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PubMed2005

Spanish colonial effects on Native American mating structure and genetic variability in northern and central Florida: Evidence from Apalachee and western Timucua.

Standard population genetic analyses are implemented for a series of precontact and contact period samples from central and northern Florida to investigate changes in genetic variability and population affinity coincident with the establishment of Spanish missions during the 17th century. Estimates of F(ST) based on odontometric data indicate limited heterogeneity for the Apalachee samples, suggestive of some degree of within-group endogamy for this ethnic group prior to contact. This corresponds well with ethnohistoric reconstructions indicating that Apalachee were populous, partially linguistically isolated from its neighbors, and involved in persistent cycles of warfare with neighboring groups. Estimates of extralocal gene flow for the Apalachee samples indicate limited initial changes in the mating structure of these populations. After 1650, however, extralocal gene flow increases, consistent with evidence for dramatic population movements throughout northern Florida and increased Spanish presence in the province, particularly at the mission of San Luis. Inclusion of non-Apalachee outgroups does not increase estimates of genetic heterogeneity, as was expected based on ethnohistoric data. The pattern of genetic distances suggests a biological division between north and south Florida population groups, consistent with archaeological and ethnohistoric data, and similarly indicates some distinction between precontact and postcontact local groups. Differential extralocal gene flow experienced by pre-1650 Apalachee and Timucua populations suggests localized mission experience. The Apalachee, with large, dense populations, experienced limited initial changes in genetic diversity or mating structure. However, after 1650 they were apparently involved in a much more expansive mating network that may have included Spaniards and immigrant Native American groups to the region. These results are in contrast to the mission experience of the Guale Indians of the Georgia coast.

Florida↗
PubMed2003

Shuttle mission effects on glutamate receptor expression in the developing rodent spinal cord.

BACKGROUND: Within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), glutamate receptors play a fundamental role in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Studies of the neonatal cerebral cortex suggests that rearing environment can influence the dynamic patterns of glutamate receptor subunit expression during development. We examined this issue in the developing spinal cord, a well studied region of the CNS in which activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is known to occur. METHODS: We compared the abundance (by immunoblot analysis) and tissue distribution (by immunohistology) of glutamate receptor subunits in neonatal animals who participated in the Neurolab Space Shuttle mission. Flight animals were either postnatal day 8 or 13 at launch and spent the next 16 d in microgravity; tissues were recovered within 12 h of landing. Littermate control animals were reared on Earth at 1 G. RESULT: Using semi-quantitative immunoblot assays, no statistically significant differences were found in the overall abundance of any glutamate receptor subunit in the spinal cords of the two groups of animals. Similarly, immunohistological examination of spinal cords revealed no evidence for differences in the distribution of glutamate receptor subunits between the two groups of animals. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the developmental regulation of glutamate receptor subunit expression in the spinal cord is not appreciably affected by the conditions associated with this space shuttle mission and prolonged rearing period in microgravity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pioneer medical missions in colonial Africa.

Protestant and Roman Catholic missions pioneered Western medicine and public health in much of Africa decades in advance of health services provided by colonial governments. A century later church-based hospitals and health care programs continue to account for 25% to 50% of available services in most African countries. In view of the important historical and continuing role of medical missions it is remarkable that there have been no systematic scholarly studies of the impacts of these pioneer institutions on the geography of health and social change in colonial Africa. How, for example, was the health of African populations and the areas they inhabited changed by the activities of medical missions? And how did Africans respond to Western medicine and its alien institutional social and technological structures and relations? This paper develops the historical context and conceptual framework for investigating such topics. It presents a detailed research agenda organized around nine themes, each of which suggests a series of interrelated questions. The methodology employs the techniques of medical and historical geography, and is based on comparative, longitudinal case-studies of medical missions at the local level coupled with archival study.

Africa↗
PubMed1988

Mamre--history and development.

Mamre's history spans the period of Khoikhoi habitation of the area to the present-day village. In 1808 a Moravian mission station was established there. The church remains an important feature of the modernising community, which is currently under secular control.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1995

[Spreading of Christianity and western medicine into Henan Province].

After the Opium war, the aggressors, under the mask of missionaries, came to China by making use of western medicine as its tool for cultural invasion. This paper gives a description on the activities of all sects of Christianity and the institutions set up by them. Hospitals run by Christian Missions became the therapeutic institutions at all levels and made contributions to the prevention and treatment of diseases for local people.

China↗