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PubMed2000

Impact of the number of treatment courses on the clinical response of patients who receive high-dose bolus interleukin-2.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of treatment with successive courses of high-dose bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the incidence of clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 350 patients with either metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer who were treated with high-dose bolus IL-2 in the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, between September 1985 and November 1996 was analyzed, with a median potential follow-up of 7.1 years. All patients were treated with 720,000 IU/kg of IL-2 administered by a 15-minute intravenous infusion every 8 hours for up to 5 days, as clinically tolerated per cycle. Patients were retreated according to clinical response and tolerance to the IL-2 therapy. RESULTS: Of the 149 patients with melanoma, 10 achieved complete responses (CRs) and 13 partial responses (PRs), for an overall response rate of 15.4%. Of the 201 patients with renal cell cancer, 18 achieved CRs and 20 PRs, for an overall response rate of 19.0%. Among responding patients, 21 of 23 with melanoma and 34 of 38 with renal cell cancer developed at least PRs after the first course of IL-2. CONCLUSION: Most patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer who achieved PRs or CRs to intravenous high-dose bolus IL-2 were identified after the first course of therapy. Those who demonstrated no response after two treatment courses failed to respond to additional IL-2 therapy. Based on this retrospective analysis, we recommend that patients who exhibit objective responses to treatment with high-dose bolus IL-2 receive additional treatment courses until either CR or IL-2 intolerance develops. Patients who do not achieve objective responses after two courses of IL-2 should receive no further treatment with this regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The renin-angiotensin system in thyroidectomized rats.

The influence of thyroidectomy on the renin-angiotensin system was studied in the rat. From 1-6 weeks after thyroidectomy, PRA and plasma renin substrate (PRS) decreased, but the plasma renin concentration remained unchanged, and the renal renin content increased. T3 injection corrected the changes in the plasma renin-angiotensin system of thyroidectomized rats within 20-40 h. After ethinylestradiol treatment, the PRS in thyroidectomized rats rose in the same proportion as that in normal rats, but remained below the normal level. After binephrectomy, on the other hand, the PRS was high, and PRS levels in normal and thyroidectomized animals were similar. Isoproterenol increased PRA and plasma renin concentration in control animals but had no effect on thyroidectomized rats. From the above results it may be concluded that angiotensinogen production is dependent on thyroid hormones and that renin release depends on beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity to catecholamines, which is reduced by thyroidectomy. (Endocrinology 108: 647, 1981)

Angiotensinogen↗
PubMed1980

[An experimental study on the effects of the chronic administration of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (author's transl)].

The chronic effects of the oral administration of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril, 63-80 mg/kg/day) on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were studied in normotensive male Wistar rats. The blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma renin substrate concentration (PRS), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and renal renin content (RRC) were measured 2, 9, 19, 29 and 58 days after the administration of the agent. Blood pressure was determined in unanesthetized rats, and blood samples were obtained by decapitation. Furthermore, blood pressure responses to bolus injections of angiotensin II (AII, 80 ng/kg), angiotensin I (AI, 80 ng/kg) and bradykinin (BK, 10 micrograms/kg) were examined in unanesthetized rats which had been given the agent for 20 days. The BP of the rats which had been given captopril for 9 days or more was significantly lower than in the control rats. The reduction in heart weight in the captopril rats reached a statistically significant level 58 days after the administration of the agent. The PRA and the PRC markedly increased, and the PRS and the PAC both decreased in the captopril rats. The RRC which was reduced after 2 days of captopril administration markedly increased thereafter. In the captopril rats, significant negative correlations were observed between PRC and PRS (r=-0.43, p<0.01), and between BP and PRC (r=-0.60, p<0.001). The PRC significantly correlated with the RRC in the control rats (r=-0.44, p<0.01) while such a relationship did not exist in the captopril rats. Although the pressor responses to AII were similar in the captopril and the control rats, the responses to AI were reduced to 50% of the responses to AII in the captopril rats. The blood pressure reduction in response to BK in the captopril rats was 2.3 times as great as that in the control rats. Thus, it is suggested that the increases in PRA, PRC and RRC in the captopril rats may be related to both the blood pressure reduction and interruption of the negative feedback inhibition of renin synthesis and release by AII, and that the decrease in PRS in the captopril rats is due to the increased consumption and probably to the decreased rate of substrate production in the liver which is secondary to the decrease in plasma AII. The lack of significant positive correlation between PRC and RRC in the captopril rats seems to demonstrate that captopril may modify the relationship between them. The results also show that the chronic administration of captopril lowers blood pressure in normotensive animals. The blood pressure reduction by captopril may be related to the decreased kininase activity which is suggested by the enhanced depressor responses to BK, as well as the lowered plasma level of AII.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed2005

Presubiculum stimulation in vivo evokes distinct oscillations in superficial and deep entorhinal cortex layers in chronic epileptic rats.

The characteristic cell loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal area (MEA-III) in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is reproduced in the rat kainate model of the disease. To understand how this cell loss affects the functional properties of the MEA, we investigated whether projections from the presubiculum (prS), providing a main input to the MEA-III, are altered in this epileptic rat model. Injections of an anterograde tracer in the prS revealed bilateral projection fibers mainly to the MEA-III in both control and chronic epileptic rats. We further examined the prS-MEA circuitry using a 16-channel electrode probe covering the MEA in anesthetized control and chronic epileptic rats. With a second 16-channel probe, we recorded signals in the hippocampus. Current source density analysis indicated that, after prS double-pulse stimulation, afterdischarges in the form of oscillations (20-45 Hz) occurred that were confined to the superficial layers of the MEA in all epileptic rats displaying MEA-III neuronal loss. Slower oscillations (theta range) were occasionally observed in the deep MEA layers and the dentate gyrus. This kind of oscillation was never observed in control rats. We conclude that dynamical changes occur in an extensive network within the temporal lobe in epileptic rats, manifested as different kinds of oscillations, the characteristics of which depend on local properties of particular subareas. These findings emphasize the significance of the entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy and suggest that the superficial cell layers could play an important role in distributing oscillatory activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A prospective, longitudinal study of feeding skills in a cohort of babies with cleft conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the natural history of feeding skills in babies with clefts and identify risk factors and predictors of poor feeding. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two babies with clefts were examined at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 14 months of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feeding ability, oral motor function, and feeding efficiency were assessed. Univariate analyses were used to determine whether oral motor function and sequelae varied according to feeding ability or cleft condition. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for poor feeding. RESULTS: Poor feeding skills were detected in one third of newborns. The prevalence of poor feeding reduced to 19% at 3 months of age and 15% at 14 months of age. Oral motor dysfunction and sequelae (particularly nasal regurgitation) were more commonly observed in babies with poor feeding skills irrespective of comorbidity. The main risk factor for poor feeding was a diagnosis of syndrome or Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). At 2 weeks of age, babies with syndrome or PRS were 15 times more likely to have poor feeding skills than their nonsyndromic counterparts. When syndrome or PRS was controlled for, babies with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate were equally likely to have poor feeding skills. Parental report of feeding efficiency was predictive of poor feeding in young babies. CONCLUSIONS: Poor feeding skills are relatively common in newborns with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Treatment for feeding problems may be needed beyond the first year of life, especially for babies born with PRS or a syndrome.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1993

Changes in progesterone and oestrogen receptor mRNA and protein during maternal recognition of pregnancy and luteolysis in ewes.

This study characterized changes in levels of mRNA and protein for endometrial oestrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) during luteolysis and maternal recognition of pregnancy. For cyclic and pregnant ewes, endometrium was collected on days 10, 12, 14, or 16 post-oestrus (4 ewes/day for each status) for the measurement of ER and PR mRNA and protein. The amount of receptor mRNA is expressed in relative units above background, measured from radiographs of dot-blot hybridization of total endometrial RNA with ER and PR cDNAs. At hysterectomy, jugular vein blood samples were collected and assayed for progesterone, total corpus luteum weight was recorded and, in vitro, endometrial oxytocin-stimulated inositol phosphate formation was estimated. In pregnant ewes, plasma progesterone increased gradually between days 10 and 16 (P < 0.01), corpus luteum weight was stable at approximately 0.8 g and oxytocin did not stimulate endometrial formation of inositol phosphates in vitro. In contrast, in cyclic ewes, plasma progesterone decreased from day 10 to day 16 (P < 0.01), corpus luteum weight decreased after day 14 to approximately 0.48 g (P = 0.05) and oxytocin stimulated an increase of approximately 1300% in the endometrial formation of inositol phosphates on day 16. cDNAs specifically hybridized with 1.6 and 3.1 kb transcripts for PR mRNA and a 6.5 kb transcript for ER mRNA. In cyclic ewes, the amount of PR mRNA increased from day 10 to maximum levels on days 14-16. The number of PRs decreased from day 10 (2.25 pmol/mg DNA) to day 12 (0.98 pmol/mg DNA) and then increased from day 14 to day 16 (2.8 pmol/mg DNA). In pregnant ewes, PR mRNA levels were greatest on days 10-12 and decreased by approximately 50% by day 16. In contrast, the number of PRs was relatively unchanged from day 10 to day 16 (1.53 to 1.03 pmol/mg DNA). In cyclic ewes, the amount of ER mRNA was lowest at day 10 and increased fivefold by day 16. The number of ERs remained relatively unchanged from day 10 to day 14 (6.07 pmol/mg DNA) and increased by day 16 (16.12 pmol/mg DNA). In pregnant ewes, ER mRNA decreased by approximately 80% from day 12 to day 16. Similarly, the number of ERs decreased from day 10 to day 16 (5.41 to 2.05 pmol/mg DNA). Correlations between ER mRNA and PR mRNA (r = 0.68), ERs and PRs (r = 0.50) and ER mRNA and ERs (r = 0.50) were high (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The value of motile density, strict morphology, and the hypoosmotic swelling test in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single abnormal semen parameter on subsequent implantation and pregnancy rates (PRs) following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). The parameters evaluated were motile density (MD), strict normal morphology (SNM), and the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test. A total of 592 IVF cycles were evaluated. Patients were divided into four groups each with one abnormal semen parameter except for the control: group 1 (n = 509), control group: MD > or = 10 x 10(6)/mL, HOS > or = 50%, SNM > or = 4%; group 2 (n = 51): HOS and SNM normal, MD < 10 x 10(6)/mL; group 3 (n = 14): MD and SNM normal, HOS < 50%; group 4 (n = 18): MD and HOS normal, SNM < 4%. The implantation rate was 10.2% for the control group. The implantation rate was similar for the low MD (9.0%) and the low SNM (16.7%) groups. However, the low HOS group had a significantly lower implantation rate (0%). The clinical PRs are similar in the control group and low MD and SNM groups, but decreased in the low HOS group (21.5, 15.0, 30.8, and 0%, respectively). Ongoing PRs were also similar with the exception of the low HOS group (0%). This comparative study supports previous conclusions that the subnormal HOS test is the best semen parameter available that predicts poor PRs. It also suggests that some qualitative defect in the embryos may result from defective sperm membranes, resulting in an apparently normal appearance but physiologically defective embryo.

Cell Count↗
PubMed2000

Effect of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy female volunteers.

Drospirenone is a new synthetic progestogen with both progestational, antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic properties. In combination with ethinylestradiol, it is being developed as an oral contraceptive which will contain 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Yasmin, Schering AG, Germany). The effects of drospirenone alone, and in combination with ethinylestradiol, upon the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have been evaluated in healthy female volunteers. RAAS activity was assessed by measurement of plasma renin substrate (PRS) concentration (otherwise known as angiotensinogen), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone (P-Aldo) concentration. An antimineralocorticoid effect was observed when volunteers received drospirenone alone at doses in the range 0.5-3.0 mg/day for one cycle. The effect was dose-dependent for P-Aldo but was not dose-dependent for PRA. When ethinylestradiol (30 micrograms) was combined with either 2 mg or 3 mg drospirenone and given to volunteers for three cycles, an increase in PRS was observed with both preparations, which was indicative of estrogenic stimulation, and increases in PRA and P-Aldo were shown which were indicative of an antimineralocorticoid effect of drospirenone. Increases in PRA and P-Aldo were significantly higher with the preparation containing 3 mg drospirenone in cycle 1 but not in cycle 3. The effect of the preparation containing 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/3 mg drospirenone upon RAS activity was also compared with that of a commercially available preparation also containing 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol but combined with 150 micrograms desogestrel (Marvelon). Over a period of 13 cycles, increases in PRS were seen with both treatments, the effect being slightly more pronounced with 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/150 micrograms desogestrel. A markedly greater increase in PRA was seen following treatment with 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/3 mg drospirenone, and, in cycle 3, this difference was statistically significant. In contrast, P-Aldo was increased markedly with 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/3 mg drospirenone in all measured cycles, whereas, in the 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/150 micrograms desogestrel group, changes were minimal. The increases in PRA and P-Aldo are interpreted as endogenous counter-regulation against the antimineralocorticoid activity of drospirenone. PRS increases under all combinations are an expression of estrogenic stimulation. Measurement of body weight and blood pressure in the studies with combined ethinylestradiol and drospirenone revealed that drospirenone was associated with either stable body weight or with a slight loss in body weight, while blood pressure remained largely unchanged. Overall, the results indicate that 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol/3 mg drospirenone has a distinct antimineralocorticoid effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of progesterone receptors in breast cancer.

It has been demonstrated that progesterone receptors (PRs) are at least as valuable as estrogen receptors (ERs) for predicting outcome in breast cancer patients. Retrospective analysis indicates that the presence of PRs may be the second most critical factor, after the number of positive nodes, in predicting disease-free survival, with a correlation between length of survival and number of tumor PRs. The presence of PRs has been shown to be of value for predicting response in both early and advanced breast cancer patients. In studies of assay consistency, major discordance rates were minimal in simultaneous assays, but extremely high in sequential assays of tumors that were PR-positive in initial assay. The responsible factor was interim endocrine therapy, and it was subsequently determined that the prognosis was worse for those patients whose tumors lost PR between assays.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2005

The CD3epsilon proline-rich sequence, and its interaction with Nck, is not required for T cell development and function.

The CD3epsilon proline-rich sequence (PRS) binds to the cytosolic adaptor molecule Nck after TCR ligation. It has been proposed that this interaction is essential for immunological synapse formation and T cell activation. To assess the physiological importance of the CD3epsilon PRS, we have generated mice that lack this motif (CD3epsilon.PRS(M)). Pull-down experiments demonstrated the inability of Nck to bind to the CD3epsilon PRS in thymocytes from mutant mice after TCR ligation. Surprisingly, no differences were observed in the number and percentage of T cell subsets in the thymus and spleen, and there was no apparent defect in positive or negative selection. Furthermore, the proliferative response of CD3epsilon.PRS(M) T cells to staphylococcal enterotoxin B and anti-CD3 Ab was normal. TCR surface expression, constitutive internalization, and Ag-induced down-modulation were also normal. These data suggest that the interaction between the CD3epsilon PRS and Nck, or any other Src homology 3 domain-containing molecule, is not essential for T cell development and function.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1979

Effects of immunization with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone on corpus luteum function in the rhesus monkey.

Rhesus monkeys immunized with the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLHbeta) developed circulating antibodies which cross-reacted strongly with rhesus monkey chorionic gonadotropin. Normal ovulatory cycles continued, but the fertility of immunized monkeys as compared with that of controls was significantly reduced. Thus, the rhesus monkey represented a useful animal model for the study of certain aspects of an "antifertility vaccine." We investigated the effects of circulating antibodies to oLHbeta on corpus luteum function by measuring production rates (PRs) and peripheral concentrations of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Both parameters were significantly lower in immunized animals than in control animals. The length of the menstrual cycle was also significantly reduced. Progesterone PRs were also determined on days 10 and 15 after mating to test the assumption that the antifertility vaccine prevents pregnancy by interfering with "corpus luteum rescue" (the increase in PRs of progesterone usually occurring on day 15 after mating in fertilized animals). PRs increased from days 10 to 15 in pregnant controls, were unchanged in nonpregnant controls, and were significantly lower on day 15 in immunized monkeys as compared with nonpregnant and pregnant controls. These results suggest that "corpus luteum rescue" is suppressed in immunized animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of minute pleural fluid in the pleural retracted space associated with peripheral lung cancer: evaluation with MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting minute pleural fluid in the pleural retracted space (PRS) associated with peripheral lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our subjects were 20 patients with peripheral lung cancer in whom thin-section CT in the lung window setting demonstrated lesions adjacent to the pleural surface, and who were referred for MR imaging. The imaging findings were retrospectively evaluated and correlated with the histopathologic specimens. Pleural fluid was aspirated for cytology under ultrasound (US) guidance in six patients. RESULTS: STIR MR images revealed water SI areas beneath the chest wall associated with the lung cancer, whereas, on CT images, lung cancer and minute pleural fluid in the PRS showed similar soft-tissue density without enabling easy differentiation. Two of the six patients who underwent aspiration cytology showed malignancy. All histopathologic specimens obtained from 18 patients who underwent surgery showed pleural retraction corresponding to the water SI areas on STIR images. Histopathological study revealed that the fibrotic focus of the tumor tended to occur more intensively when the shape of pleural retraction was thinner and deeper. CONCLUSION: Water SI areas on STIR images were thought to suggest pleural fluid retention in the PRS. MRI was sensitive in detecting minute pleural fluid in the PRS and may help to avoid overdiagnosis of chest wall invasion induced from peripheral lung cancers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Acquisition and review of non-U.S.-based HIV risk reduction intervention studies.

In response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many governments and nongovernmental organizations have supported numerous HIV prevention intervention studies in both the United States and in other countries. To understand which intervention approaches have worked outside the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention extended the scope of its HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) project to include non-U.S.-based studies. We describe briefly the PRS experience with the challenges of acquiring and reviewing those studies, and some of the specialized efforts to find them. The ultimate goals of the PRS project related to international prevention research are to include all available reports of non-U.S.-based studies in the PRS database and to provide comprehensive reviews of those studies. The findings of the reviews would not only highlight common themes of effectiveness or research gaps in the international arena but could also be useful for improving prevention research and programs in the United States.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

The perfidy of percentiles.

Standard texts in neuropsychology, forensic, and educational psychology recommend the use of percentile rank scores (PRs) in reports and in oral "feedback" on the grounds that percentiles are easily understood by nonpsychologists. This study tested that assumption, testing predictions that errors would be made consistent with misunderstanding PR values as units of equal intervals. Four hypotheses about errors in interpretation were tested using a 12-item task to assess third-year psychology undergraduates' estimates comparing PR scores against the familiar metric of IQ. All predictions of significant asymmetrical and systematic errors of interpretation were supported. Even psychometrically educated subjects grossly misinterpret the meaning of PRs. Commonly recommended graphical display formats may unwittingly enhance these errors. Implications are most significant for forensic neuropsychology. Apparently low PRs representing cognitive performance within the Average range will typically be misinterpreted to mean significant impairment and, thus, may distort compensation and personal injury awards. Conversely, apparently high PRs representing offender recidivism risk within the Average range will be misinterpreted as high risk and impede release.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association between type II diabetes and colon cancer among Japanese with reference to changes in food intake.

Many epidemiological studies have provided support for the hypothesis that type II diabetes can increase the risk of colorectal cancer, but time trends, geographical distributions and host factors for the two diseases remain largely to be clarified. To address these issues, we investigated the epidemic pattern of colon cancer and type II diabetes among Japanese in Japan (J-Japanese), with consideration of the westernization of dietary habits. Over the last three decades, the increase in crude mortality rates of colon cancer from the Vital Statistics has closely paralleled the increment in prevalence rates (PRs) from hospital based surveys of diabetes. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for colon cancer among Japanese in the United States (US-Japanese) were higher than those among J-Japanese and almost the same as those among US-Whites, while PRs for type II diabetes among US-Japanese were the highest in the three populations. Correlation analysis showed that PRs for type II diabetes had a positive association with ASIRs for colon cancer among the combination of Japanese and US-Japanese (r=0.79, p<0.01). Since 1950, intake of milk, meat, eggs and fat/oil has increased, while that of rice and potatoes has gradually decreased. Our findings indicate that the increment of ASIRs for colon cancer among J-Japanese might be closely associated with the increment of PRs for type II diabetes, reflecting the westernization of food intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Estrogen and progesterone receptors in endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor. Evaluation of immunocytochemical and biochemical methods.

Frozen tissue from four ovarian and two testicular endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumors was studied with both biochemical and immunocytochemical methods to detect the presence of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs). Using the biochemical assay, one of the ovarian tumors was shown to contain low levels of ERs, whereas in the remaining five tumors no ERs were detected, and PRs were undetectable in all six tumors. In the frozen sections immunostained for ERs and PRs, no specific nuclear staining was detected in any of the six tumors. Since the immunocytochemical method provides a more tissue-specific evaluation of hormone receptors, the low level of ERs detected in one tumor using the biochemical assay is attributed to nonspecific binding. It appears that endodermal sinus tumor expresses neither ERs nor PRs.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary-renal syndrome: clinical similarity amidst etiologic diversity.

The medical records and morphologic materials (59 biopsies, 7 autopsies) of 21 patients presenting with a pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) were reviewed. A variety of disorders (Goodpasture's syndrome, 3; vasculitis, 7; idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis, 7; spurious PRS, 4) may have PRS presentation. Seventeen patients had extrarenal vasculitis and/or crescentic glomerulonephritis and were treated with immunosuppression. Seven patients died, six from complications related to infections and cardiovascular disease but only one from his original disease. Four other patients ("spurious" PRS) who did not have crescents or extrarenal vasculitis did well with supportive therapy alone. We conclude that a pulmonary-renal syndrome is a common manifestation of diverse disorders which differ in their prognosis and therapy. Since clinical parameters alone are too insensitive to resolve the etiologic possibilities, multiple biopsies and serologies tests are required for a reliable diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Genetico-demographic patterns of the prevalence of various forms of endogenous psychoses].

Prevalence rates (PRs) for EFP (schizophrenic, schizoaffective and affective psychoses), with allowance for proband sex and age-of-onset data were studied in a subdivided population from the North-East of the European Region of the USSR. The population includes three subpopulations: a small old religious semi-isolate of Russians ("Rs"), aboriginal Komi people ("Ks")--an ethnic community of Ugro-Finnish lineage, and a mixed group of migrants ("Ms") from various regions of the USSR. The latter is mainly an urban population, while the "Rs" and "Ks" are, on the whole, rural populations. The total PR for EFP was found to be 0.97% for the "Rs", 0.63% for the "Ks" and 0.35% for the "Ms", whereas PRs-0.85-1.15% in other parts of the USSR, mainly for "panmixed" populations in large towns. The lower PRs for EFP in the "Ms" is caused by a backmigration flow involving certain groups of patients; consequently, the mean liability for "Ms" offsprings (as a whole) should also be lower. On the other hand, the lower PRs for EFP in the "Ks" is caused by underpresentation of clinically mild cases of the mental disease (mainly, pseudoneurotic schizophrenia), especially among female patients, probably due to that the so affected persons are sufficiently adapted to the cultural traditions of this rural population. It was shown that in the "Rs" the total PR for "nuclear" and paranoid schizophrenia is 0.68% versus 0.25% in a "panmixed" population. The increase is most likely caused by the high inbreeding level in the "Rs" semi-isolate, and if this is correct, we may suppose that at least one or two recessive genes are involved in the liability to the most heavy forms of schizophrenia. On the other hand, in the "Ms" (as in other "panmixed" populations) positive assortative mating among hereditary-predisposed persons is a more significant factor influencing family transmission of EFP, since the correlation between probands and their spouses is rpp = 0.31 (p less than 0.001) in the "Ms", as compared to rpp = 0.19 (p less than 0.1) in the "Rs". Thus, our general conclusion is that neither the place of inhabitance nor the life mode are the causal factors for EFP, but rather some genetic factors, more accurately, certain sets of specific genes.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗