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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Genetic control of the mitochondrial form of superoxide dismutase in hexaploid wheat.

Extracts of mature grains of a large number of aneuploid derivatives of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and of the members of five wheat-alien chromosome addition series were subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels in order to study the genetic control of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Evidence was obtained that homologous structural genes for the mitochondrial form of SOD are located in the long arms of the homologous group 2 chromosomes of Chinese Spring and in chromosome 2R of Secale cereale cv. Imperial. The SOD gene loci located in chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, and 2R were designated Sod-A1, Sod-B1, Sod-D1, and Sod-R1, respectively. Chromosome-arm pairing data indicate that 2DL is not homologous to either 2AS or 2BL. The results of this study suggest, however, that 2BL is partially homologous to both 2AL and 2DL.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1987

Characterization and genetic control of the prolamins of Haynaldia villosa: relationship to cultivated species of the Triticeae (rye, wheat, and barley).

Haynaldia villosa is a wild grass of the tribe Triticeae, other members of which include the cultivated cereals barley, rye, and wheat. We have made an electrophoretic and chemical characterization of the major seed storage proteins (prolamins) of H. villosa and determined the chromosomal locations of the structural genes for some components using the available wheat/H. villosa chromosome addition lines. As in wheat, barley, and rye, groups of high molecular weight (polymeric), sulfur-poor (monomeric), and sulfur-rich (monomeric gamma-type and polymeric) prolamins can be recognized. Most of the components are encoded by genes on chromosome 1 Ha, which is homologous with the chromosomes controlling many of the prolamins in wheat and rye and all of those in barley. In addition, H. villosa also contains alpha-type sulfur-rich prolamins, previously detected only in wheat and its close relatives. These may be encoded by genes on chromosome 6Ha, which is homologous with the group 6 chromosomes that control the alpha-type gliadins of wheat. Despite the proposed close relationship between Haynaldia and ryes, no evidence was found for the presence of proteins closely related to the Mr 75,000 gamma-secalins which are characteristic of wild and cultivated species of Secale.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1988

Genetic analysis of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase.

Starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to investigate the genetic control of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase-1 (SKDH-1). Studies of wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines established that Skdh-1 of Hordeum vulgare cv. Betzes is located in chromosome 5H, Skdh-V1 of Dasypyrum villosum in 5V, Skdh-R1 of Secale cereale cvs. Dakold and King II in 5R, and Skdh-S1(1) of Triticum longissimum in 5S1S. Also, the chromosomal locations of the genes that encode SKDH-1 in T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring, T. umbellulatum, and S. cereale cv. Imperial, determined earlier using zone electrophoresis, were reconfirmed using IEF. Zone electrophoresis and IEF do not differ markedly in their ability to detect the expression of alien Skdh-1 genes in wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines. However, IEF may be superior to zone electrophoresis as a technique for detecting and analyzing SKDH-1 genetic variants within Triticeae species; among the species studied, IEF generally resolved two or more isozymes per Skdh-1 allele present, while zone electrophoresis resolved only one.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1993

Pollen grains bind to lung alveolar type II cells (A549) via lung surfactant protein A (SP-A).

Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) is the most abundant surfactant-associated protein present in the lung. A receptor for SP-A has been shown to be present on A549 alveolar type II cells and on other cell types, including alveolar macrophage. The SP-A receptor on A549 cells has been identified as the collection receptor, or C1q receptor, which binds several structurally-related ligands. SP-A contains C-type lectin domains, but the role of carbohydrate binding by SP-A in physiological and pathological phenomena is not yet established. In this paper we report the binding of SP-A to pollen from Populus nigra italica (Lombardy Poplar), Poa pratensis (Kentucky blue grass), Secale cerale (cultivated rye) and Ambrosia elatior (short ragweed). Saturable and concentration dependent binding of SP-A to pollen grains was observed. Interaction of SP-A with pollen grains takes place through water-extractable components, in which the major species present, in Lombardy polar pollen, are 57 kD and 7 kD (glyco)proteins. The binding of SP-A to pollen grains and their aqueous extracts was calcium ion dependent and was inhibited by mannose, and is therefore mediated by the lectin domain. Binding of SP-A to pollen grains was found to mediate adhesion of pollen grains to A549 cells. The results suggest that pollen grains or other carbohydrate-bearing particles (e.g. microorganisms) could potentially interact with different cell types via the collection receptor (C1q Receptor) in the presence of SP-A.

Calcium↗
PubMed1991

Oxytocics for the prevention of post-partum haemorrhages. A review.

Secale alkaloids, oxytocin and prostaglandins are used to prevent post-partum haemorrhage (post-partum haemorrhage defined as blood loss greater than or equal to 500 ml). Any oxytocic drug administered in the third stage of labour reduces the blood loss with approximately 40% and hence the incidence of post-partum haemorrhage from 10 to 6%. Therefore, routine active management of the third stage with an oxytocic drug is strongly advocated. Because of the fewest side-effects oxytocin is regarded as the best drug available at this moment.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Production of a new wheat line possessing the 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation derived from Korean rye cultivar Paldanghomil.

The 1BL.1RS translocations between wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs, but all modern wheat cultivars with the 1BL.1RS have shown genetic vulnerability due to one rye source - a German cultivar, Petkus. We have developed, a new 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation line from the backcross of the F(1) hybrid of wheat cv. Olmil and rye cv. Paldanghomil, both cultivars from Korea. The GISH technique was applied to identify the presence of rye chromatin in 467 BC(1)F(6) lines selected from 77 BC(1)F(5) lines. Only one line, Yw62-11, showed wheat-rye translocated chromosomes, with a somatic chromosome number of 2n=42. C-banding patterns revealed that the translocated chromosome was 1BL.1RS, showing prominent bands in the terminal and sub-terminal regions of the short arm as well as in the centromeric region and terminal region of the long arm. This new 1BL.1RS translocation line formed 21 bivalents like common wheat at meiotic metaphase I, thereby showing complete homology.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Molecular mapping, phenotypic expression and geographical distribution of genes determining anthocyanin pigmentation of coleoptiles in wheat ( Triticum aestivumL.).

Three major gene loci determining the anthocyanin pigmentation of coleoptiles were mapped on the short arms of chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D, respectively. All three genes map about 15 to 20 cM distal from the centromere and, therefore, it may be concluded that they are members of a homoeologous series and should be designated Rc-A1, Rc-B1 and Rc-D1, respectively. Further homoeologous loci exist in Triticum durum, Triticum tauschii, and most probably in Secale cereale and Hordeum vulgare. By analyzing a syntheticxcultivated wheat cross (ITMI mapping population) under different environmental conditions it was shown that the expression of the genes determining anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptiles varies. One additional locus was detected on chromosome 4BL. Beside the mapping data, results of a screening for red coleoptile color genes in 468 mainly European wheat varieties are presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

PCR detection of Hordeum bulbosum introgressions in an H. vulgare background using a retrotransposon-like sequence.

Retrotransposon-like sequences are ideal tools for initial screening assays to distinguish between closely related species because of their ubiquitous presence, high copy number, chromosome coverage and rapid sequence evolution. A retrotransposon-like sequence, pSc119.1, cloned from Secale cereale (rye) has been used to obtain PCR primers that are capable of detecting small introgressions of Hordeum bulbosum (bulbous barley grass) chromatin in a Hordeum vulgare (cultivated barley) background. Combining this PCR-based assay with a crude but effective high-throughput DNA extraction has enabled the rapid identification of plants possessing H. bulbosumintrogressions from large numbers of progeny from H. vulgarex H. bulbosumcrosses. These plants are then further characterized by more-refined cytological, molecular and pathological techniques to locate and map the introgressed chromatin and to evaluate their disease resistance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat-rye translocation lines.

The short arm of rye ( Secale cereale) chromosome 1 has been widely used in breeding programs to incorporate new disease resistance genes into wheat. Using wheat-rye translocation and recombinant lines, molecular markers were isolated and mapped within chromosomal regions of 1RS carrying rust resistance genes Lr26, Sr31, Yr9 from 'Petkus' and SrR from 'Imperial' rye. RFLP markers previously mapped to chromosome 1HS of barley - flanking the complex Mla powdery mildew resistance gene locus - and chromosome 1DS of Aegilops tauschii - flanking the Sr33 stem rust resistance gene - were shown to map on either side of rust resistance genes on 1RS. Three non cross-hybridising Resistance Gene Analog markers, one of them being derived from the Mla gene family, were mapped within same region of 1RS. PCR-based markers were developed which were tightly linked to the rust resistance genes in 'Imperial' and 'Petkus' rye and which have potential for use in marker-assisted breeding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

RFLP mapping of a Hordeum bulbosum gene highly expressed in pistils and its relationship to homoeologous loci in other Gramineae species.

A cDNA sequence (Hbc8-2) isolated from pistils of the self-incompatible species Hordeum bulbosum was analysed for expression pattern and genetic map location. Hbc8-2 was expressed just prior to anthesis in mature pistils, and expression was maintained at a high level throughout anthesis. The same expression pattern was found in self-incompatible rye ( Secale cereale), but no expression was detected in the self-compatible cereals wheat ( Triticum aestivum) or barley ( Hordeum vulgare) at comparable stages of development. However, three wheat expressed sequence tags from a pre-anthesis library had high homology to Hbc8-2. Southern blot analyses using Hbc8-2 as a probe detected hybridising bands in the genomes of various Gramineae species including rye, barley, bread wheat, wild wheat relatives ( Aegilops tauschii and Ae. speltoides), oats ( Avena fatua and A. strigosa), rice ( Oryza sativa) and maize ( Zea mays). This suggests that Hbc8-2-like sequences are present in many species but that high levels of expression may be associated with self-incompatibility. Hbc8-2 was mapped on the long arms of chromosome 2H(b) of H. bulbosum, 2R of rye, and 2B and 2D of wheat and was assigned to chromosome 2H of barley using wheat/barley addition lines. On a H. bulbosum genetic map, Xhbc8-2 was located between Xbcd266 and Xpsr87, while in rye and wheat it was located in a 13.2-cM interval between Xpsr331 and Xpsr932, consistent with previous comparative mapping studies of these species. Mapping in rye suggested that Hbc8-2 is probably proximal to the Z self-incompatibility locus which was previously shown to be tightly linked to Xbcd266.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Genetics of growth habit (spring vs winter) in common wheat: confirmation of the existence of dominant gene Vrn4.

The number of dominant Vrn genes in common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is estimated. Data were obtained supporting Pugsley's and Gotoh's data on the presence of a dominant gene Vrn4 in near-isogenic line 'Triple Dirk F'. The presence of a dominant gene Vrn4 in line 'Gabo-2' of cultivar 'Gabo', which was used by Pugsley as a donor of the gene Vrn4 for the near-isogenic line 'Triple Dirk F', was also confirmed. The Vrn2 and Vrn4 relationship and their chromosomal location are discussed. It was demonstrated that the dominant Vrn8 gene which was introgressed from Triticum sphaerococcum to common wheat by Stelmakh and Avsenin is allelic to Vrn4. While genes Vrn6(sc) and Vrn7(sc) which were introgressed from rye, Secale cereale L., by the above-mentioned authors are not allelic to the genes Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3 and Vrn4.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

High transferability of bread wheat EST-derived SSRs to other cereals.

The increasing availability of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and related cereals provides a valuable resource of non-anonymous DNA molecular markers. In this study, 300 primer pairs were designed from 265 wheat ESTs that contain microsatellites in order to develop new markers for wheat. Their level of transferability in eight related species [Triticum durum, T. monococcum, Aegilops speltoides, Ae. tauschii, rye (Secale cereale), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Agropyron elongatum and rice (Oryza sativa)] was assessed. In total, 240 primer pairs (80%) gave an amplification product on wheat, and 177 were assigned to wheat chromosomes using aneuploid lines. Transferability to closely related Triticeae species ranged from 76.7% for Ae. tauschii to 90.4% for T. durum and was lower for more distant relatives such as barley (50.4%) or rice (28.3%). No clear putative function could be assigned to the genes from which the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were developed, even though most of them were located inside ORFs. BLAST: analysis of the EST sequences against the 12 rice pseudo-molecules showed that the EST-SSRs are mainly located in the telomeric regions and that the wheat ESTs have the highest similarity to genes on rice chromosomes 2, 3 and 5. Interestingly, most of the SSRs giving an amplification product on barley or rice had a repeated motif similar to the one found in wheat, suggesting a common ancestral origin. Our results indicate that wheat EST-SSRs show a high level of transferability across distantly related species, thereby providing additional markers for comparative mapping and for following gene introgressions from wild species and carrying out evolutionary studies.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2002

Is the Mnr locus of Triticeae species the same as the Ndh and Dia loci?

The menadione reductase (MNR), the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NDH) and diaphorase (DIA) isozymes were studied in the allohexaploid Triticum aestivum cv "Chinese Spring" and in five diploid Triticeae species. The Mnr1, Ndh3and Dia1 loci were located on the chromosome arms 3AL, 3BL and 3DL of T. aestivum, respectively. These loci were also located on the 3H chromosome of Hordeum vulgare cv "Betzes", the 3L chromosome of Aegilops longissima and the 6RL chromosome arm of Secale cereale cv "Imperial". The chromosomal location results together with the segregation studies support a tetrameric behaviour of the MNR1, NDH3 and DIA1 isozymes. The Ndh1 and Dia3 loci were located on homoeologous group 4 showing a monomeric behaviour. The chromosomal locations and linkage data of the Mnr, Ndh and Dia loci suggest that Mnr1=Ndh3=Dia1; Ndh1=Dia3 and Ndh2=Dia2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The permeation of ammonium through a voltage-independent K+ channel in the plasma membrane of rye roots.

Nitrogen is available to the plant in the form of NH+4 in the soil solution. Here it is shown that a voltage-independent K+ channel in the plasma membrane of rye (Secale cereale L.) roots is permeable to NH+4. The channel was studied following its incorporation into planar 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine bilayers. The unitary conductance of the channel was greater when assayed in the presence of 100 mM NH4Cl than 100 mM KCl. However, the probability of finding the channel open (Po) was lower in the presence of 100 mm NH4Cl (Po = 0.63) than in 100 mM KCl (Po = 0.8), suggesting that Po can be regulated by the (permeant) ions present in solution. When assayed in equimolar concentrations of NH4Cl (cis) and KCl (trans), the zero-current (reversal) potential for the channel (Erev) exhibited a complex concentration dependence. At low cation concentrations, the apparent permeability of NH+4 relative to K+ (PNH4/PK) was greater than 1.0. However, as the cation concentration was increased, PNH4/PK initially decreased to a minimum of 0.95 at 3 mM before increasing again to a maximum of 1.89 at 300 mM. At cation concentrations above 300 mM, PNH4/PK decreased slightly. This implies that the pore of the channel can be occupied by more than one cation simultaneously. Ammonium permeation through the pore was simulated using a model which is composed of three energy barriers and two energy wells (the ion-binding sites). The model (3B2S) allowed for single-file permeation, double cation occupancy, ion-ion repulsion within the pore and surface potential effects. Results indicated that energy peaks and energy wells were situated asymmetrically within the electrical distance of the pore, that cations repel each other within the pore and that the vestibules to the pore contain negligible surface charge. The energy profile obtained for NH+4 is compared with ones obtained for K+ and Na+. This information allows the fluxes through the K+ channel of the three major monovalent cations present in the soil solution to be predicted.

Cell Membrane Permeability↗
PubMed2000

Variation of Microbial Rhizosphere Communities in Response to Crop Species, Soil Origin, and Inoculation with Sinorhizobium meliloti L33.

A greenhouse study with soil-plant microcosms was conducted in order to compare the effect of crop species, soil origin, and a bacterial inoculant on the establishment of microbial communities colonizing plant roots. Two crop species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and rye (Secale cereale), were grown separately in two soils collected from agricultural fields at different locations and with differing histories of leguminous crop rotation. A subset of microcosms was inoculated at 10(6) cfu g(-1) soil with the luciferase marker gene-tagged Sinorhizobium meliloti strain L33, a symbiotic partner of M. sativa. Microbial consortia were collected from the rhizospheres of alfalfa after 10 weeks of incubation and from rye after 11 weeks. S. meliloti L33 populations were one to two orders of magnitude higher in the rhizospheres of alfalfa than of rye. In soil with previous alfalfa cultivation, 80% of the alfalfa nodules were colonized by indigenous bacteria, while in the other soil alfalfa was colonized almost exclusively (>90%) with S. meliloti L33. Three community-level targeting approaches were used to characterize the variation of the extracted microbial rhizosphere consortia: (1) Community level physiological profiles (CLPP), (2) fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), and (3) diversity of PCR amplified 16S rRNA target sequences from directly extracted ribosomes, determined by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). All approaches identified the crop species as the major determinant of microbial community characteristics. Consistently, the influence of soil was of minor importance, while a modification of the alfalfa-associated microbial community structure after inoculation with S. meliloti L33 was only consistently observed by using TGGE.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Weed control and cover crop management affect mycorrhizal colonization of grapevine roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore populations in a California vineyard.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi naturally colonize grapevines in California vineyards. Weed control and cover cropping may affect AM fungi directly, through destruction of extraradical hyphae by soil disruption, or indirectly, through effects on populations of mycorrhizal weeds and cover crops. We examined the effects of weed control (cultivation, post-emergence herbicides, pre-emergence herbicides) and cover crops (Secale cereale cv. Merced rye, x Triticosecale cv.Trios 102) on AM fungi in a Central Coast vineyard. Seasonal changes in grapevine mycorrhizal colonization differed among weed control treatments, but did not correspond with seasonal changes in total weed frequency. Differences in grapevine colonization among weed control treatments may be due to differences in mycorrhizal status and/or AM fungal species composition among dominant weed species. Cover crops had no effect on grapevine mycorrhizal colonization, despite higher spring spore populations in cover cropped middles compared to bare middles. Cover crops were mycorrhizal and shared four AM fungal species (Glomus aggregatum, G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, G. scintillans) in common with grapevines. Lack of contact between grapevine roots and cover crop roots may have prevented grapevines from accessing higher spore populations in the middles.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of EST-derived microsatellites in the wheat genome and development of eSSR markers.

EST-derived microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (eSSR) occur in expressed sequence tags (EST). Here we report characteristics of eSSRs in the wheat genome, construction of consensus chromosome bin maps of SSR-containing ESTs ((SSR)ESTs), and development of eSSR markers for the 21 wheat chromosomes. A Perl script known as MISA was used to identify eSSRs in wheat ESTs available in the database http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/cgi-bin/ace/search/wEST ). Among 492,832 ESTs from the database, 36,520 (7.41%) contained 43,598 eSSRs. This is equivalent to 1 eSSR per 5.46 kb EST sequence. About 60% of the eSSRs were trinucleotides, 19.7% were mononucleotide, 16.7% were dinucleotides, and the remaining approximately 3% consisted of tetra-, penta-, and hexanucleotides. Among the identified eSSRs, (CCG/CGG)n is the most frequent (20.5%) followed by (A/T)n at 13.6%, (AAC/GTT)n at 11.7%, and (AG/CT)n at 8.7%. Among ESTs previously mapped to wheat chromosome bins, a total of 1,010 eSSR loci were derived from 341 (SSR)ESTs. Consensus chromosome bin maps showing the chromosome locations of (SSR)ESTs, SSR sequence motif, and cDNA library were constructed. A chi(2) test indicated that the distribution pattern of eSSR loci was generally similar to that of the original mapped ESTs in the wheat genome. Forty-eight (SSR)ESTs were converted into PCR-based eSSR markers, and 266 eSSR loci were mapped to specific chromosome arms using wheat cytogenetic stocks. The average polymorphism information content (0.45+/-0.16) of eSSR markers was lower than that reported for genomic SSRs (0.54+/-0.19), but higher than RFLPs (0.30+/-0.27). The eSSR markers were transferable among related Triticeae species, Triticum aestivum, T. durum, T. dicoccoides, Hordeum spontaneum, H. vulgare, and Secale cereale. The results confirm the presence of SSRs in expressed genes of wheat and demonstrate another application of ESTs in genomics research. eSSRs will be useful for gene tagging, gene cloning, and comparative genomics studies of cereal crops.

Chromosome Mapping↗