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PubMed2003

Ecology, life history and resource allocation in the ant, Leptothorax nylanderi.

We aimed at identifying the causal basis of previously shown interrelations between demographic and genetic colony structure, ecological factors and split sex ratios in the ant, Leptothorax nylanderi. Colony-level variation in sex allocation was only partly explained by annual fluctuations during eight study years and by resource availability as indicated by sexual production of colonies. Allocation ratios were highly male-biased in dense populations with ephemeral nest sites and high frequencies of colonies containing several unrelated matrilines. Field observations and experimental manipulations showed that nest site limitation leads to such heterogeneous colonies. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that genetic heterogeneity directly causes male-biased investment, although relatedness asymmetry is not influenced by invasion of unrelated queens. The influence of genetic composition on allocation strategies might either be explained by negative feedback mechanisms connected with habitat saturation or by a lower efficiency of heterogeneous colonies. Our results thus demonstrate which factors other than variation in relatedness asymmetry can explain split sex ratios in ants. An empirical test of a model on reproductive allocation revealed on-going queen-worker conflict over colony growth and sexual reproduction. Workers controlled reproductive allocation, but queen-worker conflict ceased in large colonies with a high survival rate.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Orienting, habituation, and resource allocation: an associative analysis.

This paper addresses the question of the most appropriate theoretical account of the phenomena of orienting and habituation. Several lines of evidence are reviewed. First, it is argued that the effects of stimulus omission require a comparator theory in which it is asserted that responses to iterated events result from a comparison between predicted and actual stimulus input. Second, the data from studies in which paired stimulus events are employed seem, at least at first sight, to be best explained in terms of a comparator theory in which a key role is ascribed to associative processes. Third, secondary task probe reaction time data indicate that events that elicit orienting also command processing resources, and that habituation involves changes in the manner in which events are processed. Finally, recent data on the effects of intermodality change indicate that electrodermal responses are larger on the change trial than on the first habituation training trial; these results seem problematical for noncomparator theories. However, other data on the context-specificity of habituation and on the effects of stimulus miscuing cast doubt on the usefulness of an associative analysis as a general account of habituation phenomena. Nevertheless, the weight of evidence seems to indicate that an adequate theory of human habituation must include a comparison process and must acknowledge that orienting and habituation involve a re-allocation of attentional resources.

Arousal↗
PubMed1991

Territorial justice and RAWP (Resource Allocation Working Party).

This study evaluates the success of the RAWP reallocation of health care resources at the regional level in England between 1975 and 1985. This is achieved by studying the degree of territorial justice-the spatial relationship between needs and resources--in these two years. It is discovered that there was greater territorial justice in 1985 than in 1975, which suggests that the RAWP reallocation had at least partially achieved its objective.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1997

RUG-III and resource allocation: comparing the relationship of direct care time with patient characteristics in five countries.

BACKGROUND: resource use by different types of patients is of increasing interest to health care services all over the world. Case-mix systems that group together individuals with similar patterns of resource use have been developed to address these questions. Resource Utilization Groups version III (RUG-III) was developed in the USA to address the issue in the care of elderly people and has been validated in a number of countries. METHOD: this paper synthesizes the results of RUG-III validation studies performed in the USA, Japan, Spain, Sweden and England and Wales, showing the consistency of the system in spite of different skill-mix and total time spent with patients. Data from the validation studies of five countries were compared. Percentage of time given by trained nurses and mean nursing time per patient was compared overall and between selected RUG-III groups. RESULTS: mean time per patient ranged from 84.4 min per day in Japan, to 155.6 min in England and Wales. Trained nurse time ranged from 7.5% of total time in the USA to 53.2% of total time in England and Wales. The inter-group relationship was very similar in all countries. The RUG-III system appears robust in a wide variety of settings and countries. Future research should address the relationship between skill-mix and total time spent with patients with respect to outcome and quality of care.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Small area analysis on a large scale--the California experience in mapping teenage birth "hot spots" for resource allocation.

Small-area analysis has become an important tool in the effective targeting of limited public health resources. In California, new funding for teenage pregnancy prevention programs required more and better information to justify the allocation of these funds to areas with the greatest need. Consequently, these funds were allocated using maps with census tract analyses of teenage birth rates and an overlay of geographic frequencies. State and local agencies' programs have responded with positive feedback to the maps, and public health management subsequently has augmented funding for mapping equipment and training. The lessons learned and future directions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Research in resource allocation in a prepaid group practice.

Much that has been written about the concept, operation, and performance of HMOs--their use of resources compared with other health service systems--masks the real differences among HMOs themselves. Investigation of autonomous units within a unified HMO program shows a surprising diversity. Analytic formulations drawn from long-term and large-scale research fail to account for variations in staffing, budgeting, rate setting, and expansion when applied to institutional research. Judgment of intangibles remains a key aspect of most major decisions.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1980

Regional resource allocations for home care: an experiment.

Decentralized health service delivery responsive to the needs of local populations implies allocating program funds to regions on the basis of predetermined criteria that can facilitate effective planning and budgeting. In 1974, the Manitoba Continuing Care Program attempted to develop a formula for regional allocations for health care services. Four methods were assessed; their strengths and weaknesses are briefly discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Patient flows and optimal health-care resource allocation at the macro-level: a dynamic linear programming approach.

In this paper we present a deterministic allocation model in which a patient's health-state changes due to health-care interventions. This change in a patient's health-state has a direct effect on the patient's expected future need for health-care. Hence, current allocation decisions determine to some extent the set of possible allocation decisions in the future. In order to take this into account we have formulated a dynamic linear programming version of a patient-flow system. This enables us to describe the effects of using different objective functions on the optimum level and composition of the provision of health services within given resource constraints. The linear programming approach enables the quantification of the health effects and therefore the desirability of the (re-)allocation of health-care resources. We provide some simulation results in order to illustrate the working of the model.

Health Care Rationing↗