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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of four nitroimidazoles in poultry and swine muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid method is presented for the determination of 4 nitroimidazoles in poultry and swine muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, then evaporated the organic phase. After filtration, the extract was directly injected into the LC/ESI-MS/MS system. The LC separation was made on a C8 column by applying a gradient composed of water and acetonitrile. Overall average recoveries ranged from 50-86% for egg, 66-115% for poultry muscle, and 79-111% for swine muscle. The decision limits ranged from 0.05-0.25 microg/kg for egg, 0.07-0.27 microg/kg for poultry muscle, and 0.07-0.26 microg/kg for swine muscle; and detection capabilities ranged from 0.51-0.68 microg/kg for egg, 0.41-0.75 microg/kg for poultry muscle, and 0.53-0.78 microg/kg for swine muscle.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed2006

Effects of large-scale poultry farms on aquatic microbial communities: a molecular investigation.

The effects of large-scale poultry production operations on water quality and human health are largely unknown. Poultry litter is frequently applied as fertilizer to agricultural lands adjacent to large poultry farms. Run-off from the land introduces a variety of stressors into the surface waters including nutrients, antimicrobials and pathogenic bacteria. The Delaware, Maryland and Virginia (Delmarva) Peninsula has the highest concentration of broiler chickens per farm acre in the United States and provides an ideal location for studying the effects of stressors from poultry farms. We investigated potential effects by characterizing shifts in the structure of aquatic bacterial communities. DNA was isolated from microorganisms in water samples from streams and rivers at varying distances from, or having different frequencies of, litter applications. Fingerprints of 16S rDNA amplicons from bacteria in water samples collected during late summer 2001 to late spring 2002 were produced by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A statistical analysis of multiple fingerprints from each sampling location demonstrated that each site harboured a bacterial community significantly different from the communities at other sites. Similarly, the bacterial communities from each sampling time differed significantly from communities at other sampling times. Most importantly, a competitive, library-based analysis showed time of sampling (month) had a greater effect on community structure than did location.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

[Radioactivity of fodder mixtures for poultry and swine].

The investigation was conducted to determine the radioactivities of fodder mixtures and their components for poultry and swine. The total radioactivity, concentrations of potassium, potassium radioisotopes radium and thorium in 273 fodder mixture samples for poultry, 131 fodder mixture samples and concentrates for swine, and 915 component samples of the mixtures were estimated. The radioactivities of fodder mixtures for poultry, swine, and protein concentrates ranged from 212.0 (DKM-2) to 269.0 Bq/kg (DKA-starter), from 206.0 (PT-1) to 233.0 (PP-prestarter), and from 444.0 (KT-1) to 557.0 Bq/kg (Provit), respectively. As to the components of fodder mixture, the radioactivities ranged from 18.0 (fodder phosphate) to 1104.0 Bq/kg (fodder yeasts). The potassium concentrations in fodder mixtures for poultry ranged from 0.82 g/100 g (DKA-starter) to 0.62 g/100 g (KB-1); for swine ranged from 1.97 g/100 g (Provit) to 0.63 g/100 g (PT-1). The highest concentration of potassium was found in fodder yeasts (3.85 g/100 g), and the lowest one in fodder phosphate (0.01 g/100 g). The analysis of the data showed that the radioactivity of the mixtures and their components was mostly conditioned by radiopotassium and revealed correlations between the radioactivities and the total concentrations of potassium. The contamination with the natural radioelements (potassium, radium, thorium) as well as their limited absorption by the gastrointestinal tract, their metabolism in organism, and their radiotoxicological characteristics do not create radiological threat to animals.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved spectrophotometric determination of cyclopiazonic acid in poultry feed and corn.

An improved visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for cyclopiazonic acid in poultry feed and corn. The method is based on the reaction of cyclopiazonic acid with Ehrlich reagent and detection at 580 nm. Reaction conditions were optimized with respect to reaction and measurement times and acid and Ehrlich reagent concentrations. Calibration curves were linear from 1 to 20 micrograms cyclopiazonic acid in 3 mL Ehrlich reagent, with a lower detection limit of 0.08 mg/kg for 50 g samples of poultry feed and corn. Recoveries from 50 g samples of poultry feed spiked with cyclopiazonic ranging from 0.16 to 1.20 mg/kg averaged 93.8%. Moldy corn and poultry feed samples analyzed by this method contained between 1 and 4 mg/kg cyclopiazonic acid.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Drug enrichment of commercial poultry feeds and human health in the tropical developing countries.

Eighty per cent of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from battery poultry exhibited drug resistance in a survey among university and commercial poultry flocks. These birds, being a source of human food, may serve as an important reservoir for human pathogenic drug-resistant enteric organisms. Feeds used on University and Commercial poultry farms were found to be inhibitory to standard test organisms--Oxford strain of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli K 12 J5 NA+ Lac-. Feed additives, which purportedly were mineral and vitamin supplements, were found to be highly laden with antibacterials, a quantitative estimation of which revealed that one of them, termed A & D Crumbles contained as much as 3000 (three thousand) micrograms of antibiotic per g, while another feed additive known as ADVIT contained 130 micrograms of antibiotic per g of the feed supplement. These are routinely added to poultry feeds, a practice which may easily lead to development of drug resistance among enteric pathogens that may, in turn, reach humans and complicate therapy of human bacterial infections. This may be of a considerable public health significance.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Residue levels of hexachlorobenzene in meat and poultry in the food supply of the USA.

Since the early 1970s, the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture has monitored fat samples from meat and poultry for residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The violative level for enforcement activities is 0.5 ppm. Data on HCB residues found in meat and poultry have been organized on the basis of nationwide occurrence over time, according to geographic groupings and according to species. A further distinction has been made between grazing animals, e.g., cattle, sheep, horses, and non-grazers such as swine and poultry. From 1972 to 1977, HCB residues were detected in all species tested. Of the samples analysed, the percentage containing HCB ranged from 7 (in 1973) to 41 (in 1977). In 1978, the percentage declined to 26 and continued to drop in 1979 to 8. From 1980 to the present time, detectable levels (greater than 0.01 ppm) of HCB have been found in 3-6% of the samples analysed with 95% of those samples containing less than 0.1 ppm. Only seven out of more than 25,000 samples analysed since 1980 contained HCB levels greater than 0.05 ppm. Comparisons of HCB in animal tissues collected from the five geographic regions of the Food Safety and Inspection Service indicated frequently that in the western and south-western regions of the USA a greater number of animals showed detectable levels of HCB in their fat. In 1984, the incidence for all samples was 4.4%. Figures for the regions varied from 1.4% in the southeast to 6.6% in the southwest. Comparison of the frequency of HCB in the fat of different species indicated that horses, sheep and cattle show detectable amounts of HCB more frequently than poultry and swine. These data seem to reflect production practices in that animals which graze at some period of their lives may be exposed to HCB more frequently than non-grazing animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Use of epidemiologic markers to identify the source of Escherichia coli infections in poultry.

During an epidemiologic study of poultry colisepticemia on 2 Saudi Arabian poultry broiler farms, Escherichia coli was isolated from 101 (40.4%) of the 250 specimens examined. The antigenic structure and the drug resistance pattern of 65.4% of the E coli isolates from different sources were used as epidemiologic markers to trace the source of the infection. The predominant E coli serotypes involved in infections of 2 poultry broiler progeny farms were 033:H4 (51.8%) and 078:H- (19.6%) that had the following respective drug resistance patterns: furazolidone-streptomycin-sulfathiazole and streptomycin-sulfathiazole-tetracycline. Escherichia coli strains with typical epidemiologic markers were isolated from various sources on a broiler breeding farm, but not from well waters of the infected progeny farm. Three other E coli serotypes (045:H10[14.3%], 0119:H27[1.8%], and 0145:H25[1.8%]) were involved in poultry infection, but to a lesser extent. These 3 serotypes were multiply resistant against 5 to 6 of the antimicrobials evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A computer based decision-making model for poultry inspection.

In an attempt to develop a predictive model for poultry inspection at processing plants, a systems research design was developed to examine poultry population health dynamics from hatching to processing. Five cooperating Alabama poultry firms with 5 to 7 growers from each firm were identified to form the study unit. The farms were stratified to represent good, average, and poor producers. Via epidemiologic causal diagrams, variables with potential influence on poultry condemnation due to diseases were identified for hatchery, broiler, and processing subsystems. Field and/or laboratory data were generated for each study unit and for each variable. Using stepwise multiple regression and discriminant analysis, a predictor model with a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.91 and multiple coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82 was developed. A discriminant analysis model for classifying a flock into high or low condemnation group, using 0.1% to 2.0% as the demarcation line, was also developed. This latter model had overall correct classification probabilities ranging from 0.88 to 1.0. The 2 decision-making models were then computerized, using Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC). On the day of processing, the grower provides the inspector with selected information, which is entered on a computer. Alternatives for scaled-down inspection or others are then systematically evaluated by the computer, and decision-making information is provided to the user.

Alabama↗
PubMed1981

[Physical methods (ultrasound) and disinfecting agents for decontaminating the water in poultry meat processing].

Productional and laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of ultra sound with a view to decontaminating the water in the vats for cooling poultry carcasses and skin cover as well as that of disinfection means (inkosan, actofor, yomil S, chalamide, and chloramin). In vitro studies revealed that the use of ultra sound in the decontamination of cooling water and poultry meat surface did not produce the necessary effect. The iodofor preparations inkosan and yomil S as well as the agents chalamide and chloramine added in fixed concentrations to the water in cooling vats were not shown to be able to inactivate Salmonella organisms on the surface of experimentally contaminated poultry carcasses. Inkosan at the rate of 1:1000, and yomil S at 0.2 and 0.4 per cent produced a 100 per cent bactericidal effect against the microflora in vat waters regardless of their initial contamination. Except for yomil S at 0.4 per cent these agents did not affect the organoleptic properties of poultry meat.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of Salmonella from poultry tissue and environmental samples: a nationwide survey.

A nationwide survey of veterinary laboratories culturing poultry tissue and environmental samples for Salmonella found a large variation in isolation procedures. There were 17 different selective enrichment media or combinations of enrichment media being used for poultry tissue samples. Variations were found in how long the selective enrichments were incubated and in the temperature of incubation. There were 14 different plating media being used. Many laboratories screen and identify only one colony from the plating media. For the protection of poultry breeding and hatchery organizations and with the formation of official poultry monitoring programs, with their legal and public health implications, it becomes increasingly important that diagnostic laboratories adopt minimal standardized protocols for isolating Salmonella.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1976

Some observations on the effectiveness of anabolic agents in increasing the growth rate of poultry.

This paper will discuss data obtained on the growth promoting effects of metabolically active agents for avian species generally used for food production. The compounds to be considered are those with estrogenic, androgenic, or thyroid hormone activity. Estrogens have been studied most extensively with poultry. At physiologically active levels, estrogens markedly stimulate food intake and at times, weight gain. There is a marked increase in fattening in chickens fed estrogenic compounds and generally a decrease in nitrogen retention. There seems to be a particular stimulation of lipogenesis of estrogenic compounds to the extent that protein synthesis is depressed. Generally high levels of estrogenic compounds are required for metabolic effects. Estrogens have marked effects on circulating nutrient levels and also decrease the choline requirement of growing chicks. Thyroid active substances have been extensively studied. Iodinated casein has been shown to stimulate early growth especially in growing ducks. Efficiency of feed utilization is depressed by feeding iodinated casein and body fat content is reduced. Feathering may be improved by thyroid hormone and in species where feathers are economically imported, it is sometimes advantageous to use these compounds. Methyltestosterone has been shown to be growth stimulating for female chickens and turkeys but relatively ineffective for males. In general, androgens seem to be somewhat less effective in stimulating growth rate and nitrogen retention in domestic birds compared to effects observed in mammals. The role of growth hormone as an anabolic agent in birds is somewhat obscure. Mammalian growth hormone preparations seem ineffective in poultry. The anabolic agents that will be considered in this paper are the hormone active substances with estrogenic, androgenic, or thyroid activity. These will be considered primarily as they affect growth and carcass composition of various species of poultry and not in their normal physiological roles. When considering the role of these compounds in production of human food through their effects on animals, the effects on growth rate, feed efficiency, and carcass composition are primary traits of concern and many other interesting aspects of the physiological effects of these compounds cannot be considered. The paper will not be an exhaustive review of the literature but will attempt to document the effects of these agents on the productive characteristics of poultry.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictive value of multiple drag-swab sampling for the detection of Salmonella from occupied or vacant poultry houses.

The results of four independent complete drag-swab samplings of a 31-farm broiler-production complex are described. Samplings of vacant poultry farms (i.e., between flocks) and occupied farms (i.e., containing chickens) were completed in four 3-day intervals beginning in July 1992 and ending in May 1993. During the first two sampling periods, two drag-swab assemblies were dragged through each individual house and pooled into one sample to evaluate overall incidence of Salmonella detection among vacant and occupied houses. During the second two sampling periods, four drag-swab assemblies were dragged through houses to evaluate frequency of Salmonella detection on individual assemblies within each house. Over the four sampling periods, mean isolation frequencies were 42.2% for vacant poultry farms and 76.2% for occupied poultry farms. When four assemblies were dragged in vacant houses and cultured separately, the probability of detecting salmonellae contamination increased with increasing numbers of assemblies, indicating that multiple drag-swab assemblies should be used for sampling either vacant or occupied broiler houses for the presence of Salmonella. On vacant farms, 89.5% of the total isolations occurred in only one house of two-house farms; the remaining 10.5% of farms were positive in both houses. Salmonella isolation from occupied farms occurred in 54.2% of the samplings in only one house, whereas 45.8% of occupied farms were positive in both houses. These data show a higher frequency of Salmonella isolation on multiple swabs in occupied poultry houses, possibly indicating a quantitatively greater presence of Salmonella in these houses.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1994

[Immunologic reactions in poultry-processing workers].

The relationship between respiratory symptoms and immunological reactions was studied in 57 female workers holding jobs in the poultry food processing industry and in 51 non-exposed female workers. The prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in exposed than in control workers (P < 0.01) except for occupational asthma. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms in exposed workers was highest for chronic cough (49.1%), followed by dyspnoea (43.9%), rhinitis (38.6%), chronic phlegm (31.6%) and chronic bronchitis (26.3%). Occupational asthma was found in 5.3% of exposed workers. Exposed workers with positive skin prick test to poultry food demonstrated a higher prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms than those with negative skin tests, although the difference was statistically significant only for rhinitis (P < 0.05). The most frequent positive skin reactions were found for poultry food extract (exposed: 66.7%; control: 25.5%; P < 0.05). Increased IgE serum level was found in 19 (33.3%) exposed and in four (7.8%) control workers (P < 0.01). Three exposed workers with occupational asthma demonstrated increased IgE serum level. Our data indicate that occupational exposure to poultry food dust may be associated with the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and immunological changes in exposed workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in Moroccan poultry feeds.

The occurrence of AFB1 in Moroccan poultry feeds and their ingredients was evaluated. Thirty poultry farms and 4 feedmills were surveyed from September 1989 to June 1991, and 300-500 g each of feeds (corn, sorghum, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, finished feeds) were sampled. Additionally, on farms with suspected mycotoxin problems, necropsies of affected chickens were performed for gross and microscopic examinations. A total of 315 samples were analysed for AFB1 using a semi-quantitative enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA kits) and thin-layer chromatography. In feedmills, 4% of samples contained AFB1; 17% among sunflower meal samples (20-80 ppb) and 4% among corn (110 ppb) and mixed feed samples (20-110 ppb). On poultry farms, 17% of samples were found contaminated with AFB1; 20% were positive among pellets and 16% among crumbles and 15% mash feeds. The level of contamination ranged from 20 ppb to 200 ppb, except for 4 samples that contained high levels of AFB1 (2000-5625 ppb). These highly-contaminated samples were associated with clinical aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. The most frequent incidence of AFB1 contamination and the highest AFB1 contamination occurred in feeding troughs (23%). Aflatoxins should be considered potential contaminants of poultry feeds under Moroccan conditions.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1998

[Campylobacter spp. in the surroundings of poultry meat production-- incidence and chinolone resistance].

The incidence of Campylobacter in poultry meat production and in poultry meat gives cause for increasing concern in this field. Results of studies about clinical cases of Campylobacter in humans show a growing tendency. With poultry and foal mainly C. jejuni and C. coli are isolated, while C. jejuni has been identified as one of the most frequent bacterial pathogens of enteritis in humans also. Of altogether 509 samples from poultry herds, 209 isolates (41.1%) were Campylobacter positive. Tests in slaughter-houses showed that there are various factors that influence the contamination of the carcass during the process of slaughtering. The number of positive cases with chicken carcass is about 45.9% which is higher than with the animals, flocks. Of 52 pheasants 25.9% were Campylobacter positive. During the last 3 years Campylobacter isolates showed a growing Chinolone resistance (19.14% in butchered roast chicken and 28.5% in pheasants.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of sampling methodology on reported incidence of Salmonella in poultry.

Salmonella is a major pathogen associated with poultry food products. Over the past 20 years, pressure to reduce human illness from poultry-related salmonellosis has resulted in intensive research activity as well as stronger regulatory standards in Europe, North America, and, because of international trade policies, throughout the world. In the United States, implementation of a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point-based inspection program has been credited with reducing the incidence of Salmonella-positive carcasses from approximately 20 to 10%. Since 1998, however, the reported incidence of Salmonella in retail poultry from 12 countries implementing similar pathogen reduction programs, including the United States, has averaged 29% positive for Salmonella. Although these reports examined products at retail outlets and used a variety of sampling methodologies, these results appear to contradict the U.S. Department of Agriculture claims for Salmonella reduction. The purpose of this review is to examine this contradiction with a focus on the potential impact of sampling methodology on reported incidences of Salmonella.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Meat, fish, poultry and egg consumption in relation to risk of pancreatic cancer: a prospective study.

High meat consumption has been associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in several, although not all, case-control studies. However, prospective data on this relationship are sparse, and the results have been inconsistent. We prospectively evaluated meat, fish, poultry, and egg consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of 61,433 Swedish women. Diet was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and again in 1997. Pancreatic cancers were ascertained through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI). During the 941,218 person-years of follow-up, from 1987 through 2004, 172 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed. Long-term red meat consumption (using data from both dietary questionnaires) was positively associated with risk of pancreatic cancer (p-trend = 0.01), whereas long-term poultry consumption was inversely (p-trend = 0.04) associated with risk. The multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest category of consumption were 1.73 (95% CI = 0.99-2.98) for red meat and 0.44 (95% CI = 0.20-0.97) for poultry. There were no significant associations with processed meat, fish or egg consumption. Findings from this prospective study suggest that substituting poultry for red meat might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1996

Determination of an effective sampling regime to detect salmonella enteritidis in the environment of poultry units.

A study of the dissemination of Salmonella enteritidis in the poultry breeder industry in the UK showed that the choice of sites for sampling the environment of occupied houses and empty houses which had been disinfected after depopulation had a significant influence on the outcome. Increased isolation rates could be achieved by sampling nest box floors and dust in open slave feed hoppers in occupied poultry houses. Nest box floors were the most sensitive sites for detection of residual environmental contamination in poultry houses where enrofloxacin treatment had been used. Floor sweepings, nest box floors, slave feed hoppers, hydrated wall fabric junctions and high beams and pipes were the most sensitive sample sites in cleansed and disinfected poultry houses. The use of universal disinfectant neutralisers gave good results in laboratory trials but appeared to reduce the isolation rate from field samples.

Animals↗