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PubMed1975

[Circulating sperm antibodies in prostitutes (author's transl)].

Spermatozoa antibodies are found uncommonly frequently in prostitutes both with regard to the spermatozoa immunofluorescence test and also sperm immobilisation. This is also true to a similar extent for the sperm immunofluorescence test in a group of women from infertile marriages, but not, on the other hand for the immobilisation test, in which the frequency of positive results in this group of women was significantly lower than in prostitutes. The outcome of comparative tests in virgins and fertile women were negative. The correlation of positive results in the sperm immobilisation test and in the sperm immunofluorescence test is strikingly small, so that a variable conclusiveness is to be assumed. Presumably, in the presence of sperm antibodies the probability of conception is reduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

HIV infection in European female sex workers: epidemiological link with use of petroleum-based lubricants. European Working Group on HIV Infection in Female Prostitutes.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of and risk factors associated with HIV infection in European female sex workers, particularly sexual risk factors. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional study performed in nine European countries. METHODS: Female sex workers voluntarily enrolled between September 1990 and November 1991. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in various settings (health care, prostitute organizations, outreach) to collect information on over 150 behavioural, health and sociodemographic variables. Enrollment of intravenous drug users (IVDU) was limited to a maximum of 25% of the total sample. The HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody status of blood or saliva samples was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS: Eight hundred and sixty-six (91.6%) of the 945 interviewees provided blood (n = 824) or saliva (n = 42) samples. HIV seroprevalence was 5.3% [44 HIV-1-positives and two HIV-2-positives (from Lisbon)] overall, 31.8% (35 out of 110) in IVDU and 1.5% (11 out of 756) in non-IVDU [odds ratio (OR), 31.6; P < 0.001]. Lack of condom use (P = 0.002, test for trend) and previous ulcerative sexually transmitted disease (OR, 3.6; P = 0.06) were associated (on logistic regression) with HIV infection in both IVDU and non-IVDU. Previous hepatitis B (OR, 13.8; P = 0.02) and needle-sharing (OR, 4.1; P = 0.04) were associated with HIV infection in IVDU, and low education level (P = 0.02, test for trend), previous transfusion (OR, 9.1; P = 0.003), origin from sub-Saharan Africa (OR, 5.4; P = 0.05) and use of petroleum-based lubricants (OR, 15.2; P = 0.001) in non-IVDU. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevalence remains relatively low among non-IVDU prostitutes in Europe. While intravenous drug use remains the most important risk factor for HIV, petroleum-based lubricants (used by 10% of women in this study) may be a risk factor for HIV among European female sex workers; over 80% of those interviewed always used condoms with clients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases or control of prostitutes and patients with venereal diseases? An exemplary, epicritical study in Bremen].

Data derived from laboratory and activity statistics of the Venereal Disease" department of the Public Health Office in Bremen were analysed between 1961 and 1991. The traditional concept to fight venereal diseases" aimed at controlling persons "at risk" for syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid or lymphogranuloma. This "high-risk" approach of STD prevention stressed the compulsory, at least twice monthly screening of female prostitutes and neglected other population groups like clients of prostitutes and young people, who might have an elevated risk in acquiring STD. The spread of STD like chlamydia, HPV, herpes and even HIV in considerable parts of the general population underlines the need for developing a more effective STD prevention, based on scientific diagnosis and treatment. Intervention programmes in STD control must be performed in full partnership with the targeted population; this can require great effort and time. But STD control certainly cannot be achieved under the threat of punishment or proscription.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prostitutes can help prevent the transmission of HIV.

Social stigma and misconceptions about prostitution are barriers to promoting sexual health. This paper discusses the use of public health interventions to break down these barriers. It also attempts to offer some understanding of female prostitutes in particular and explain why they should not be driven underground.

Female↗
PubMed1996

HIV risk behaviors among Dominican brothel and street prostitutes in New York City.

Latina women are overrepresented among AIDS cases in the United States. To assist in developing appropriate prevention and intervention programs, information regarding HIV risk behaviors is needed on the many diverse Latina subgroups. This study examined sociodemographic characteristics and HIV risk behaviors of Dominican female prostitutes, comparing those who worked primarily in brothels with those who were street workers. A total of 77 Dominican prostitutes (54 brothel; 23 street) were recruited in New York City to participate in a structured interview and were offered HIV testing. Ethnographic interviews were conducted with a subscale. Results indicated that there were many significant differences in demographics and risk behaviors between the two groups, and those working in brothels engaged in lower levels of risk behaviors. In addition, those working in brothels had closer ties to the Dominican and Spanish cultures. Implications for AIDS prevention efforts are discussed.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in prostitutes in Turkey.

Prostitutes are an important group for the transmission of a number of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) all over the world. Infection with T. vaginalis is one of the most common. In this study, the incidence and diagnostic procedures for Trichomonas vaginalis infection as one of the sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) have been studied. In legal prostitutes in Ankara, Turkey, 64 (25%) of 225 vaginal wet smears were positive for T. vaginalis. There was no significant difference between the detection rates of direct phase-contrast microscopy and culture for the identification of T. vaginalis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prevalence of HIV and risk behavior of prostitutes living in 2 populous regions of Bujumbura (Burundi)].

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and associated high-risk behavior in female sex workers in two areas of Bujumbura (Bwiza and Musanga), Burundi. Between June 15th and July 15th 1993, 320 female sex workers responded to an anonymous questionnaire and gave a blood sample on filter paper for detection of HIV antibodies. The mean age of the prostitutes was 24.6 (+/- 5.9) years (range 15 to 46). The HIV infection rate was 42.2% (135 of the 320). Univariate analysis showed that the proportion of HIV-infected female sex workers was higher in the Musaga area than in Bwiza (48.3% versus 34.3%; p = 0.012). The prevalence of HIV infection increased with age (24.3% for those aged between 15 and 19; 40.8% for those aged between 20 and 24 and more than 51.4% infected in the over 25 age-group; p < 0.001). The median number of sexual partners in the preceding month was 3 (range 1 to 50) and was not correlated with HIV infection (Wilcoxon's test: p = 0.516). HIV infection was highly correlated with a previous history of STDs (62.7% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001) and was also correlated with STD symptoms (87.5% versus 51.7%; p = 0.01). The only factors correlated with HIV infection in multivariate analysis were age (p = 0.008; Trend's test) and previous history of STDs (p < 0.001). Only 40.2% (127 of 316) of the female sex workers had used condoms with their clients during the preceding month. Intervention strategies to combat HIV transmission among individuals with high levels of sexual activity in Burundi should focus on the female sex workers and their clients, particularly the manual laborers, drivers, soldiers, prisoners and other men who regularly use prostitutes. The prevention of HIV infection in individuals of high-risk groups is the best strategy to reduce HIV transmission in the general population of developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa: effectiveness of condom promotion and health education among prostitutes.

Condom use was assessed after a programme of education about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a condom distribution programme in a well-characterised prostitute population in Nairobi. Women received their education at group meetings (barazas) and at individual counselling sessions during which they were given the results of serological tests for the human immunodeficiency virus (group 1) or at barazas only (group 2), or through very little of either (group 3). During the counselling sessions free condoms were distributed. Before either of the programmes started, 10%, 9%, and 7% of groups 1, 2, and 3 women, respectively, reported occasional use of condoms. By November 1986, 80%, 70%, and 58% of groups 1, 2, and 3 women, respectively, reported at least some condom use. The mean frequency of condom use was 38.7 (SD 31.8)%, 34.6 (34.5)%, and 25.6 (29.5)% of sexual encounters in groups 1, 2, and 3 women. 20 of 28 women who were non-condom-users seroconverted compared with 23 of 50 women who reported some use of condoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Correlates of condom use among female prostitutes and tourist clients in Bali, Indonesia.

This study examines the commercial sex activity of both tourist client and local prostitute groups in the host country of Indonesia. The study provides a profile of social and behavioural characteristics of foreign tourist men and Indonesian women engaging in commercial sex, using cross-sectional data gathered in the tourist resort town of Kuta, Bali. Univariate statistical analysis and multiple logistic regression are used to assess psychosocial and other factors associated with consistent condom use in commercial sex encounters, drawing from the Health Belief model and social cognitive theory. Results from both respondent groups indicate that condom use is high between tourist clients and female Indonesian sex workers, although not 100% consistent. Beliefs about condom efficacy and effects on pleasure, as well as susceptibility to STD infection were related to condom use for female sex workers. Beliefs about condoms being too much trouble, and self-efficacy were related to condom use for tourist clients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A new HTLV type II subtype A isolate in an HIV type 1-infected prostitute from Cameroon, Central Africa.

Among 332 female sex workers in Douala, Cameroon, 113 were HIV-1 seropositive, 3 were HTLV-I seropositive, and only 1 had specific anti-HTLV-II antibodies. By cocultivation with BJAB cells, an HTLV-II was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of this 32-year-old woman coinfected by HIV-1. This new African HTLV-II isolate (PH230PCAM) belongs to the molecular subtype A, exhibiting, however, a nucleotide variability of 2.4% and 0.8%, vis-à-vis the MO prototype, in the LTR and in the gp21 env gene, respectively. These data, as well as the previous findings of another HTLV-II subtype A in a Ghanean prostitute, suggest that this viral subtype had been imported into Africa, while the HTLV-II subtype B, described in remote areas of Zaire, Gabon, and Cameroon, could be a genuine African HTLV-II, present in this continent for a long period of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Naturally occurring IgG anti-HLA alloantibody does not correlate with HIV type 1 resistance in Nairobi prostitutes.

In an effort to identify an immunological basis for natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, we have examined serum antibody responses to HLA class I antigens in female prostitutes of the Nairobi Sex Workers Study. Anti-HLA antibodies are known to block HIV infectivity in vitro and can be protective against SIV challenge in macaques immunized with purified class I HLA. Thus, it was postulated that broadly cross-reactive alloantibodies recognizing common HLA alleles in the client population might contribute to the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. In fact, 12% of the women were found to have serum IgG antibodies against class I alloantigens. However, this alloantibody did not correlate with the HIV status of the women and was found in a similar proportion of HIV-positive and HIV-resistant women. The observed levels of alloantibody did not increase with HIV infection in susceptible individuals, suggesting that potential antigenic mimicry between HIV and host HLA class I antigens does not significantly increase levels of anti-class I antibodies. The lack of correlation between serum anti-allo-class I HLA antibodies and the risk of sexual transmission indicates that this humoral immune response is unlikely to be the natural mechanism behind the HIV-resistance phenotype of persistently HIV-seronegative women. This result, however, does not preclude the further investigation of alloimmunization as an artificial HIV immunization strategy.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1990

Transition dynamics of HIV disease in a cohort of African prostitutes: a Markov model approach.

The progression of HIV-related disease from infection to death is represented as a staged Markov model. Transitions between stages are considered reversible. The model is fitted to data from a cohort of African prostitutes by means of maximum likelihood. It appears that the progression to symptomatic disease (Centers for Disease Control stage IV) in this population is considerably more rapid than that reported from studies in Western countries.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nonoxynol-9 in lubricated condoms. Results of a study in female prostitutes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Debate continues on the efficacy and safety of intravaginal nonoxynol-9 for the prevention of horizontal transmission of human immunodeficiency and other sexually transmitted diseases. Little attention has been paid to the effects of nonoxynol-9 contained in the lubricant of many condoms. GOAL: To assess the tolerability of different levels of nonoxynol-9 in condom lubricants. STUDY DESIGN: Pilot, randomized, controlled trial in 70 female prostitutes. RESULTS: There was no association between dose of nonoxynol-9 and reported symptoms or signs of genital tract inflammation; an increased dose of nonoxynol-9 was associated with increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on a vaginal wall smear. CONCLUSIONS: There is no recognized simple method of defining inflammation in the female genital tract. Future studies of the effects of low-dose nonoxynol-9 on the female genital tract require highly controlled exposures, plus colposcopy with or without vaginal biopsy to define inflammation.

Condoms↗
PubMed1988

Prophylaxis against infection in Singaporean prostitutes.

One hundred prostitutes were interviewed about the prophylactic measures they took against infection. The use of contraceptive diaphragms and clandestine antibiotics correlated significantly with fewer gonococcal infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes in Malaysia.

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases was determined among 370 prostitutes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Chlamydial cervicitis (26.5%) was detected more frequently than gonorrhoea (14.25%) and was associated more often with pelvic inflammatory disease. Concurrent infections and asymptomatic infections were common. Seropositivity to hepatitis B and syphilis were 66.3% and 13.6% respectively. Women under 20 years of age had significantly higher rates of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and hepatitis B virus than older women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexually transmitted diseases in prostitutes in Moshi and Arusha, Northern Tanzania.

Sexually transmitted diseases are thought to be important in facilitating transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. This study reports the prevalence of several sexually transmitted diseases in 106 prostitutes in Arusha and Moshi Northern Tanzania. The seroprevalence of HIV was 73% compared with 3% for local blood donors. Over half (51%) of the subjects had evidence of N. gonorrhoeae infection. Seventy-four per cent had a positive TPHA and 27% a positive RPR. Of 47 subjects tested 12 (25%) had Chlamydia trachomatis antigen detected in endocervical swabs. No significant statistical association was found between the presence of any of the STDs investigated and HIV seropositivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Seropositivity to Chlamydia trachomatis in prostitutes: relationship to other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and its relationship with other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was investigated by serological determinations in a group of 45 women working as prostitutes in Santos, State of São Paulo. Seropositivity to HIV-1 was demonstrated in 4 (9%) of the cases and to HIV-2 in one case. Syphilis and hepatitis B were detected in 29% and 43% of the 45 women, respectively. Specific antibodies to C. trachomatis were found in all subjects. The high seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), syphilis and C. trachomatis in this population was related to predisposing factors such as number of sexual contacts, sexual practices, drug use and episodes of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Prostitutes of the east sector of Santiago: characteristics and pathology of sexual transmission].

We studied the frequency of venereal disease in 329 prostitutes working at massage parlours in Santiago. The mean age was 24 years and half of them had high school or university studies. In spite of frequent sexual contacts averaging 2.8 per day, the prevalence of significant venereal disease was not high in this group. Notably, AIDS infection was not detected. Vaginitis due to Trichomonas or Candida infection was the commonest problem and this was half as frequent among gum preservative users. Marital condition, age, obstetrical history and other variables were not related to genital infection.

Adult↗