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PubMed1984

Evaluation of Ketostix for plasma acetoacetate.

Acetoacetate in plasma is measured conveniently by Ketostix (Ames, Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, IN), a reagent strip test. The color formed on the reactive tip by the acetoacetate after 15 seconds is compared with the color chart provided for quantitation. When the concentration is between 4 to 12 mmol/L, the authors recommend a reassay using a diluted sample and both results averaged. Results thus determined agreed well with those obtained by a GC method. Analyst bias in color matching is not a serious problem. Ketostix stability and user performance are discussed in relation to quality control.

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed1979

Hemoglobinuria and hematuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis.

Five methods of assessing blood in urine were studied and compared: sedimentation count, hemacytometry, "Clini-lab" reagent strip and "N-Multistix" and "ChemStrip-8" dipsticks. The minimum sensitivity of two commercially available urine dip-stick procedures for blood was established. The study includes method association, assay variation among and within technologists, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. Our results demonstrate generally poor association between results by the dip-stick procedures and the hemacytometer or sedimentation count. Results by the last two procedures also showed very poor association with each other.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1983

Application of reflectance spectroscopy to the estimation of uric acid, urea and glucose: an evaluation of the Ames Seralyzer.

An original approach to the measurement of analytes in clinical chemistry has now become available, in which dry reagent strip technology is linked to measurement by reflectance spectroscopy. The present studies have evaluated the performance of the first of these test systems-for uric acid, urea and glucose, in serum-by comparison with conventional liquid chemistry methods. Satisfactory performance in terms of both precision and accuracy was obtained for all three test systems, the current "state-of-the-art" performance criteria being met; the Seralyzer system proved reliable and easy to use in the hands of trained operators. It should find a place as a "Stat" analyser in the laboratory, in specified wards and in Health Centres.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1988

[Evaluation of blood chemistry using 'dry chemistry' in small animal practice].

In this paper three different systems for clinical chemistry determinations by the general practitioner are evaluated. The systems, Seralyzer, Kodak Ektachem DT 60 and Reflotron, are based on the use of dry reagent strips in combination with a reflectometer. The principle of reflectometry is discussed briefly. These systems enable the practitioner to carry out the majority of the common chemical laboratory blood tests quickly and with an acceptable degree of confidence. The present possibilities are given for each system, including the costs of instruments and tests in the Netherlands. The results of some common tests in small animal medicine have been compared with standard methods in our own laboratory. Since in a few tests species dependent differences were found, it is recommended that each dry chemistry test should be carefully evaluated for each animal species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the effectiveness of dipstick haematuria and proteinuria in screening Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in upper Egypt.

This study aimed at evaluation of validity and reliability of dipstick haematuria and proteinuria in screening school children for Schistosoma haematobium infection. It included a random sample of 400 school children aged 6-15 years in rural area of Fayoum Governorate, upper Egypt. Urine samples of the studied children were tested parasitologically by urine filtration technique as a reference test and semiquantitatively for haematuria and proteinuria using urine reagent strips as screening tests. Results of the study revealed that haematuria was a better indicator for Schistosoma haematobium infection than proteinuria, as it was more sensitive (85.5% 73.4%, respectively), specific (94.4% 82.9%, respectively) and reliable (kappa=92% 80%, respectively). Moreover, it had stronger relationship with intensity of infection (r=0.88 & 0.67, respectively). A combination of different grades of haematuria and proteinuria did not significantly increase either sensitivity or specificity. Dipstick haematuria could be a valuable technique in screening rural Egyptian school children who are at risk of urinary schistosmiasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Reliable urine analysis in the management of hypertensive pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intra- and inter-observer precision of the Clinitek 50 automated urinalysis system. SETTING: A teaching hospital. METHODS: Urine samples were tested by seven operators with Multistix 8SG reagent strips, in duplicate and in replicates of five by the same operators, and by groups of four operators on the same samples. Precision was assessed using true urine samples and Chek-Stix control strips. RESULTS: All 32 samples tested in duplicate and in replicates of five agreed to within one colour block by between 99.4 and 100% for all eight analytes. Seven samples tested by four different operators also gave 100% agreement to within one colour block for nearly all analytes. All operators found the Clinitek 50 system to be quick and easy to use. CONCLUSION: The Clinitek 50 automated urinalysis device demonstrates high intra- and inter-observer precision for duplicate, multiple replicate and multiuser testing with consistent performance. There is potential to improve antenatal care by introducing this technology into hospital or home-based care.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Practical closed-loop insulin delivery. A system for the maintenance of overnight euglycemia and the calculation of basal insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetics.

We evaluated a practical closed-loop system of insulin delivery consisting of hourly blood glucose determinations using glucose oxidase reagent strips and an intravenous infusion of insulin controlled by a commonly available controller. In 25 insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, this system was successful in achieving and maintaining near euglycemia (blood glucose, 101 +/- 2 mg/dL, mean +/- SE) in the fasting state between 0200 and 0800 hours. This system may be useful in the management of insulin-dependent diabetic patients in various hospital settings. Also, in 10 subjects treated subsequently using a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, the mean hourly insulin infusion rate using the described system correlated well (r = 0.92) with the optimal overnight basal rate needed during continous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of various methods for rapid glucose estimation.

We studied the accuracy of three techniques for the rapid estimation of the blood glucose concentration with reagent strips in samples of blood from inpatients with diabetes mellitus. We observed that the visual inspection of Dextrostix gave results that were too inaccurate for this technique to be of practical clinical benefit. In contrast, when performed by registered nurses, both the Dextrostix-Eyetone method and the visual inspection of Chemstrips yielded results that were closely correlated with the measured serum glucose concentrations. With both of the latter techniques, less than 11% of the determinations varied from the actual serum glucose concentration by more than 20%. We conclude that both these techniques are sufficiently accurate to be of potential use in the home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1986

Blood glucose monitoring by children at home: a comparison of methods.

The accuracy of measurements of blood glucose performed at home by the index children and/or parents was compared using the Boehringer Mannheim reagent strips, Ames Visidex-2 strips, an Ames Glucometer and a Boehringer Mannheim Reflolux reflectance meter. Capillary plasma samples, collected simultaneously, were later analysed by a Beckman glucose oxidase analyser. The coefficient of correlation between the self-monitored results (SMR) and the laboratory-analysed results (LAR) ranged from 0.59 to 0.92, the composite being 0.74. The mean difference between the SMR and the LAR was 1.0 mmol/l. The occurrence of potential errors of management due to incorrect SMR results was determined. On four occasions, the SMR was greater than 6 mmol/l when the LAR was less than 3 mmol/l, and on 36 occasions a discrepancy greater than 50% occurred between the two values, without resulting hypoglycaemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Home screening for hematuria: results of a multiclinic study.

The majority of urinary tract tumors cause bleeding in the urine. A program designed to detect hematuria before it is grossly apparent may contribute to earlier detection and more successful treatment of these malignancies. To test this hypothesis a hematuria home screening study was conducted. A total of 1,340 healthy men 50 years old or older used chemical reagent strips for 14 consecutive days to test the urine. Of the men 283 (21.1%) had at least 1 episode of hematuria. Of the 192 hematuria positive men who received a complete urological evaluation 16 (8.3%) had urological cancers and 47 (24.5%) had other hematuria-causing diseases that required immediate treatment. The quantity and frequency of hematuria were not related to disease severity. A hematuria home screening regimen is feasible and economical, and may promote the early detection of urinary tract cancers and other diseases in men more than 50 years old.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Bedside cerebrospinal fluid glucose analysis.

We studied the reliability and accuracy of a two-minute reagent strip (Chemstrip bG) and hand-held autoanalyzer (Accu-Chek IIR) for determining cerebrospinal fluid glucose. We found that both bedside methods were highly reliable (r = 0.93, Chemstrip bG: r = 0.95, Accu-Chek II) and were very accurate (89.7% and 96.6% accurate at +/- 15 and 20 mg/dL, respectively, for the Chemstrip bG: 91.7% and 95.8% accurate at +/- 15 and 20 mg/dL, respectively, for the Accu-Chek II) over a wide range of glucose values in 237 determinations. There was no significant difference between the two bedside methods. We conclude that these two methods of bedside glucose estimation are both highly reliable and accurate and could be used to quickly determine patients' cerebrospinal fluid glucose values.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1974

Blood glucose measurement with Dextrostix and new reflectance meter.

A new instrument, Eyetone, has been produced for use with a Dextrostix reagent strip for estimating blood sugar levels. It differs from the Dextrostix Reflectance Meter in having only one meter scale, a two-point calibration, and a range of measurement limited to 10-400 mg/100 ml. Results with the manufacturers' original calibration were unsatisfactory, but when recalibrated the performance of the instrument gave a regression equation line close to the ideal. The three Eyetone instruments tested were comparable in their accuracy and functional stability. Packed cell volumes in the blood samples in the range of 30-50% had a negligible effect on the results. The Dextrostix-Eyetone method represents a quick and reliable alternative to conventional laboratory methods for blood sugar estimation. It is especially useful for patients outside hospital.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1987

The detection of blood on nonporous environmental surfaces: an approach for assessing factors contributing to the risk of occupational exposure to blood in the autopsy suite.

A simple and inexpensive method to assess the contamination of environmental surfaces and the associated potential risk of exposure of autopsy room personnel to potentially hazardous materials is described. Blood was selected as a marker of contamination and HEMASTIX reagent strips were used to determine its presence on selected surfaces. The surfaces selected for examination typically do not come into direct contact with cadavers or tissues during a routine postmortem examination and thus are not included in routine cleanup. We documented the presence of blood on a variety of environmental surfaces in the autopsy suite and suggest that the contamination resulted from a breakdown in good work practices, most probably the indiscriminate handling or touching of materials and equipment with contaminated gloves. The risk of exposure to blood by the indirect route was deemed significant. The results of this study underscore the importance of establishing and consistently following good work practices and cleanup procedures to minimize the risk of exposure to blood before, during, and after postmortem examinations.

Blood Stains↗
PubMed1993

Incidence of gross proteinuria in older-onset diabetes. A population-based perspective.

A few population-based studies describe the incidence of gross proteinuria in people with diabetes. We performed a population-based study in southern Wisconsin of diabetic individuals diagnosed at > or = 30 yr of age either taking insulin (n = 398) or not taking insulin (n = 441). The presence of gross proteinuria (> or = 0.3 g/L) was determined by means of a reagent strip. The incidence of proteinuria in the 4-yr interval was 17.3% (95% CI 13.6-21.0) in those taking insulin and 10.7% (95% CI 7.8-13.6) in those not taking insulin. The relative risk of developing proteinuria for those in the highest level of total pack-yr smoked compared with those who had never smoked was 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.3) for those taking insulin and 2.5 (95% CI 1.3-4.5) for those not taking insulin. After controlling for other risk variables, the incidence of gross proteinuria was also associated with higher GHb. These data suggest that smoking and glycemic control, both potentially modifiable factors, are significant risk factors for the development of gross proteinuria.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Diagnostic and therapeutic management of urinary infections. Survey in the medical services of the hospitals south of the Marseille Hospital Center].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study was to observe diagnostic and antibiotic prescribing practices in urinary tract infection disease (UTID) in comparison with available guidelines. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included all patients hospitalized in four medical wards of the Sainte-Marguerite Hospital in Marseille France who suffered from UTID. RESULTS: During the study period, 60 cases of UTID were observed, 29 were community-acquired and 31 were nosocomially-acquired. Management of uncomplicated UTID, the most frequent type (47/60 cases), showed considerable divergence between practices and guidelines. Not in keeping with the guidelines, urinalysis reagent strips were only used for 3 of the 47 cases. Furthermore, broad-spectrum antibiotics were prescribed as the first line treatment in more than 70% of the patients whereas only half of these prescriptions were warranted according to the guidelines. For complicated UTID however (13 cases) diagnostic and antibiotic prescribing practices were globally in accordance with the guidelines. CONCLUSION: This survey points out the divergence between guidelines and real management of UTID in hospitals. Clinical practices should be revisited to be in agreement with guidelines. Drafting antibiotic prescription guides explaining UTID management would be helpful for training future physicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The "eyetone" blood glucose reflectance colorimeter evaluated for in vitro and in vivo accuracy and clinical efficacy.

We evaluated the performance of a blood glucose reflectance colorimeter ("Eyetone," Ames Co.) for accuracy and precision with use of "Dextrostix" (Ames Co.) glucose oxidase reagent strips for blood samples with known and unknown concentrations of glucose covering the usual range of neonatal blood glucose (200-800 mg/L). The meter was calibrated and tested by research nurses and one clinical chemist. Five unknowns were tested for accuracy and precision (56-92 determinations per unknown) and compared with Beckman Astra values (plasma and calculated whole blood). Eyetone/Dextrostix values differed (gave lower values) from the calculated whole-blood values only at concentrations less than 300 mg/L. On 258 clinical specimens from newborn infants, Eyetone/Dextrostix values were not different from calculated whole-blood values (p less than 0.05, r = 0.80). Operator training to develop a consistent procedure was the most critical factor in achieving accurate and precise results.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed2004

Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis using nitrite patch testing.

Urine reagent strips have been used to test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in areas where laboratory facilities are unavailable. Protein, glucose and leukocyte esterase patches have been shown to be useful in this context. We propose that the nitrite patch also has a contribution to make: it could provide clinically useful information, at no extra cost. We tested CSF samples from 200 children with suspected meningitis. In a pragmatic approach chosen to reflect the clinical dilemma of whether or not to use parenteral antibiotics, the final laboratory diagnosis was dichotomized into either 'bacterial meningitis' or 'not bacterial meningitis'. These diagnostic categories were compared with nitrite patch results, which were either positive or negative. Nitrite patch testing of all CSF, clear CSF and bloody CSF gave positive likelihood ratios of 49, 'infinity' and 5.8, respectively.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

A unitized enzyme-labeled immunometric digoxin assay suitable for rapid testing.

An enzyme-labeled immunometric assay has been developed for measuring digoxin concentrations in serum or plasma. Unitized, compartmentalized reagents are used with an automated sample-processing instrument. The enzyme activity of the processed sample, which is directly proportional to the digoxin concentration, is measured by using a reagent strip and the Ames Seralyzer reflectance photometer. The test takes less than 15 min, and digoxin concentrations are calculated from a two-point calibration line stored in the instrument. Within-run CVs for controls at four concentrations ranged from 2.3% to 3.8%; between-run CVs were from 1.5% to 2.6%. Results obtained with clinical serum samples correlated well (r greater than 0.96) with those obtained by fluorescent polarization immunoassay (Abbott TDx) and RIA (Clinical Assays and NML). This rapid and convenient method for monitoring digoxin concentrations in serum or plasma is particularly well suited for decentralized sites such as emergency rooms, urgent-care centers, and physicians' offices.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗