[State of immunity against Newcastle disease in chicken flocks infected with respiratory diseases].
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Animals↗
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Results for “RESPIRATORY DISEASES”
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[Validity of mortality data in respiratory diseases in France and 7 other countries of the E.E.C].
A recent study of mortality due to respiratory disease, carried out in the eight member countries of the European Economic Community (E.E.C.) has shown different levels of mortality between the countries. To establish whether these variations in mortality were real or due to methods of filing and coding, a study of death certification was carried out in each country based on 10 common clinical diagnostic categories to assess overall accuracy. In France, 75 doctors picked a random, were asked to fill in a form for each observation as though it were a real death. The cause of death was coded by the usual national centre and re-coded by a reference centre in London. The protocol was similar for each country taking part. Important differences were found between and within each country. Some arise from the way in which doctors write out the death certificates (an excess of deaths from "other disease of the respiratory tract" in France and from cardio-vascular diseases in Italy), in others the way of coding was due to (an "excess of deaths by other disease of the respiratory tract" in Belgium). The degree of concordance depends on the complexity of the case (possible interaction of several pathologies), particular national characteristics, and whether account of these is made by the medical profession. These divergences can in part explain the different mortality statistics from respiratory disease between countries of the E.E.C. Later on it will be necessary to make the wording and the coding of the death certificate more standardised within the E.E.C.
Death Certificates↗
[Grading of officially acknowledged respiratory disability and exercise disorders using cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with chronic respiratory diseases].
This study examines whether the grading of officially acknowledged respiratory disability reflects exercise disorders in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. In order to do this, we analyzed the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data of 258 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 125 with sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and 52 with interstitial pneumonia between 1989 and 2002. The peak oxygen uptakes of grade 1 and 3 COPD patients were 12.4 +/- 3.8 and 14.9 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg (mean +/- SD), respectively. The worse the grade, the lower was the peak oxygen uptake, the differences being significant in COPD patients. Despite this, the peak oxygen uptake range overlapped greatly between grade 1 and grade 3 COPD patients. Sixty percent of patients with TB and 46% of patients with IP whose peak oxygen uptakes were similar to those of grade 1 COPD patients failed to be acknowledged as grade 1. There were no significant differences between the peak oxygen uptake of grade 1 COPD patients and grade 1 TB patients, grade 3 TB patients, and grade 4 IP patients. Patients with TB and IP showed more severe ventilatory and gas exchange disorders than those with COPD. We concluded that the present system of acknowledgement of respiratory disability in Japan did not accurately reflect exercise disorders in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. As well as this, we argue that there is discrimination between patients with COPD, TB and IP. It is necessary to establish an alternative system, reflecting exercise disorders evaluated by CPET to offer a more accurate acknowledgement.
Aged↗
[The incidence of chronic respiratory diseases in Hunedoara County and the cases of disease hospitalized in the Pneumophthisiology Department of Deva Hospital].
The structure of the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases is analysed within the district of Hunedoara for the last two decennia (1970-1991), and the low percentage of pulmonary tuberculosis as compared with the other respiratory diseases (8.75% for the last five years) is emphasized. A comparison is performed between the figures of Tb and of non-Tb disease cases hospitalized in the Pneumophysiology Department, District Hospital, Deva (27.6% non-Tb diseases) from 1987 to 1991. Attention is drawn to the obligation of pneumophysiologists to take over the medical assistance and follow up of non-Tb respiratory diseases, as a result of the Ministry of Health legislation on "pneumophysiology" (a specialty replacing the old "physiology").
Chronic Disease↗
A study of acute respiratory disease in the community of Port Chalmers. I. Illnesses within a group of selected families and the relative incidence of respiratory pathogens in the whole community.
A study of respiratory diseases in the semi-isolated community of Port Chamlers, New Zealand, began in April 1973. The intensive surveillance of a selected group fo 26 families involved the weekly reporting of illness, the collection of specimens for virus, Group A streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolation and the collection of sera at 6-month intervals. A total of 956 illnesses were reported during 32 months. The median number of illnesses per year were: infants 4.4, children 2.5, female adults 2.4 and male adults 2.0. Of all these illnesses, 57% were upper respiratory, 31% were lower respiratory and 9% were enteric. The severity of these illnesses was not greater than would be expected in open communities. Surveillance by pathogen isolation only of the whole community through the patients in the general practice was carried out concurrently. A total of 640 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from which 161 viruses, 47 Group A streptococci and 2 M. pneumoniae were isolated. The overall isolation rate was 33%. The similarities between the epidemiological patterns of respiratory disease in the open community and the isolated community are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[The role of chlamydial infection in development of acute respiratory diseases in children].
The examination of 245 children with respiratory diseases has detected chlamydia in 45 (18.4%) of them. Chlamydial species were identified and clinical symptoms of acute respiratory diseases (ARD) of chlamydial etiology are described. Five serological groups of patients depending on the presence or absence of chlamydial infection markers were recognized. Antibacterial drug treatment showed that most effective were sumamed, rulid and clindamycin. Long-term outcomes in relation to the kind of treatment are analysed.
Acute Disease↗
[Epidemiology of allergic respiratory diseases: many questions, few answers].
Over the last twenty years an increase of allergic respiratory diseases has been observed, even if a broad variability of incidence has been reported. Asthma and allergic rhinitis are more common among young subjects, but there are data of an increase of allergic respiratory diseases in older patients. Moreover it has to be underlined the increase of the severity of these diseases, as shown by the higher use of anti-allergic drugs and by the increase of fatal asthma. The reasons of this trend are not understood. One reason can be the more appropriate diagnosis of asthma by the general practitioners. Other factors must be considered: the most important one can be air pollution; many air components (i.e. SO2, NO2, O3), particularly in industrialized countries, may play a role in allergic sensitization through an irritative-inflammatory mechanism. Socio-economic factors can also influence the incidence of allergic diseases. Other factors as cigarette smoke, foods, allergenic load have to be mentioned. Finally a viral etiology has been reported. Very recently, the allergic inflammation has been considered as the crucial event in the pathogenesis of allergic respiratory diseases. As allergic diseases can lead to chronic inflammation, an early and long-lasting treatment is mandatory.
Adolescent↗
Indoor woodsmoke pollution causing lower respiratory disease in children.
Suggested aetiological factors were evaluated in 244 consecutive children presenting with lower respiratory disease at Marondera Hospital, Zimbabwe. Data obtained from these children were compared with information obtained from 500 children seen at the local well baby clinic. There were no differences in the prevalence of malnutrition, breast feeding, overcrowding, poor housing conditions and poverty in these two groups of children. A significant association was identified between lower respiratory disease and exposure to atmospheric woodsmoke pollution in young children. Air sampling within the kitchens of 40 children revealed levels of atmospheric pollution far in excess of the WHO recommended exposure limit. Elevated carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations confirmed childhood smoke inhalation. We suggest that in many Third World communities a chemical pneumonitis resulting from the inhalation of noxious constituents of woodsmoke predisposes to lower respiratory disease in children.
Air Pollutants↗
[Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in aged patients with chronic respiratory diseases].
Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) were investigated in aged patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Serum and sputum concentrations of CPFX were determined upon oral administration of 200 mg CPFX in 6 aged patients with chronic respiratory diseases (mean age = 78.8 +/- 3.2 years, 2 cases diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with pneumonia, 3 cases were diagnosed bronchiectasis with acute exacerbation, and 1 case diagnosed chronic lung abscess). Maximal serum concentrations in these patients were 0.88-1.29 micrograms/ml (mean = 1.08 micrograms/ml). Thus, maximal serum concentrations of CPFX after oral administration in these aged patients were slightly lower than those in young subjects. However, peak sputum levels of CPFX following oral administration of 200 mg CPFX ranged from 0.53 to 1.47 micrograms/ml at 1-4 hours. These sputum concentrations of the 6 patients were sufficiently high for the inhibition of most infecting organisms in vitro. Clinical responses to CPFX in these 6 patients were good in 5, fair in 1, with an efficacy rate of 100%. Upon administration of CPFX, these 6 patients did not show any adverse reactions. These results suggest that oral administration of CPFX may keep effective levels in serum and sputum over 3 hours in aged patients with chronic respiratory diseases, and good clinical responses should be obtained without side effects in such patients.
Aged↗
Safety of high-dose rofecoxib in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
BACKGROUND: Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by progressive sinusitis, nasal polyposis, and asthma that begins and continues in the absence of exposure to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Cross-sensitivity to all NSAIDs that inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) occurs in these individuals. Reactions to aspirin and NSAIDs in patients with AERD are largely due to inhibition of COX-1. Despite accumulating data on the safety of COX-2 selective inhibitors in AERD, concern still remains that high doses of a COX-2 inhibitor may be sufficient to induce a cross-reaction. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high-dose rofecoxib cross-reacts in patients with AERD and asthma. METHODS: Sixty asthmatic patients underwent blinded placebo-controlled oral challenges with 50 mg of rofecoxib. Aspirin sensitivity was subsequently confirmed in all patients with the use of single-blinded aspirin challenges. RESULTS: None of the 60 patients experienced any symptoms, changes in nasal examination results, or declines in lung function during rofecoxib challenge. All 60 patients experienced respiratory reactions to aspirin challenge, with a mean provoking dose of 57 mg. The exact 1-sided 95% confidence interval for the underlying probability of 50 mg of rofecoxib inducing respiratory cross-reactions in patients with AERD is 0 to 0.05, or 0% to 5%. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the lack of cross-reactivity of aspirin and the highly selective COX-2 inhibitors in AERD. We suggest that it is time for the labeling of highly selective COX-2 inhibitors to reflect these data and for the warning that patients with AERD in particular and asthmatic patients in general avoid selective COX-2 inhibitors to be removed.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
Global increases in allergic respiratory disease: the possible role of diesel exhaust particles.
OBJECTIVE: Reading this article will enable the readers to recognize and evaluate i e potential relationship between allergic respiratory disease and polyaromatic hydrocarbons as air pollutants from industrial and automotive fuel sources. In this article we review the long-term trends in the prevalence of allergic airway diseases (rhinitis and asthma). We then examine the epidemiologic and other research data relating to the role that hydrocarbon fuel emissions may have had on allergic respiratory disease. DESIGN: Published literature on the relationship between specific air pollutants and trends in allergic respiratory disease were reviewed. Reports of research on pollutant effects on allergic antibody (IgE) were also studied. In both cases, the Melvyl-Medline database since 1975 was used for literature searches. Older references were identified from the bibliographies of relevant articles and books and with the help of the rare books collection at UCLA's Louis M. Darling Biomedical library. RESULTS: Examination of the historical record indicates that allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma have significantly increased in prevalence over the past two centuries. Although the reasons for this increase are not fully elucidated, epidemiologic data suggest that certain pollutants such as those produced from the burning of fossil fuels may have played an important role in the prevalence changes. Also important are studies showing that diesel exhaust, a prototypical fossil fuel, is able to enhance in vitro and in vivo IgE production. CONCLUSION: Increased levels of the compounds resulting from fossil fuel combustion may be partly responsible for the increased prevalence of allergic respiratory disease. If the nature of these compounds and the mechanisms by which they exacerbate allergic disease can be identified, steps can be taken to reduce the production or the impact of these allergy producing compounds.
Humans↗
EFFECTS OF ETHAMIVAN IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE.
Nineteen patients suffering from chronic respiratory disease were evaluated before, during and after ethamivan administration by serial measurement of arterial pH, pCO(2), plasma ethamivan levels and alveolar ventilation. Ethamivan was administered intravenously as a single injection of 50 mg. in five patients; as an injection of 25 mg./kg. in five patients; as an intravenous injection of (a) 50 mg. over 15 minutes and (b) 150 mg. over 15 minutes in five patients; and finally as an oral dose of 300 to 500 mg. in five patients.Plasma levels of ethamivan became unmeasurable within 15 minutes of receiving the largest dose. Alveolar ventilation increased only in patients receiving the highest intravenous dose, and no significant changes in blood gases were elicited in any patient.
Acidosis↗
[Clinical study of acute respiratory diseases in children caused by respiratory syncytial virus].
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Acute Disease↗
[Evaluation of respiratory disability in patients of respiratory diseases using relationships between ventilatory drive, ventilation and thoracic pump function during exercise].
We studied the parameters of breathing control during exercise in patients with respiratory diseases for the evaluation of respiratory disability. The ventilatory drive during the same load exercise was increased in patients with respiratory diseases compared with that in normal subjects. In addition, the ratio of ventilation to ventilatory drive during exercise was decreased in patients with respiratory diseases. Impairment of rapid thoracic movement was suggested to be one of the mechanical limitations for ventilation in these patients, based on the findings of smaller esophageal pressure fluctuation during maximum ventilation of 40 respirations per minute than that in normal subjects. Flow at 0.1 sec after initiation of inspiration was designated V0.1. The increase of the ratio of V0.1 at rest to that at maximum voluntary inspiration (V0.0 (rest)/V0.1 (max)) indicate the grade of respiratory disability showing the impossibility of rapid movement of thorax as a parameter of thoracic pump function. It was recognized that the decrease of VE/P0.1 during incremental exercise indicated ventilatory insufficiency.
Exercise Test↗
Experimental assessment of the influence of atmospheric pollutants on respiratory disease.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation, episodes of usually reversible airways obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The disease has significant health, societal and economic consequences. Experimental assessment methods, including controlled human exposure studies, human and animal dosimetry, as well as animal and in vitro toxicology, can shed light on how air pollutants may cause and/or worsen asthma. A brief summary background on selected classes of air pollutants is provided and selected experimental studies that exemplify novel approaches or suggest new hypotheses are highlighted. Possible directions for future research about the effects of particles, pesticides, ambient air toxicants, and pollutant mixtures on asthma, are also outlined.
Air Pollutants↗
Chronic respiratory disease in rural women. An epidemiological survey at Hankasalmi, Finland.
To discover the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and its association with various factors, 1217 women (84% of the defined population) aged 25 to 69 years were surveyed using a questionnaire, chest radiograph and spirometry. 71 women with pulmonary tuberculosis or "other respiratory disease" were excluded from the analysis. At all ages the smokers were thinner than the non-smokers. The percentages of overweight women among the non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers were 50%, 42% and 19%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Nasal catarrh was significantly more common in the smokers than in the non-smokers but for other symptoms no definite association with smoking was found. Breathlessness, wheezing and the effect of weather were significantly more common at older ages. Socioeconomic status did not seem to influence the occurrence of chronic respiratory disease. No significant effect of smoking on FEV1, FVC or FEV1 % was found.
Adult↗
[Chemotherapy for chest diseases with special reference to respiratory diseases].
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Humans↗
Chronic respiratory disease in rural men. An epidemiological survey at Hankasalmi, Finland.
To discover the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and the various factors associated with it, 1162 men (85% of the defined population) aged 25 to 69 years were surveyed using a questionnaire, chest radiograph and spirometry. 112 men with pulmonary tuberculosis or "other respiratory disease" were excluded from the analysis. Excluding the youngest age group (25 to 39 years), the smokers were thinner than the non-smokers. The percentages of overweight men among the non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers were 22%, 27% and 14%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Almost all respiratory symptoms were more common in the smokers than in the non-smokers, and the prevalence of cough, phlegm, severe breathlessness and the effect of weather on respiratory symptoms significantly increased with age. Asthma was not associated with age or smoking, nor was socioeconomic status associated with chronic respiratory disease. The ventilatory function, measured by FEV1, FVC and FEV%, was worse in the smokers than in the non-smokers. In addition the slope of FEV% on age was significantly steeper in the ex-smokers and the various groups of smokers than in the non-smokers.
Adult↗