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PubMedDate not supplied

Metastatic Listeria monocytogenes infection of the peritoneum in mice with cyclosporine a-induced peritonitis.

Inoculation of mice with Listeria monocytogenes intragastrically or by parenteral routes has not been reported to cause peritonitis. In this study, however, severe listerial peritonitis was induced in mice infected subcutaneously and treated intraperitoneally with cyclosporin A (Cs A) in an oil carrier. In both uninfected and listeria-infected mice, intraperitoneal administration of Cs A consistently produced overexpression of P-selectin in the peritoneal microvasculature and pyogranulomatous inflammation of the peritoneum, suggesting that Cs A causes endothelial damage. We suggest that in listeria-infected mice the non-specific irritant peritonitis induced by the intraperitoneal administration of Cs A results in transfer of listeria-infected phagocytes from the liver and spleen to the peritoneal microvasculature, producing metastatic infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Primary, papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum; a report of experiences].

A total of fourteen patients with primary papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PPSCP) were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Graz between 1980 and 1991. The presence of tumours from other sites, particularly the pancreas and the ovary, had been excluded. Due to extensive spreading of the disease mainly in the upper abdomen, only seven of the 14 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy. The median overall survival time was 10 months (range, 1-28 months). These results are due to the extent of spreading of the disease at diagnosis, and also to the fact, that optimal cytoreductive surgery was possible only in four of the 14 patients. The four patients with optimal cytoreduction showed a better survival than those, who underwent less radical surgery. These results seem to indicate, that, as in primary ovarian cancer, the amount of residual disease may be an important prognostic determining factor in PPSCP.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Use of composite prostheses in the repair of defects in the abdominal wall: prosthetic behaviour at the peritoneum.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the behaviour of two composite biomaterials in rabbit peritoneum. DESIGN: Animal study. SETTING: Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Spain. ANIMALS: 14 white New Zealand white rabbits divided into 2 groups of 7 each. INTERVENTIONS: Defects (7 x 5 cm) involving all the layers of the abdominal wall were created and repaired using Parietex Composite or Vypro prostheses. Fourteen days after implantation, prosthetic specimens were examined by microscopy, and morphometric and biomechanical analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Infection, healing, development of adhesions, and histological appearance of the interface. RESULTS: Firm adhesions were detected after the implant of Vypro while adhesion were loose in the Parietex group. The mean (SD) prosthetic surface area covered by adhesions was significantly greater in the Vypro group 22.3 (2.8) compared with 0.2 (0.02), p <0.01). The neoperitoneum formed after the implant of Parietex was well-organised and homogeneous and covered by a typical mesothelium, while in the Vypro it was disorganised, with a rough texture composed of prosthetic filaments and nodes. The neoperitonum was thicker in the Parietex group 154.0 (5.4) compared with 50.8 (2.3), p <0.05) while higher biomechanical resistance values were recorded in the Vypro group 30.4 (1.9) compared with 15.0 (2.73), p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: While both biomaterials integrated well with tissue, Parietex behaved better at the peritoneal interface.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Neutrophil emigration in the skin, lungs, and peritoneum: different requirements for CD11/CD18 revealed by CD18-deficient mice.

To determine the role of CD11/CD18 complexes in neutrophil emigration, inflammation was induced in the skin, lungs, or peritoneum of mutant mice deficient in CD18 (CD18-/- mutants). Peripheral blood of CD18-/- mutants contained 11-fold more neutrophils than did blood of wild-type (WT) mice. During irritant dermatitis induced by topical application of croton oil, the number of emigrated neutrophils in histological sections of dermis was 98% less in CD18-/- mutants than in WT mice. During Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, neutrophil emigration in CD18-/- mutants was not reduced. These data are consistent with expectations based on studies using blocking antibodies to inhibit CD11/CD18 complexes, and on observations of humans lacking CD11/CD18 complexes. The number of emigrated neutrophils in lung sections during Escherichia coli pneumonia, or in peritoneal lavage fluid after 4 h of S. pneumoniae peritonitis, was not reduced in CD18-/- mutants, but rather was greater than the WT values (240 +/- 30 and 220 +/- 30% WT, respectively). Also, there was no inhibition of neutrophil emigration during sterile peritonitis induced by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate (90 +/- 20% WT). These data contrast with expectations. Whereas CD11/CD18 complexes are essential to the dermal emigration of neutrophils during acute dermatitis, CD18-/- mutant mice demonstrate surprising alternative pathways for neutrophil emigration during pneumonia or peritonitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The chymase, mouse mast cell protease 4, constitutes the major chymotrypsin-like activity in peritoneum and ear tissue. A role for mouse mast cell protease 4 in thrombin regulation and fibronectin turnover.

To gain insight into the biological role of mast cell chymase we have generated a mouse strain with a targeted deletion in the gene for mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4), the mouse chymase that has the closest relationship to the human chymase in terms of tissue localization and functional properties. The inactivation of mMCP-4 did not affect the storage of other mast cell proteases and did not affect the number of mast cells or the mast cell morphology. However, mMCP-4 inactivation resulted in complete loss of chymotryptic activity in the peritoneum and in ear tissue, indicating that mMCP-4 is the main source of stored chymotrypsin-like protease activity at these sites. The mMCP-4 null cells showed markedly impaired ability to perform inactivating cleavages of thrombin, indicating a role for mMCP-4 in regulating the extravascular coagulation system. Further, a role for mMCP-4 in connective tissue remodeling was suggested by the inability of mMCP-4 null peritoneal cells to process endogenous fibronectin.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Molecular evidence for multifocal papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in patients with germline BRCA1 mutations.

BACKGROUND: Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSCP) diffusely involves peritoneal surfaces, while it spares or only superficially involves the ovaries. PSCP is histologically indistinguishable from serous epithelial ovarian carcinoma, and it may develop years after oophorectomy. The molecular pathogenesis of PSCP remains unresolved, although preliminary data suggest a multifocal origin in some cases. Patients with germline BRCA1 mutations may develop PSCP in addition to breast and ovarian carcinomas. The purpose of this study was to utilize the androgen receptor (AR) gene locus to test the hypothesis that some cases of PSCP have a multifocal origin and to determine if patients with germline BRCA1 mutations develop multifocal PSCP. METHODS: Specimens of normal and tumor tissues from 22 women with PSCP were obtained, and DNA was extracted. The AR gene locus was evaluated for patterns of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and X-chromosome inactivation. The methylation-sensitive Hpa II restriction enzyme was used to differentiate the active and inactive X chromosomes. Germline BRCA1 mutation status of the patients was determined previously. RESULTS: Genetic analysis of tumor specimens indicated that five (23%) of 22 case subjects had patterns of selective LOH at the AR locus, consistent with multifocal, polyclonal disease origin. Two patients with selective LOH also had alternating X-chromosome inactivation patterns. Patients with germline BRCA1 mutations were more likely to have evidence of multifocal disease (two-sided Fisher's exact test, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that PSCP has a multifocal origin in at least some cases. Furthermore, patients with germline BRCA1 mutations are more likely to develop multifocal PSCP than are patients without BRCA1 mutations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sonographic determination of the thickness of the peritoneum in healthy children and paediatric patients on CAPD.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged peritoneal dialysis and frequent episodes of peritonitis lead to structural changes and thickening of the peritoneum. Ultrasonography investigations may provide the opportunity to detect morphological changes early, but no systematic investigations have been performed yet. METHODS: Normal values of peritoneal thickness were obtained by systematically examining 131 healthy children (0-15 years) by ultrasound. Parietal peritoneal thickness was best measured at the sternal-umbical line distal from the xiphoid. Growth charts with 95% intervals were prepared. The data of 26 patients with end-stage renal failure (5-18 years) were compared to those of the normal children. RESULTS: The variation coefficient for the consecutive measurements was only 5%, interobserver error was approximately 7%. Whereas gender did not have any influence, peritoneal thickness was significantly correlated to age, weight and most obviously to height (r = 0.81; P<0.001). Children treated only by haemodialysis had normal values, while an increased thickness, loss of movement, and adhesion of the two peritoneal layers were found in children on CAPD. These changes were only noted in patients who had a history of peritonitis. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound examination is a simple, noninvasive and precise method to measure the peritoneal changes in children on CAPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fibrinolytic activity of mesothelial lining of the displaced peritoneum.

Because of the suggestive analogy between a large hernial sac and the irreversibly displaced serosa, a prospective controlled study has been carried out in order to compare the fibrinolytic activity of mesothelial cells of the sac and of the parietal peritoneum in man. Results suggest the importance of undamaged mesothelial cells for the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneal serosa. Careful defense of the mesothelial lining from direct trauma and damage has therefore to be regarded as necessary and perhaps sufficient requirement to preserve the fibrinolytic activity of attached peritoneal flaps dislocated to cover or separate the surgically deperitonealized surfaces.

Fibrinolysis↗
PubMed1989

Malignant small-cell epithelial tumor of the peritoneum coexpressing mesenchymal-type intermediate filaments.

A 28-year-old man with a large abdominal mass was found to have a tumor involving the peritoneum that had no other apparent primary origin. By light microscopy, the histologic pattern of the tumor was that of a small-cell epithelial neoplasm. Electron-microscopic examination demonstrated desmosomes and paranuclear aggregates of intermediate filaments. Immunohistochemical studies revealed reactivity for keratin, desmin, and vimentin. The globoid staining observed for the last two markers correlated with the paranuclear concentration of intermediate filaments observed by electron microscopy. We believe this case represents an unusual small-cell epithelial tumor, expressing mesenchymal-type intermediate filaments, that should be distinguished from other small-cell neoplasms.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

Peritoneal serous micropapillomatosis of low malignant potential (serous borderline tumors of the peritoneum). A clinicopathologic study of 17 cases.

Primary peritoneal serous micropapillomatosis of low malignant potential, or serous borderline tumor of the peritoneum, is a relatively rare lesion that is histologically indistinguishable from peritoneal "implants" associated with ovarian papillary serous tumors of low malignant potential. We analyzed 17 cases to further define the pathologic features and prognosis of this entity. The ages of the patients ranged from 16 to 67 years (mean, 33 years). Eight patients were symptomatic with chronic pelvic or abdominal pain (five patients), adnexal mass (one patient), small-bowel obstruction (one patient), and possible endometriosis (one patient). In nine cases (53%), peritoneal serous micropapillomatosis of low malignant potential was an incidental finding discovered during evaluation or treatment of other conditions. Grossly, the peritoneal lesions were focal or diffuse. They commonly appeared as miliary granules and often were believed to be peritoneal carcinomatosis. Microscopically, peritoneal serous micropapillomatosis of low malignant potential had all of the patterns seen in superficial ("noninvasive") peritoneal implants of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Psammoma bodies were a prominent feature of all cases. Twelve patients also had typical endosalpingiosis. Most patients were treated by hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Surgical treatment in seven patients consisted only of biopsy. Ten patients had residual unresected disease at the time of their initial operation. Several patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Follow-up was available for 14 of the 17 patients. One patient died of metastatic breast carcinoma at 3.8 years; another patient died 7 weeks after operation, possibly as a complication of therapy. The other 12 patients were alive at last known contact after follow-up intervals of 8 months to 16.2 years (mean, 7.5 years). Two of these 12 patients developed multiple episodes of small-bowel obstruction due to persistent peritoneal serous micropapillomatosis of low malignant potential; neither received adjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy. Both were alive without progressive disease 10.9 and 16.2 years after initial diagnosis, respectively. This excellent prognosis supports a regimen of conservative therapy for these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining ultrafiltration properties of the peritoneum.

Peritoneal solute reflection coefficients have previously been determined by simply comparing the time dependence of the solute concentration in the dialysis solution with that predicted by mathematical models. The present study theoretically examines the experimental conditions required to determine the solute reflection coefficient from the dependence of the dialysate concentration on time. Optimal experimental conditions are first derived using an approximate mathematical model that permits simple interpretation; these predictions are confirmed by numerical computation using a more rigorous model. It is demonstrated that the peritoneal solute reflection coefficient can be determined when solute transport is in the blood to dialysate direction only during a hypertonic exchange. When solute transport is in the dialysate to blood direction, the solute reflection coefficient can be determined using a hypotonic dialysis solution only for solutes that diffuse slowly across the peritoneum. Reliable determinations of the peritoneal solute reflection coefficient can only be obtained when using these experimental conditions.

Biological Transport↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histologic effects of Amipaque (metrizamide) and various contrast media on mouse peritoneum.

The histologic effects of Amipaque and various commonly used contrast media on mouse peritoneum were studied by intraperitoneal injections of Amipaque 370 mg I/ml and 170 mg I/ml, Conray 300 mg I/ml, Conray Meglumine 282 mg I/ml, Urografin 60% and 76%, Gastrografin and barium sulfate. Amipaque and the other water-soluble media cause no deleterious effects, whereas barium sulfate evokes granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Amipaque is suitable for gastrointestinal studies when leakage into the peritoneal cavity is expected.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta and extracellular matrix by human peritoneal mesothelial cells and by fibroblasts from normal peritoneum and adhesions: effect of Tisseel.

We have previously shown that fibroblasts obtained from adhesions produce greater amounts of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules than normal fibroblasts isolated from normal peritoneum. The purpose of the current studies was to examine the effect of Tisseel (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Glendale, CA), a fibrin sealant containing fibrinogen, aprotinin (a protease inhibitor), thrombin, and CaC1(2), on TGF-beta1 and ECM production by human peritoneal mesothelial cells, normal peritoneal fibroblasts, and adhesion fibroblasts. Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using beta-actin as a housekeeping gene was used to determine mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 and ECM in these cells at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours under normoxic conditions in the following treatment groups : fibrin sealant (Tisseel) alone; fibrin sealant with the two components diluted 1 : 2; fibrin sealant with the sealer protein component reconstituted without aprotinin (a protease inhibitor); fibrin sealant with the sealer protein component reconstituted without aprotinin (and both components diluted 1 : 2); fibrin sealant components diluted to physiologic concentrations; and control (culture media). The test compositions had little effect on TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in mesothelial cells and normal peritoneal fibroblasts, but resulted in a marked reduction of TGF-beta1 from adhesion fibroblasts. Expression of type I collagen by human peritoneal mesothelial cells was not detected; the compositions reduced type I collagen mRNA expression by both types of fibroblasts. Type III collagen was detected at six hours, and increased approximately 50 percent by culturing for 48 hours. Tisseel at full strength and with both components diluted 1 : 2 initially increased type III collagen mRNA levels; in contrast, type III collagen mRNA levels were reduced in mesothelial cells by the fibrin sealant without aprotinin at both concentrations and at physiologic concentrations. In both types of fibroblasts, the Tisseel compositions reduced type III collagen mRNA expression. Fibronectin mRNA were transiently reduced at six hours by approximately 50 percent in the presence of the Tisseel components, but then returned to control levels. Fibronectin mRNA levels were not altered in normal peritoneal fibroblasts, but were reduced by all but the physiologic concentration in adhesion fibroblasts. Tisseel may modulate human peritoneal mesothelial cell, normal peritoneal fibroblast, and adhesion fibroblast function. These results suggest that fibrin sealant prepared from the Tisseel kit without aprotinin has the ability to reduce ECM and TGF-beta1 mRNA levels, especially from adhesion fibroblasts, which may indicate a role in reduction of postoperative adhesion development.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Evidence for an action of morphine and the enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse peritoneum.

1 A modification of the abdominal constriction test in mice has been developed, and used to study the antinociceptive effects of morphine and several related drugs. In most experiments, acetic acid (0.6% i.p.) was used as the nociceptive stimulus, and in a few cases, acetylcholine (3.2 mg/kg i.p.) was used. When the abdominal constriction response had reached a maximum, the drugs under test were given intraperitoneally, and their ability to decrease the number of abdominal constrictions was determined, beginning immediately after its administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that morphine and its congeners may produce an antinociceptive effect by an action within the peritoneum.2 It was found that morphine was an extremely potent antinociceptive agent in this modified test, with an ID(50) of 5.4 x 10(-9) mol/kg (1.54 mug/kg). Codeine and pentazocine were about 40 times less active and oxymorphine was about twice as potent as morphine. Met- and Leu-enkephalin were also potent but their action diminished very rapidly with time. Ketocyclazocine was the most potent substance tested, and had an ID(50) value of 1.26 x 10(-10) mol/kg (0.036 mug/kg). All the drugs tested produced their maximal effect within 1 or 2 min of administration.3 Pretreatment of the mice with naloxone caused a dose-dependent shift to the right of the dose-response curve to morphine. The pAx plot was linear over part of the range, with a slope of -1.02 and the ;apparent pA(2)' value was 6.14. Naloxone was much less effective in antagonizing Met-enkephalin, and caused a slight potentiation of ketocyclazocine and pentazocine and of cocaine, which was used for comparison.4 Pretreatment of mice with morphine, 3 h earlier, caused a marked tolerance to a subsequent dose of morphine, and a potentiation of the antagonist potency of naloxone. However, there was little cross-tolerance between morphine and Leu-enkephalin.5 It is concluded that morphine and its congeners can produce an antinociceptive effect by an action within the mouse peritoneum, presumably by interacting with one or more types of opioid receptors which may be situated on sensory nerve endings.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2005

Effects of glucose and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 on collagen metabolism in the peritoneum.

Nonphysiological solutions containing high glucose levels have been considered an important factor in the etiology of fibrotic changes in long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. At the same time, increased Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI)-1 secretion has been reported to correlate with fibrotic changes. We suspected that the high glucose content of peritoneal dialysis solution may induce peritoneal sclerosis via up-regulation of PAI-1 gene expression. In this study, we evaluated the effects of glucose on PAI-1 activity in peritoneal fibrosis in a rat model of CAPD. The effects of glucose on the expressions of PAI-1 and several other genes correlated with collagen metabolism were also examined in cultured rat peritoneal mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected twice daily for 28 days with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control group), PBS containing 4% glucose (glucose group), or PBS containing 4% glucose plus a PAI-1 inhibitor (PAI-1 inhibitor group). Thickening of the peritoneum with increase the deposition of collagens type I and III in the submesothelial interstitium were observed in the glucose and the PAI-1 inhibitor group, but these were less severe in the PAI-1 inhibitor group. Glucose stimulated expression of the mRNA of PAI-1, collagen type I and III, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in fibroblasts but not in mesothelial cells. Glucose stimulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA expression in both cell types. The PAI-1 inhibitor suppressed expression of the mRNAs induced by glucose. In conclusion, glucose induces peritoneal fibrosis, including changes in collagen metabolism, by stimulating PAI-1 expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: regional changes of peritoneum.

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) is characterized by the diffuse appearance of marked sclerotic thickening of the peritoneal membrane. We experienced a case with SEP accompanied by regional changes of peritoneum. A 37-year-old woman with end-stage renal failure was started on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in 1985 and was transferred to hemodialysis in 1997. She was admitted because of ileus in 1998 with SEP and died of septicemia. The diagnosis of SEP was confirmed via the autopsy. The root of the mesentery was retracted and shortened. Since the peritoneal change was marked in the regions with free margin of mesentery and was less apparent in the regions not adhered to mesentery, it is indicated that mechanical stress also contributes to the occurrence of SEP. Since calcification and ossification were only seen in a free margin of small bowel from mesentery, it is suggested that there is a close relationship between calcification and ossification. Since fibrosis invaded into the muscle layer, dysfunction of bowel movement as well as bowel obstruction contributed to the appearance of ileus. It is suggested that mechanical stress by the root of mesentery which is retracted and shortened also contributes to the appearance of SEP.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Neutrophil emigration in the lungs, peritoneum, and skin does not require gelatinase B.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) release gelatinase B in response to variable stimuli. Gelatinase B degrades basement membrane components in vitro, and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity blunts PMN migration through a prototype basement membrane (Matrigel) and amnionic membranes. Accordingly, it has been speculated that gelatinase B is necessary for PMN emigration. To test this hypothesis we induced acute inflammation in the lungs, peritoneum, and skin in mice with a null mutation of the gelatinase B gene (gelatinase B-/-) and littermate controls (gelatinase B+/+). At 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after intratracheal instillation of LPS, the emigration of PMN in the lung, as determined by PMN in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, was similar in gelatinase B-/- and gelatinase B+/+ mice. The number of PMN in the peritoneal cavity 4 h after thioglycollate-induced peritonitis was also comparable in gelatinase B-/- and gelatinase B+/+ mice. At 4 h after an intradermal injection of interleukin-8, numerous PMN were present extravascularly in the dermis in both gelatinase B-/- and gelatinase B+/+ mice and the myeloperoxidase activities of the skin at the injection sites were indistinguishable between the two types of mice. PMN from gelatinase B-/- mice migrated through Matrigel in response to zymosan-activated serum with the same efficiency as did PMN from gelatinase B+/+ mice. In vitro, gelatinase B-/- PMN killed Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae as effectively as did PMN from gelatinase B+/+ mice. These findings indicate that gelatinase B is not required for PMN emigration, and suggest that the antibacterial function of PMN is preserved despite gelatinase B deficiency.

Animals↗