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PubMed1994

Visual-haptic relations in a two-dimensional size-matching task.

Visual and haptic perceptions of the two-dimensional size of square stimuli were compared using cross-modal, intramodal, and bimodal matching tasks. In a repeated-measures factorial design, 12 women participated in five matching tasks involving various combinations of vision and haptic touch; five sizes of standard squares were matched with a comparison range of 10 squares during each task. Analysis showed that, for stimuli with side lengths of .75 in. and smaller, matching accuracy was superior when vision was used during the matching task regardless of the modality used during inspection. When haptic touch was used in the matching task, accuracy was better when vision had been used during inspection than when it had not. These results were consistent with those of previous studies comparing size perception by vision and other forms of touch. The over-all relationship between matched size and inspected size was best accounted for by a third-order polynomial function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Size constancy at birth: newborn infants' responses to retinal and real size.

Two experiments are described whose aim was to investigate whether perception of size at birth is determined solely by proximal (retinal) stimulation, or whether newborn babies have the ability to perceive an object's real size across changes in distance. In Experiment 1, preferential looking between pairs of stimuli which varied in real size and viewing distance was found to be solely determined by retinal size, suggesting that changes to proximal stimulation can have profound effects on newborns' looking behavior. However, in Experiment 2 newborns were desensitized to changes in distance (and retinal size) during familiarization trials, and subsequently strongly preferred a different sized object to the familiar one, suggesting that the real size had been perceived as constant across the familiarization trials. These results confirm Granrud's (1987) findings that size constancy is present at birth.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Body perception index: benefits, pitfalls, ideas.

Estimates of body size are often expressed as a ratio of actual size [body perception index or BPI = (estimated size/actual size) x 100%]. In this article, we examine the possibility that overestimation of body size in patients with anorexia nervosa, as measured by the BPI, is due to their smaller body size rather than to their being anorexic. Using 50 mean body sizes derived from seven studies we investigated whether the error of estimation is a constant proportion of the body size to be estimated, as the use of the BPI assumes. A negative linear relation between BPI and actual body size was found, confirming that smaller size is associated with greater overestimation. However, although both groups showed a strong tendency to overestimate smaller sizes, anorexic subjects showed even greater overestimation than controls. Hence, overestimation of body size in AN can only partially be accounted for by the smaller body size of anorexic patients. Recommendations for future use of the BPI are put forward.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of striate visual cortex topography on the parameters of image filtering].

A model of spatial-frequency filtering at the level of 4C layer of the striate visual cortex is proposed and based on the well-known literature data. The evidence on conformable character of representation of the visual field on the primary visual cortex and the suggestions concerning uniformity of horizontal connections of cortical neurones serve as the ground of the model. A correspondence between predictions of the model and results of the experiments with shape perception and size discrimination has been obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Color appearance across the retina: effects of a white surround.

Hue and saturation scaling was used to measure the appearance of spectral lights as a function of stimulus size at loci spaced across the horizontal meridian. At a given locus, each hue (red, yellow, green, and blue) grew as a function of stimulus size to some asymptotic value. Growth functions fitted to the hue data were used to derive the sizes of perceptive fields of the hue mechanisms. We had previously investigated the size scales of these fields by using stimuli presented on a dark background: Field sizes for all mechanisms increased with eccentricity, this increase was greater on the temporal than on the nasal retina, and the retinal size scales of the different hue mechanisms were not the same. We now report the results of repeating the study with stimuli embedded in a white surround rather than in darkness. The main effects of the white surround were as follows: Sizes of perceptive fields of all mechanisms were smaller everywhere than with the dark surround. For small fields, stimuli appeared everywhere more saturated with the white surround, but larger stimuli appeared less saturated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Choosing specifiers: an evaluation of the basic tasks model of graphical perception.

Effect sizes obtained from 39 experiments were used to evaluate the predictions of the basic tasks model of graphical efficacy. This model predicts that performance will be attenuated with graphical displays as a function of the particular specifier, or visual dimension, used to code data values. In this review the basic tasks model predicted performance more accurately than did Tufte's data-ink principle. In addition, variability in effect sizes across studies revealed that the model was more successful at predicting performance in local (focusing) tasks than in global information synthesis tasks. Furthermore, the model was better at predicting performance in tasks requiring the use of physically present rather than remembered graphs. Further differences in effect sizes resulted from variability in the exact specifiers used in experimental graphs. Minimal differences were obtained among graphs that used position, length, or angle as specifiers. However, graphs that used area or volume to represent quantitative values were associated with consistently worse performance than found with other formats.

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