of the weaknesses and strengths of each model, an eclectic model of parent education is proposed which facilitates an authoritative patern of parenting correlated with self-reliant, explorative, and self-controlled children. This eclectic model of parent education is perceived as being within the role description of the generalist nurse who has access to back-up specialists in the health care system. Many opportunities exist for the nurse to offer this type of health education.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Behavior rating inventory for moderately, severely, and profoundly retarded persons.

The reliability and validity of the behavior of a sample of institutionalized mentally retarded children, with total IQs between 2 and 53, were assessed by a new scale measuring the following areas; communication, self-help, physical skills, self-control, and social behavior. Clinically and statistically acceptable levels of interrater agreement were found. With respect to validity: (a) several factors loaded very highly on items consistent with the a priori labeling of subscales; (b) two of the factors (cognitive and psychomotor development) could account for about 75% of the explained variance in ward placement levels (multiple R = .86); and (c) individual items on the Behavior Rating Inventory for the Retarded correlated highly with independently derived measures of the actual behavior these items represented. The major advantages of this scale over existing ones include its clearly demonstrated validity and relative ease of administration and scoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Autogenic training in psychophysiological preparation for parachute jumps].

The efficiency of specific psychophysiological preparation--autogenic training--to parachute jumps was measured in two groups of cadets (test subjects and controls). Hetero- and autogenic training was carried out according to a scheme specially developed for this type of activity. The study of questionnaires and physiological data demonstrated that the specific psychophysiological preparation by means of autogenic training for a certain type of activity helped to develop active self-control over one's own state and emotions, alleviated tension, arrested adverse neurotic manifestations (sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety), contributed to the feeling of confidence in the successful completion of the jump and promoted positive tuning towards subsequent jumps.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1978

Diver adaptability during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA.

The major objective of this study was to demonstrate the advantages of transforming raw scores to ipsative form (deviation scores calculated around each subject's mean), particularly in diver research characteristically involving small subject samples in a self-control design. Measures of reaction time, response accuracy, anxiety, hostility, and depression were obtained from three U.S. Navy divers (Ss) during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA (bottom time 7 days). It was argued and to some extent demonstrated that normative (interindividual) statistics obscure individual differences which are clearly delineated with the scores in ipsative form. Further, this score transformation allowed for meaningful between-Ss (same measure) and between-measures (same S) comparisons. These relationships could not be demonstrated with the scores in normative form. Application of P-technique of factor analysis within each S's arrays of data suggested that the characteristic adaptive patterns of two Ss in this study reacted to the pressure-stress by directing affect inward; for the third S, affect was directed outward. However, none of the 20 scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory clearly discriminated among the three adaptive types.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oedipal grief: mourning or melancholia?

A discussion of "Oedipal Grief" by Robert May, Ph.D. A clinical syndrome seen in late adolescent men, oedipal grief refers to a depressive state sustained by a vengeful conscience and a pattern of self-punitive acting out. The psychopathology of this syndrome is clarified and differentiated sharply from the normal developmental process of grieving the loss of an idealized oedipal father. As a form of developmental melancholia, the repressed ambivalence and weakening of the ego in this syndrome is highlighted. May's reconceptualization of the structural-instinctual model of the superego and ego ideal is then critically reviewed; his tendency to reduce oedipal to preoedipal developmental phenomena is noted. A more developmentally differentiated theoretical model is suggested in terms of the incomplete internalization of the functions of self-control and self-esteem in the type of adolescent personality organization which underlies, and is perpetuated by, the psychopathology in the oedipal grief syndrome. The main task of brief psychotherapy is thus to promote the ego's capacity to tolerate increased inner conflict so that a developmental shift toward greater internalization can take place. The skillful treatment conducted by May is reinterpreted in these terms; and the therapeutic facilitation of adolescent grieving is placed in the context of structural-developmental change.

Child Development↗
PubMed1978

[The "ideal" pacemaker (author's transl)].

The therapeutic role of chronic cardiac pacing in cardiology has significantly altered for two fundamental reasons: a) on the one hand, there has been a widespread increase in the indications for cardiac stimulation, and consequently, today, approximately 50% of the patients with pacing do not suffer from advanced atrioventricular (A-V) block or syncopal attacks, but are frequently suffering from other pathological conditions: episodes of paroxysmal arrhythmia, atrial disease, depression of the habitual pacemaker by drugs or in the course of cardiomyopathy; b) on the other hand, through technological progress the life of the generator has been lengthened (lithium, plutonium), more variable frequencies within relatively high limits are available, electrodes, wiring, circuits etc. have improved. This extended use of the pacemaker, however, creates in itself a series of problems: it is now possible to envisage the characteristics of the "ideal" pacemaker, in other words, a stimulation unit endowed with resistance, modulation, self-control, innocuosness.

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial↗