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PubMed1987

Radiation risk to patients from nuclear medicine in Poland (1981).

This paper presents the method and results of an estimation of radiation risk to the patients subjected to in vivo diagnostic radio-isotopic procedures in Poland in 1981. The qualitative and quantitative structure of these examinations is also presented. The estimation of an expected number of the stochastic effects caused by the internal exposure to ionizing radiation from the administered radionuclides have been performed for the patients according to ICRP recommendations. The conclusion was that 33 fatal radiation induced cancers, caused mainly by thyroid procedures with 131I, may be expected in the future in the population of about 80,000 patients who were subjected to radioisotopic procedures in Poland in 1981.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Radioactive contamination of forests in Poland.

Partial results of a large survey of radioactive contamination in Polish forests are presented. All measurements were performed with low-background gamma spectrometers. The measurement method is briefly described. Activities of 137Cs, 134Cs, 125Sb, 106Ru, 144Ce, 154Eu, 155Eu, and 60Co in A0 and A1 layers of forest litter from all over Poland are determined. The geographical distribution of contamination as well as its origin is discussed. Nonuniform composition of the Chernobyl fallout over Poland is confirmed and documented.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

Socio-economic health differences among the elderly population in Krakow, Poland.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether socio-economic health differences persist into old age in Poland and if there are SES-related differences in health by age group and gender. METHODS: 528 randomly chosen, not institutionalized elderly people aged 65-85 living in Krakow were interviewed about their socio-economic status (occupation, education, income, house ownership), health status (self-rated health) and quality of life (Cantril's ladder). RESULTS: People with higher level of education and higher occupational status reported significantly better health and better quality of life compared to people who were not as well off. Income level and house ownership had a significant influence on the quality of life of elderly people. In addition, some findings indicate differences in the patterning of health inequalities across particular age and gender groups. CONCLUSION: There are socio-economic differences in health and quality of life among the urban elderly population in Poland which are unfavourable for lower social strata.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mild degree of Poland's Syndrome reconstruction with customized silicone prosthesis.

Poland's Syndrome consists of unilateral absence of the pectoralis major muscle, ipsilateral symbrachydaktylia, and occasionally associated other malformations of the anterior chest wall and breast. Mild Poland's Syndrome is characterized by asymmetry of the breasts with partial absence of the pectoralis major muscle. This report describes a 19-year-old man with unilateral hypoplasia of the breast, absence of the anterior axillary fold, and absence of the pectoralis major muscle. The patient's chest wall was reconstructed with a customized silicone prosthesis. This reconstructive technique is a simple alternative to more complex surgeries or muscle transposition.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Land conversion for suburban housing: A study of urbanization around Warsaw and Olsztyn, Poland.

In Poland of the 1990s, urban demand for housing land around city agglomerations increased rapidly. The decreasing profitability of agricultural production also caused farmers to become interested in the sale of agricultural land for nonagricultural purposes, and new land legislation granted them the right to sell their land. Polish counties simultaneously received self-governing status, which allowed them to define the priorities for local development. Counties received additional responsibility for land management and quickly demonstrated strong support for land conversion, which was perceived as a factor of local development. This paper argues that decentralization and the extension of private control over land have led to a loss of rural landscapes in Poland because farmers, county governments, and rural society in general gained from the conversion of agricultural to housing land. Rapid urbanization has significantly reduced the availability of open space around cities and threatened valuable landscapes, for it has occurred in the absence of environmental safeguards. This paper reports findings from research in two counties, located in regions with diverse economic growth rates. Decentralization is particularly problematic if tax regulations and intergovernmental fiscal relations reward local authorities for urbanization but not environmental protection.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Radiological aspects of the Poland syndrome and implications for treatment: a case study and review.

UNLABELLED: Poland syndrome (PS) (OMIM 173800) is a rare congenital anomaly classically consisting of the combination of unilateral aplasia of the sternocostal head of the major pectoral muscle and an ipsilateral hypoplastic hand with simple syndactyly and short fingers. The aetiology is most probably a vascular disruption sequence of the subclavian arteries. In most cases, PS is sporadic. Familial occurrence suggests that genes exist which are involved in the pathogenesis as paradominant traits. The syndrome may include mammary hypoplasia and further muscle abnormalities which can be accurately defined by sonography and MRI. The evaluation of the vascular status can be performed using colour coded duplex sonography for peripheral arteries and contrast-enhanced MR-angiography for supra-aortic arteries. CONCLUSION: We report a 7-year-old girl with unilateral right sided Poland syndrome with particular emphasis on the radiological investigations of vascular abnormalities. A review of the literature concerning the origin, outcome, and implications for treatment is given.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Equine Cryptosporidium parvum infections in western Poland.

A total of 564 fecal specimens from 318 horses used for recreational riding, child hippotherapy, and racing at ten commercial and government-run stables in western Poland were tested for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by microscopic examination of Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears, enzyme immunoassay, and combined direct immunofluorescent antibody and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Also, seven stool specimens from five personnel who had repeated contact with these horses were tested for C. parvum oocysts. Eleven horses that shed C. parvum oocysts were found in five of ten stables (50%). The prevalence of infection varied from 0% to 11.5%. The overall prevalence of equine C. parvum-associated cryptosporidiosis in the Wielkopolska region of western Poland was 3.5%. C. parvum oocysts were found only in fecal samples from mature horses, the number of oocysts was low, and infections were not associated with clinical signs. Oocysts were not found in human fecal specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Assessment and prevalence of depression in women 45-55 years of age visiting gynecological clinics in Poland: screening for depression among midlife gynecologic patients.

The aims of the Polish survey were to assess efficacy of screening for depression in gynecological practice and to estimate prevalence of depressive disorders in midlife women visiting gynecologists. The study included 2262 female outpatients aged 45-55, who were screened by 120 gynecologists throughout Poland. Patients completed the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and were assessed by gynecologists to verify the presence of symptoms of a current Depressive Episode according to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Patients who obtained a score of 12 points or more on the BDI were referred for psychiatric evaluation, including the modified version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study showed that gynecologists in Poland are able to perform screenings for depression effectively in outpatient settings. Results also suggested that about 19% of women aged 45 to 55 years visiting gynecologists may suffer from depressive disorders.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of 32 alelle of the CCR5 gene in the population of Poland.

The chemokine receptor CCR5 constitutes a major co-receptor for the R5 strains of HIV-1, and a mutant allele of the CCR5 gene, especially in the homozygous form delta32/delta32, confers resistance against infection by the virus. The frequency of the delta32 allele was determined in blood donors from 16 provinces, covering the entire territory of Poland. Among 861 individuals 182 (21.1%) were carriers of the mutated allele: 7 of them (0.8 %) were homozygotes delta32/delta32, and 175 (20.3%) were heterozygotes +/delta32, resulting in a 10.9% frequency of the delta32 allele. The highest frequencies of the mutated allele were found in the eastern and western provinces, and the lowest frequencies of the delta32 allele were detected in the provinces in the center of the country. This pattern of distribution may reflect the migration of the population from the eastern territories of Poland to the western part of the country after World War II.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Factors predicting early stroke fatality in Poland. Preliminary report of the Polish National Stroke Registry.

Poland has one of the highest rates of death due to stroke in Europe, which, in contrast to many industrialized countries, has not changed since at least 1984. To improve this unfavorable situation, the entire approach to stroke management needs to be recognized. For this purpose, an analysis of stroke epidemiology regarding regional differences was one of the the strategic points of the Polish National Project of Stroke Prevention and Treatment. The Polish National Stroke Registry was maintained from 1 January to 31 December 2000 in 59 Neurological Department in all 16 districts of Poland. In total 11,107 patients were included: 11% with intracerebral hemorrhage, 63.4% with ischemic stroke, and 25.6% with unclassified stroke. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 73.6% of patients. Analysis of in-hospital deaths showed great differences between the centers (from 8% to 36%). According to multifactorial analysis, not only well-known predictors of early death (decrease in consciousness at the onset of stroke, decrease in functional state prior to stroke, and severity of stroke) influence the prognosis. In centers with high risk of death, CT, especially CT on admission, was performed significantly less often (4.2% vs. 62.6%), early rehabilitation was delayed (38.3% vs. 73.4%), and secondary prevention treatment was prescribed to fewer patients (antiplatelettherapy 36.4% vs. 77.4%; antithrombotic therapy 4.9% vs. 13%).

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Serological and molecular evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis focus in the Białowieza Primeval Forest (Puszcza Białowieska), northeastern Poland.

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is an emerging tickborne zoonosis. First described in the USA, it is being increasingly reported from several European countries. This study was undertaken to provide serological and molecular evidence of the occurrence of the HGE focus in the Białowieza Primeval Forest, located in northeastern Poland. To this end, the seroprevalence of HGE in this area, where Lyme borreliosis and tickborne encephalitis are highly endemic, was determined by means of an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay. In addition, the frequency of granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. infection in Ixodes ricinus ticks from the same area was estimated using a polymerase chain reaction method with EHR 521 and EHR 747 primers, which amplified a fragment of 16S rDNA. The rate of seropositivity for HGE was 6.2% (8/130 subjects). Individuals seropositive for Lyme borreliosis were more likely to have anti-HGE antibodies than seronegative ones (P<0.05; OR=6.34, 95%CI=1.12-36.98). There was no association between self-reported frequency of tick bites or forestry employment and HGE seropositivity. Sixty of 376 (16%) Ixodes ricinus ticks tested were positive for the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup by polymerase chain reaction. Ehrlichial DNA was present in 59 of 302 (19.5%) adult ticks and in 1 of 74 nymphs (1.4%). There was a significantly higher infection rate among female ticks (32.9%; 49/149) than among male ticks (6.5%; 10/153) (P<0.05). Dual infection with Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in 10 samples that were positive for ehrlichiae. The results obtained confirm the perpetuation of the HGE agent in the primeval forest ecosystem of northeastern Poland.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Generic versus specific competencies of entry-level public health graduates: employers' perceptions in Poland, the UK, and the Netherlands.

Constant changes in society and the public health domain force public health professionals into new roles and the development of new competencies. Public health professionals will need to be trained to respond to this challenge. The aim of this comparative study among Poland, the UK and the Netherlands is to identify competence needs for Master of Public Health graduates entering the labour market from a European perspective. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to employers in the three countries, rating the importance of competency in public health on a master's level. In all three countries, interpersonal competencies, like team working and communication skills, are rated as highly important. However, employers in the UK and Poland generally rate public health specific competencies as much more important than their Dutch colleagues. It is concluded that while public health specific knowledge is providing a useful starting point for entry-level public health professionals, employers increasingly recognise the value of generic competencies such as communication and team working skills. The results suggest a stronger emphasis on teaching methods that encourage active learning and the integration of skills, which is crucial for enhancing graduates' employability, and foster an open attitude to multidisciplinary working, which is essential in modern health care.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed2005

Breast cancer predisposing alleles in Poland.

Mutant alleles of several genes in the DNA repair pathway have been found to predispose women to breast cancer. From a public health perspective, the importance of a given allele in a population is determined by the frequency of the allele and by the relative risk of breast cancer that it confers. In Poland founder alleles of the BRCA1, CHEK2 and NBS1 genes have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but the relative contribution of each of these alleles to the overall breast cancer burden has not yet been determined. We screened 2012 unselected cases of breast cancer and 4000 population controls for 7 different mutations in these genes. Overall, a mutation was found in 12% of the cases and in 6% of the controls. Mutations in BRCA1 and CHEK2 contributed in approximately equal measure to the burden of breast cancer in Poland. A BRCA1 mutation was present in 3% of the cases. The missense BRCA1 mutation C61G was associated with a higher odds ratio for breast cancer (OR=15) than were either of the truncating BRCA1 mutations 4153delA (OR=2.0) and 5382insC (OR=6.2). In contrast, a higher odds ratio was seen for truncating CHEK2 mutations (OR=2.1) than for the missense mutation I157T (OR=1.4). This study suggests that cancer risks may be specific for particular alleles of a susceptibility gene and that these different risks should be taken into account by genetic counselors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

CDKN2A-positive breast cancers in young women from Poland.

PURPOSE: To investigate the contribution of CDKN2A A148T common variant to early-onset breast cancer in Poland, and to establish the characteristic features of these cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We studied 3,069 women diagnosed with breast cancer under the age of 51 and 3,493 population controls. CDKN2A variant were detected using RFLP-PCR and confirmed by genomic sequencing. Clinical and pathological features of CDKN2A-positive cases and CDKN2A-negative cases were compared. RESULTS: A148T variant was identified in 157 of 3,069 women with breast cancer (5.1%). Overall, the odds ratio for early-onset breast cancer, given a CDKN2A variant was 1.4 (95% CI 1.075-1.725; P = 0.012). Breast tumors in women with the CDKN2A variant were more commonly intraductal cancers (DCIS) with micro-invasion (14.8% vs. 8.5%; P = 0.035). Carriers and non-carriers were similar with respect to tumor size, laterality, multicentricity, nodal status, family history and estrogen-receptor status. CONCLUSION: The CDKN2A A148T variant seems to contribute to early-onset breast cancer in Poland. Breast tumors which arise in carriers of A148T variant appear to be similar to those of breast cancers in the population at large.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of bulk deposition in protected woodland area in western Poland.

Research on precipitation carried out systematically at the University station at Jeziory in the Wielkopolski National Park (western Poland) allowed the determination of pollutants deposited with precipitation in this forest ecosystem. During 13 years of study, the pH of precipitation was found to persist at a low level (4.33 on average), which resulted a substantial deposition of H(+). Values of acidifying and basic ions deposited in this area were determined and compared with the respective figures obtained at selected EMEP stations studying background pollution, the means for Poland, and areas subjected to considerable human impact. The use of the critical load function made it possible to establish that the S and N deposition for 2002-2005 were below its line.

Acid Rain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computed tomography in the preoperative assessment of Poland's syndrome.

Four cases of Poland's syndrome were investigated with thoracic computed tomography (CT) to determine the precise extent of the upper limb girdle abnormalities. CT confirmed in all cases the absence of the sternocostal head of pectoralis major and clearly showed associated abnormalities of pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi as well as bony structures. In view of the importance of latissimus dorsi in reconstructive surgery, we believe that a limited thoracic CT scan provides useful information in patients with Poland's syndrome requesting anterior axillary reconstruction and breast mound formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Poland-US collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology: classification agreement between US National Cholesterol Education Program and European Atherosclerosis Society hyperlipidemia guidelines in selected Polish and US populations.

Data from two epidemiological studies are used to measure the degree to which two well-known guidelines agree in measuring hyperlipidemia in population samples in the US and Poland. The epidemiological studies are the US Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study and the Pol-MONICA project in Poland and the guidelines are those adopted by the US National Cholesterol Program (USNCEP) and by the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). EAS guidelines were analyzed in two ways: Method 1 used triglycerides and total cholesterol only in classifying persons as hyperlipidemics or non-hyperlipidemics; Method 2 used triglycerides, total cholesterol and nine additional risk factors in the classification process. USNCEP guidelines used total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the same additional nine risk factors used in EAS Method 2 in classifying hyperlipidemics. Classification differences between the two sets of guidelines were high when EAS Method 1 guidelines were compared with USNCEP guidelines. However, EAS Method 2 which included risk factors, compared favorably with USNCEP guidelines in all three populations under study.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Some toxic and essential trace metals in cattle from the northern part of Poland.

The concentrations of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, zinc and iron have been determined in muscle (meat), liver and kidney of cattle slaughtered in the northern part of Poland between 1987 and 1991. The method of measurement was cold vapour flameless AAS for mercury and flame AAS for other metals. The arithmetic mean weighted concentrations obtained related to wet-weight for muscles, liver and kidneys of cattle were 1.2, 4.2 and 11 micrograms kg-1 for mercury; 6, 120 and 610 micrograms kg-1 for cadmium; 40, 160 and 210 micrograms kg-1 for lead; 1.2, 29 and 5.6 mg kg-1 for copper; 0.11, 1.8 and 0.93 mg kg-1 for manganese; 34, 43 and 22 mg kg-1 for zinc and 23, 44 and 72 mg kg-1 for iron, respectively. No clear trends with time of toxic trace metals have been found in bovine muscle and edible organs during the period studied. The results obtained are reviewed and discussed with the data reported for muscle, liver and kidneys of cattle in Poland from other studies.

Animals↗