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PubMed1989

Differences in anal sensation in continent and incontinent patients with perineal descent.

Neuropathic damage secondary to pelvic floor descent is considered to be an important aetiological factor in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Perineal descent however does not necessarily result in a loss of motor function or incontinence. To elucidate the role of anal sensation in the continence mechanism we measured mucosal electrosensitivity and thermal sensitivity in normal controls and in both continent and incontinent patients with perineal descent. A catheter carrying two platinum electrodes was used to assess mucosal electrosensitivity and a water perfused thermode 1 cm long to measure thermal sensory thresholds. In addition, routine anal manometry was performed. The degree of perineal descent and anorectal angle was assessed radiographically. Anal sensation was largely preserved in continent patients with perineal descent (Controls vs continent perineal descent, Mucosal electrosensitivity (ma), lower anal canal: 4 (2-7) vs 5 (2.6-8) ns; middle anal canal 4 (2-7) vs 4.2 (2-15) ns; upper anal canal 6.5 (4-13) vs 8.3 (3.6-16) p less than 0.05, thermal sensitivity, median threshold (degrees C), lower anal canal 0.92 (0.5-2.5) vs 0.95 (0.3-3.6) ns; middle anal canal 0.83 (0.4-1.5) vs 0.75 (0.2-2) ns; upper anal canal 0.98 (0.6-2.4) vs 2.2 (0.5-4.8) p less than 0.05). There was a severe impairment of anal sensation in the incontinent patients with perineal descent despite a greater degree of perineal descent in the continent group. Loss of anal sensation is associated with the development of incontinence and is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of the condition.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Phantom sensations after excision of the rectum.

Forty consecutive patients were questioned after proctectomy to ascertain the presence and characteristics of phantom sensations. Twenty-six (65 per cent) reported the presence of these sensation. Once established, the sensations were permanent in 20 patients; in six, they disappeared after a variable lapse of time. The most frequent sensation was an urge to defecate, which may be very disturbing to the patient. Explanation of the phenomenon usually is sufficient to alleviate anxiety.

Female↗

PubMed1991

Sensation and control of breathing: a dynamic model.

A dynamic model of the CO2 respiratory control system is proposed, which can provide a qualitative basis for predicting breathing sensations. The discomfort index, which represents breathing sensations, is assumed to be composed of two sources: the arterial CO2 level and the respiratory motor command. The respiratory controller receives inhibitory neuromechanical and excitatory CO2 signals from the plant. The CO2 signal is enhanced by exercise stimuli. This dynamic multiplicative-type controller is used in simulations of key experiments: exercise and CO2 rebreathing with and without resistive loading. The dynamics of the discomfort index, the respiratory motor command, ventilation, and arterial CO2 concentration conform to the experimental data. The perceptual sensitivity to CO2 relative to respiratory effort is significantly correlated with the slope of hypercapnic ventilatory response. This result shows a clear linkage between ventilatory response and breathing sensations. Although it is shown that the automatic controller effectively minimizes the discomfort index for perturbations about an operating point under certain conditions, the discomfort index itself does not seem to be an underlying control principle of the proposed automatic controller model. Rather, breathing sensations may influence ventilatory responses by modifying the output of the automatic controller.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed2005

Tear film function and corneal sensation in the early postoperative period after LASEK for the correction of myopia.

PURPOSE: Subepithelial nerves and stromal nerves of the cornea are damaged during LASEK surgery for the correction of myopia. This leads to a reduction in corneal sensation and to alterations of the tear film function in the early postoperative period. The aim of this study was to evaluate tear film function, corneal sensation and subjective symptoms of dry eye in the early postoperative period after LASEK for the correction of myopia. METHODS: LASEK surgery was performed in 20 eyes of 10 consecutive patients for the correction of myopia (-1.0 to -9.0 D, mean -4.86 D). Subjective symptoms of a dry eye were evaluated with a standardised questionnaire. Schirmer test with and without local anaesthesia, tear film break-up time, fluorescein staining of the cornea and corneal esthesiometry (Cochet-Bonnet) were performed before surgery and 1 week, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after LASEK. Additionally corneal staining and subjective symptom severity scores were assessed 3 days after surgery. RESULTS: Corneal sensation was reduced 1 week after LASEK and recovered during the first month after LASEK. The tear film break-up time was reduced 1 week and 1 month after LASEK and reached preoperative values 2 months after surgery. Fluorescein staining was increased 3 days and 1 week after LASEK. Subjective symptom severity scores were increased 3 days, 1 week, 1 month and 2 months after LASEK. Schirmer tests values with local anaesthesia were significantly reduced at 3 months after surgery, but not at 3 days, 1 month, or 2 months. Schirmer test values without local anaesthesia were significantly decreased 2 and 3 months after LASEK, but not after 3 days and 1 month after LASEK. CONCLUSIONS: LASEK alters ocular surface haemostasis and reduces corneal sensation in the early postoperative period. Subjective symptoms of dry eye were described during the first 2 months after surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The interactive role of anxiety sensitivity and pubertal status in predicting anxious responding to bodily sensations among adolescents.

The present study examined the interaction between pubertal status and anxiety sensitivity (AS) in predicting anxious and fearful responding to a three-minute voluntary hyperventilation challenge among 124 (57 females) adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 years (Mage = 15.04; SD = 1.49). As predicted, after controlling for baseline anxiety, age, and gender, there was a significant interaction between pubertal status and AS in predicting anxious responding to bodily sensations to the hyperventilation challenge. Specifically, adolescents reporting more advanced pubertal status and higher levels of AS reported the greatest post-challenge self-reported anxiety focused on bodily sensations, whereas pubertal status had relatively less of an effect on low AS adolescents. A test of specificity also was conducted; as expected, the interaction between AS and pubertal status was unrelated to generalized negative affectivity, suggesting the predictor variables interact to confer specific risk for anxious responding to bodily sensations. Finally, exploratory analyses of psychophysiological reactivity to the challenge indicated AS, but not pubertal status, moderated the relation between challenge-related change in heart-rate and post-challenge anxiety such that high AS youth who had experienced a relatively greater heart-rate change reported the most anxious reactivity to the challenge. Results are discussed in relation to theory regarding vulnerability to anxious responding to bodily sensations among adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Masseter inhibitory periods and sensations evoked by electrical tooth pulp stimulation in patients with oral-facial pain and mandibular dysfunction.

The masseter inhibitory period (silent period) and sensations evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation were examined in 12 healthy subjects and 12 patients with oral-facial pain and mandibular dysfunction (MPD). Trains of 30 pulses were applied to an upper incisor and the threshold intensities for detecting sensation, for detecting pain sensation and for the masseter inhibitory period were determined. Masseter activity was monitored during tooth stimulation by electromyographic recordings from surface electrodes. Electrical tooth stimulation elicited three different configurations of masseter inhibitory periods in both groups: single, double and merged. MPD patients exhibited a greater proportion of single inhibitory periods. The combined average total durations of the three types of configurations were less in MPD. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there is an increase in excitability of the central masseter motorneuron pool in MPD, resulting in a reduction in the effective duration of the masseter inhibitory period. The higher incidence of single inhibitory periods in MPD patients also could result from this increased central excitatory state. There was no difference between masseter inhibitory periods evoked in either painful or non-painful muscles, and no particular configuration associated with pain sensation. The findings do not support the hypothesis that nociceptive input contributes to the increase in duration of the silent period in MPD. Although there were no significant differences between masseter inhibitory period threshold, detection thresholds or pain threshold for both groups, MPD patients had detection thresholds higher than their masseter inhibitory thresholds. These effects may be related to differential central neural influences on sensory-discriminative and reflex pathways in the trigeminal system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Anomalous sensations following prolonged tactile stimulation.

Animal studies have demonstrated that tactile experience can alter central organization of somatosensory information. The present study examined the effect of prolonged tactile stimulation on spatial sensitivity in human subjects. Four subjects received repetitive, tactile stimulation presented on the volar surface of the forearm. The tactile stimuli were delivered through small vibrators worn by the subjects. After a period of 5-9 weeks of wearing the vibrators, three of the four subjects reported anomalous sensations when attempting to localize tactile stimuli. Subjects had difficulty in localizing stimuli and reported sensations of pressure and diffuseness. Single stimuli would sometimes evoke double and triple sensations separated by as much as 20 cm. After removing the vibrators, subjects continued to report anomalous sensations for up to 15 weeks. These results are interpreted within the framework of a model of central, neural reorganization.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Sensation-seeking and emotional disturbances in depression: relationships and evolution.

The French abbreviated form of the sensation-seeking scale was given to 183 hospitalized depressed subjects meeting the DSM-III-R criteria for major depression. Depressed subjects, men and women, scored significantly lower than controls from the general population, paired as to age and sex, on all of the subscales. There was no relationship to the intensity of depression and anxiety. Relationships between emotional disturbances and sensation-seeking were differentiated according to the specificity of each subscale and to age and sex. There was no significant difference between baseline and after-treatment sensation-seeking scores and subjects at discharge still scored significantly lower than controls. Hypotheses on evolution at a later date after the hospitalization are made. The finding of positive relationships for some subjects between sensation-seeking and anhedonia is interpreted in regard to a compensatory process.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Sensation-seeking: electrodermal and behavioral effects of stimulus content and intensity.

Although a number of studies support an arousal theory interpretation of differential sensation-seeking behavior, the conditions under which arousal correlates of this personality dimension are manifest is as yet unclear. Both theory and research suggest that among the external factors affecting the differential arousal response are stimulus relevance and stimulus intensity. The present study assessed the impact of these factors on both psychophysiological and behavioral responses. Subjects were preselected to represent the extremes of the sensation-seeking dimension, then exposed to auditory and visual presentations of a series of sexual and aggressive stimuli of systematically varied intensity. High sensation seekers gave larger amplitude SCRs to violent stimuli and larger initial responses to sexual stimuli presented visually, while verbal response intensities showed an opposite pattern. Overall, results provided support for an arousal theory interpretation of sensation-seeking, but suggested that the probability and magnitude of group differences is a somewhat complex function of stimulus intensity, stimulus modality, and perhaps other factors not yet assessed.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Repair of the lingual nerve after iatrogenic injury: a follow-up study of return of sensation and taste.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the return of sensation and taste after surgical repair of the lingual nerve in patients who had experienced lingual nerve sectioning. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Average follow-up was 3.7 years with a range of 1.1 to 4.6 yrs. The patients' assessment of tongue sensation and taste was registered. Clinical testing for sensibility included light touch, prick, sharp/dull discrimination, heat (45 degrees C), cold (0 degree C), anterior/posterior localization of touch, perception of direction of touch movement, and two-point discrimination. The sense of taste was tested with sweet (saccharose 5%), sour (citric acid 5%), salt (saline 5%), and bitter (chinin-hydrochloride 0.5%). RESULTS: Three patients rated their tongue sensation on the affected side as normal, another three scored subnormal, and one felt no sensibility. Likewise, four patients thought that their sense of taste was normal, two were undecided, and one felt no sense of taste on the affected side. The ability to differentiate the quality of taste on the operated side of the tongue was validated in four of 24 tests. Conversely, on the healthy side of the tongue, two of 24 tests proved negative for taste perception. CONCLUSION: There was a notable difference in the patients' assessment of normality of tongue sensation versus the result of neurological testing. Likewise, there was a remarkable difference between the patients' subjective impression of gustatory capability and their ability to diagnose the quality of taste on testing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Early changes in corneal sensation, ocular surface integrity, and tear-film function after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in corneal sensation, ocular surface integrity, and tear-film function after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria. METHODS: Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy was performed in 21 consecutive patients (37 myopic eyes). The patients were observed for subjective complaints of dry eye, corneal sensation, tear-film breakup time (BUT), Schirmer test without local anesthesia, and fluorescein and lissamin-green staining preoperatively and 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The subjective score for dry-eye symptoms was not statistically significantly higher after the procedure. Corneal sensation was reduced up to 1 month after LASEK (P<.05). There were obvious decreases in BUT at 1 week and 1 month (P<.01) and no significant changes in Schirmer test results. In fluorescein staining of the cornea, dots were more concentrated at 1 week (P<.05). In lissamin-green staining, no significant changes were found at any follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy induced a short-term reduction in corneal sensation and affected the ocular surface and tear film slightly. Epithelial flap repositioning in LASEK may have a positive influence on tear-film and ocular-surface factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effect of hinge location on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a superior or nasal hinge location on corneal sensation and dry eye after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). SETTING: Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. METHODS: This prospective randomized masked study included 47 patients having bilateral myopic LASIK surgery. The first eye was randomly assigned to have a nasal or superior hinge flap; the fellow eye had the alternate location. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, corneal sensation, basic secretion test, tear film breakup time, conjunctival and corneal staining, and a subjective questionnaire were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired t test were used for comparison. RESULTS: Dry eye occurred with the same frequency in both groups. However, eyes with the nasal hinge had significantly better nasal sensation than those with the superior hinge (P<.05) at 1 month. CONCLUSION: Better nasal corneal sensation was found at 1 month in the nasal hinge group but there was no difference in any other parameters measured.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Somatic referral of visceral sensations and rectal sensory threshold for pain in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that abdominal pain related to functional gastrointestinal disorders is associated with visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal perception of visceral sensations. STUDY DESIGN: We examined 35 children (10-17.6 years old) fulfilling the Rome II criteria with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; n = 21), functional abdominal pain (FAP; n = 8) or functional dyspepsia (FD; n = 6) compared with 10 control subjects (10.2-16.1 years). All underwent a rectal barostat examination. Painful sensations were reported on a human body diagram. The projections of sensations induced by rectal distension, the rectal sensory threshold for pain (RSTP) and the diagnostic value of RSTP measurements were measured. RESULTS: Rectal distension induced sensations that projected to the S3 dermatome in the control subjects and FD and to aberrant sites in children with IBS and FAP. The RSTP was decreased in children with IBS and FAP compared with control subjects (P <.002) and was not different in children with FD compared with control subjects. At 30.8 mm Hg, the 5th percentile for the control subjects, the RSTP had a sensitivity rate of 89% and a specificity rate of 83% for IBS and FAP diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Children with IBS and FAP are characterized by the association of rectal hypersensitivity and abnormal pain referral after rectal distension.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed1997

The perception of bodily sensations, with special reference to hypochondriasis.

Bodily sensations are relevant to problems such as hypochondriasis, but the issue of whether people are accurate in their perception remains unclear. The accuracy of perception of bodily sensations was analysed in 20 male and 20 female volunteers using two methods: a heart beat tracking procedure and the within-S correlational approach described by Steptoe and Vögele (1992, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 597-607). The correlational approach involved monitoring of heart rate, skin conductance level and total respiratory resistance during relaxation and task periods, and computing correlations between appropriate physiological parameters and ratings of heart rate, sweaty hands and difficulty with breathing. In general, subjective ratings of bodily sensations were tied more closely with feelings of distress than with objective physiological state. Error scores on the heart beat tracking procedure showed no association with hypochondriacal concerns or with vigilant and avoidant coping styles measured with the Mainz Coping Inventory. Individuals varied considerably in accuracy as assessed with the correlational approach. However, there was a significant negative association between hypochondriacal concerns and accuracy of perception of sweat gland activity. The results are discussed in relation to measures of somatic perception and the experience of bodily sensations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Pharyngeal sensation and gag reflex in healthy subjects.

The gag reflex is often used in the assessment of swallowing, yet its absence does not predict aspiration in acute stroke. Disordered pharyngeal sensation has been found to be a sensitive predictor. The occurrence of gag reflex and pharyngeal sensation in healthy people is unknown. We studied these tests in 140 healthy subjects (half elderly and half young). Gag reflex was absent in 37% of subjects whereas pharyngeal sensation was absent in only 1. The results largely explain the low predictive value of gag reflex in the assessment of aspiration in acute stroke. Testing pharyngeal sensation would be more likely to be useful in these circumstances.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Impulse-control disorders in alcoholics are related to sensation seeking and not to impulsivity.

Impulse-control disorders (ICD) include intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, trichotillomania, pyromania and pathological gambling. Several studies have suggested that the incidence of pathological gambling and impulsive violent behavior is substantially higher in alcohol-dependent patients than in the general population. The association between ICD and alcoholism, as well as personality characteristics such as sensation seeking and impulsivity, has never been systematically studied. The present study compared the levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking in age- and sex-matched groups of alcohol-dependent patients with concomitant ICD (ICD+, n = 30), alcohol-dependent patients without ICD (ICD-; n = 30) and control subjects (n = 30). All the alcohol-dependent patients (ICD+ and ICD-) were hospitalized for alcohol detoxification. Diagnoses of ICD were based on DSM-IV criteria and the Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview. All patients completed the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Rating Scale (BIS). Mean scores on the SSS general factor, the SSS disinhibition subscale, and the SSS experience-seeking scale were significantly higher in ICD+ patients than in either ICD- patients or control subjects. By contrast, total scores and subscale scores on the BIS showed no significant differences among the three groups. Thus, it appears that measures of sensation seeking, rather than impulsivity, are relevant in distinguishing between alcohol-dependent patients with and without concomitant impulse control disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effects of sensation seeking, instruction set, and alcohol/placebo administration on aggressive behavior.

Sixty-three male college students were assessed on the number of aversive sound blasts they administered in response to their fictitious task partner's blasts in a variation of the Taylor aggression paradigm. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three alcohol dosing conditions (placebo, placebo/expect alcohol, and alcohol) and one of three instruction conditions (aggression-told the noise blasts were meant to disrupt task performance; altruism-told the noise blasts were meant to improve concentration; ambiguous-either aggression or altruism). A significant three-way interaction of dosing condition by instruction by subjects' sensation seeking was found, such that high sensation seekers in the alcohol condition, compared to low sensation seekers, delivered more noise blasts in the aggression instruction condition, whereas they administered fewer blasts in the altruism condition. High sensation seekers in the placebo condition yielded an opposite pattern of results. The results were interpreted in terms of the effects of "alcohol myopia" on the disinhibition of socially disapproved behaviors and in terms of the moderating effects of personality and situational factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Corneal sensation after correction of myopia by photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on corneal sensation. SETTING: Ohshima Hospital of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka, Japan. METHODS: Corneal sensation was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer in 35 patients before and 3 days, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months after correction of myopia by PRK (22 patients) or LASIK (13 patients). RESULTS: After PRK, corneal sensitivity was decreased slightly at 3 days, began to recover at 1 week, and returned to preoperative values at 3 months; none of the changes was statistically significant (P >.05). After LASIK, corneal sensation was significantly decreased at 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month; it recovered slightly at 3 months, although it remained significantly less than preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Laser in situ keratomileusis was associated with a negative effect on corneal sensation, which was markedly greater than the effect with PRK and was evident for at least 3 months after surgery.

Adolescent↗