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PubMed1980

Research in physical therapy: philosophy, barriers to involvement, and use among California physical therapists.

This study was designed to 1) determine the importance of research in physical therapy to professional physical therapists; 2) assess the factors impeding their involvement in research; and 3) examine the extent to which therapists use published research. The study was conducted in two parts, a series of personal interviews and a questionnaire developed from the results of the interviews. The sample for the interviews was drawn from the population of Santa Clara County, California, and the questionnaires were mailed to a random distribution of 300 physical therapists throughout the State of California. Lack of time and funding as well as unfamiliarity with both the research process and the use of statistics were cited as the main barriers to research involvement. Collaboration with other health professionals involved in research and an apprenticeships were listed as desirable methods to gain additional research skills; however, these were believed to largely unavailable. A large percentage of therapists used research information published in professional journals other than PHYSICAL THERAPY.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of instruction in basic communication skills on physical therapists and physical therapy students.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that laboratory instruction within a one-semester course could significantly change the communication skills of physical therapists and physical therapy students in the desired direction. Effective use of communication skills, the dependent variable, is defined in the counseling psychology literature. The independent variables were parts of two academic courses for physical therapists: one for graduate students (physical therapists) and one for undergraduate students. Data from the two groups were treated separately in a one-group, pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design. The test for overall effect of changes in communication skills of undergraduate students was significant at the .0001 level. Post hoc tests for changes in use of seven specific skills varied in significance level from .8 to .0001. Education techniques, not subject variability, accounted for most of the change. Graduate student data did not reach traditional significance levels, but encouraging trends were noted. Results can be interpreted in terms of education, clinical experience, and measurement tools.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Physical therapists' notes and outcomes of physical therapy. A case of insufficient evidence.

This article addresses the problem of documenting the outcomes of physical therapy. This is a timely issue because new approaches to reimbursing health-care costs will favor those providers and professions able to demonstrate sufficient benefits to patients to justify prospective cost reimbursement. To assess the adequacy of existing outcome data, we conducted detailed longitudinal audits of 63 geriatric patients' medical records. For nearly half of these patients, the records contained insufficient data to document any improvement in physical functioning. The number of treatments administered correlated with functional improvements documented, but diagnostic related group classifications and patient demographics did not. We found practicing physical therapists overestimated the amount of outcome data recorded and documented some areas of physical functioning more frequently than others. A wider scope for functional assessment and greater standardization in record keeping are advocated. We discuss implications for clinical practice and research and offer a new instrument for quantifying outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Impact of role stress on physical therapists' emotional and physical well-being.

This study examined the relationship between role stress and the physical and emotional well-being of 187 physical therapists practicing in the state of Missouri. Data collected via survey research established a significant relationship between role conflict (conflict between organizational demands and personal and professional values) and emotional exhaustion (r = .50) and between role conflict and somatic and job-induced tension (r = .43 and r = .44, respectively). Role ambiguity created by an uncertain organizational climate was related significantly to emotional exhaustion (r = .26) and to somatic and job-induced tension (r = .21 and r = .29, respectively). Perceived improper allocation of time, inadequate staff or resources, and receipt of incompatible demands were identified as significant role stressors and predictors of diminished emotional and physical well-being. Physical therapy directors and individual therapists should work within their organizations to reduce role stress and its detrimental effects, to align professional and organizational values, and to maintain personal and professional standards.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of the Yale Physical Activity Survey with other physical activity measures.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine associations of the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) with the Stanford 7-d physical activity recall (PAR) and several physiologic measures, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. METHODS: Participants were 59 individuals (45% African-American, 79% women) between the ages of 60 and 80 yr who were enrolled in a clinical trial. From the YPAS, total time in activity, estimated weekly energy expenditure, and indices of vigorous activity, leisurely walking, moving, standing, sitting, and an overall summary index were determined. From the PAR, daily energy expenditure, and hours spent in light, moderate, and hard/very hard activities were estimated. Physiologic measurements included estimated VO2max, resting pulse rate, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Weekly energy expenditure, total time in activity, and the summary index correlated with daily energy expenditure at baseline (Spearman correlations = 0.37, 0.30, 0.33, respectively, Ps < 0.01) and time in moderate activity (r = 0.37, 0.29, 0.39, Ps < 0.01). The vigorous index was also significantly correlated with daily energy expenditure and time in light, moderate, and hard/very hard activity. The summary, moving, and standing indices correlated with VO2max (Ps < 0.05) and BMI (Ps < 0.05). Change in physical activity determined from the PAR correlated with change in most YPAS dimensions, although few correlations were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The global activities and the vigorous activity index determined from the YPAS correlated with corresponding measures of the PAR. The validity of the YPAS for light-intensity activities is less clear, although optimal validation measures for light-intensity activity are yet to be defined. The ability of the YPAS to detect change in physical activity shows some promise, but data from this study are insufficient to be conclusive.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The University of Michigan Student Health Physics Society's Radiation and Health Physics World Wide Web Site.

The University of Michigan Student Health Physics Society's (UMSHPS) Radiation and Health Physics World Wide Web Site is an informative database of radiation and health physics related topics. With over 1,000 visitors each day, the UMSHPS web site provides professionals and the general public with a valuable resource for information and research. Users of this site can either search for information by topic or submit questions directly to the qualified members the national Health Physics Society. During the past year, progress has been made in replacing the site's older, less versatile framework with new search engines and refined submittal forms, as well as a "Frequently Asked Questions" section. Within the database, references will include brief summaries of the site's available information and target audience. Although these changes have been beneficial for the site, the UMSHPS continuously seeks professional opinions and ideas to further the services that this online resource can provide to the profession and to the general public.

Health Physics↗
PubMed2006

Relationships between physical activity and physical capacity in adolescent females and bone mass in adulthood.

This study investigates whether physical activity and physical performance in adolescence are positively related to adult bone mineral density (BMD). In 1974, physical activity, endurance, and muscular strength were measured in 204 randomly selected female students, age 16.1 +/- 0.3 year (range 15-17 years). Twenty years later, 36 of the women volunteered to undergo a measurement of their BMD. Women who were members in a sports club in adolescence had significantly higher adult BMD (mean differences of 5% to 17% depending on site) compared with subjects who were not engaged in a sports club. Furthermore, women with persistent weight-bearing activity in adulthood had significantly higher BMD compared with women who had stopped being active or had never been active. The differences ranged between 5% and 19% with the highest difference found in trochanter BMD. Stepwise regression analyses showed that membership in a sports club at baseline was a significant independent predictor of BMD in the total body, lumbar spine, legs, trochanter, and femoral neck, explaining 17-26% of the variation in BMD. Change in body weight was a strong independent predictor of BMD of the total body and arms, explaining 8% of the variation in both sites. In addition, running performance at baseline was an independent predictor of total body BMD, whereas the two-hand lift performance significantly predicted BMD of the total body, legs and trochanter. The hanging leg-lift and handgrip were both significant predictors of arm BMD. In conclusion, membership in a sports club and site-specific physical performance in adolescence together with the change in body weight were significantly associated with adult BMD in premenopausal women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Physical activity assessment options within the context of the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal.

The Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA) is a standardized battery of tests that is commonly used to assess asymptomatic individuals. This paper reviews evidence concerning the reliability, validity, and utility of the procedure currently used to assess habitual physical activity in the CPAFLA and surveys available physical activity assessment options. Special considerations related to age, gender, ethnicity, seasonal variations, and within-week variance are discussed. The potential assessment options are discussed with consideration given to the logistical and pragmatic constraints inherent in the CPAFLA. New technologies for future assessment of physical activity are briefly presented and recommendations for future research forwarded.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

A longitudinal study of the impact of childhood and adolescent physical activity experiences on adult physical activity perceptions and behaviors.

The authors describe the influence of childhood and adolescent physical activity on adult physical activity attitudes and behaviors. They conducted one-on-one, semistructured, indepth interviews with 16 men and 15 women from a longitudinal growth and development study and a follow-up investigation 25 years later. They used thematic analyses to analyze the data. Three themes emerged from the men's interviews: significant others, size and maturation, and physical ability, with clear distinctions among the active, average, and inactive men. The themes transitions, body image concerns, and significant others influenced the active, average, and inactive women. Specific relationships, circumstances, and attitudes formed in childhood and adolescence influenced adult physical activity predilection and behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Estimating physical activity using the CSA accelerometer and a physical activity log.

PURPOSE: To compare two methods for measuring time spent in physical activity of differing absolute intensities. METHODS: Over a 7-d period, 59 women wore Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CSA) accelerometers and recorded their activity in physical activity logs (PAL) at 15-min intervals. Three published cut points were used to classify CSA data into resting/light, moderate, and vigorous intensity categories. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman rank-order correlations, and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The CSA estimates of total (moderate plus vigorous) physical activity using the three cut points ranged from a mean (+/- SD) of 38.1 (+/-26.8) min.d-1 to 312.6 (+/- 101.1) min.d-1. Using the PAL, women self-reported a mean (+/- SD) of 75.1 (+/- 51.7) min.d-1 of total activity. There was fair to modest rank-order agreement between each of the three CSA measures and the PAL measure of total activity, with correlations ranging from r = 0.15 to 0.24. Correlations between CSA and PAL estimates of total activity were higher in women with body mass index values (BMI) below 25 kg.m-2 (r = 0.23-0.38) compared with women with BMI > or = 25 kg.m-2 (r = 0.06-0.08) but did not differ according to age. Correlations between the three CSA cut points ranged from r = 0.45 to 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: Three published cut points designed to classify CSA output by intensity level produced different estimates of physical activity participation. Correlations between CSA and PAL measures of activity intensity were fair overall but higher among leaner women.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Relationships among physical activity, physical fitness and coronary risk factors in adult women--comparison between premenopausal and postmenopausal women].

The relationships among daily physical activity, physical fitness and the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) were studied comparing 477 premenopausal women (36.1 +/- 7.6 yr) and 178 naturally postmenopausal women (56.7 +/- 5.8 yr). The results were as follows. 1) No relationship between physical fitness and daily activity level was found in either groups. 2) In premenopausal women, daily activity was associated with blood pressure, triglycerides (TG) and blood sugar only in the low-fitness group. But there was no relation between risk factors and the level of daily activity in the high-fitness group. 3) In postmenopausal women, the low-fitness group showed increasing TC/HDLC and decreasing HDLC associated with the low daily activity. TC, LDLC and TC/HDLC were lower in the high-fitness-with-high-daily-activity group than in the high-fitness-with-low-daily-activity group. 4) In both groups, the levels of TG and TC/HDLC were lower in the high-fitness group than in the low-fitness group. This suggests that serum lipids have a closer relation to fitness than to daily activity. These results indicate that the relationships among daily activity, physical fitness and CHD risk factors are different in menopausal status, and that daily activity is one of the most important factors to reduce CHD risk factors, especially in unfit or postmenopausal women.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

History and physical examination by oral and maxillofacial surgeons: the development of a physical assessment course.

Qualified oral surgeons may be granted hospital privileges to perform history and physical examinations on their patients as a result of a JCAH policy change, which became effective in January 1982. Oral surgeons must apply for and be granted this privilege from their affiliate hospitals and must demonstrate their qualifications. Various criteria can be used to assess qualification, including a review of the applicant's training in physical diagnosis in residency training, and participation in physical assessment continuing education programs. Review courses that feature hands-on practice are useful to oral surgeons interested in updating and refining their skills. Since the University of Illinois began offering a review course in 1981, 91 oral surgeons have completed the 2-day intensive review program. A follow-up survey of the participants indicates that the oral surgeons are applying for medical staff privileges. In a survey of 30 oral surgeons who participated in the course during 1982, 13 (43%) indicated that they had obtained the privilege to perform histories and physical examinations from their local hospitals.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1982

[Effects of physical loads on the urinary excretion of metabolites from organic solvents. Part I. Change in the urinary excretion of glycine conjugate, hippuric acids, and glycine after a physical burden].

Effects of physical loads on the excretion of urinary glycine conjugates, which are commonly used as an index of organic solvent intake, were examined. After physical exertion by Kendo exercise university students for about 2 hours, urinary protein excretion changed from the levels of (-) or (+) before the exercise to (+) to (formula: see text) after the exercise revealed by the test-tape semi-quantitative indication, and the levels of urinary creatinine increased to approximately 1.9 time and initial level. Under the present experimental conditions, the following results were obtained. 1) Statistically no significant change was observed in the levels of urinary hippuric acid, but an increasing trend was recognized. 2) The glycine levels in the urine decreased and the significance was stressed when the values were adjusted with reference to the specific gravity of urine or to the levels of urinary creatinine. 3) The ratio of hippuric acid to the glycine in the urine increased almost twice as high as the initial ratio and the physical load seemed to promote the glycine conjugation. 4) As to the adjusted levels of urinary metabolites, especially due to several organic solvents, values adjusted with reference to the specific gravity of urine and those to the levels of urinary creatinine correlated well in the samples collected before the exertion. But a poor correlation was observed in the samples collected after the exertion. Therefore, a notice should be given when the adjustment of the values with reference to the levels of urinary creatinine, which is widely used in the health administration practice for organic solvent workers to assess the levels of exposure, since the adjusted values were lowered unnecessarily by excess excretion of creatinine after the physical exertion and the tendency would be exaggerated especially under the low level exposure to organic solvent vapours in the work yard.

Glycine↗
PubMed1993

The physical activity of fifth-grade students during physical education classes.

One hundred fifty-seven fifth-grade students in 20 of the 355 elementary schools in one Texas county were systematically observed during physical education classes. On average, the students spent 8.5% of class time in moderate to vigorous physical activity, 23.3% in minimal activity, and 68.1% in sedentary activity. None of the schools averaged 20% of class time in moderate to vigorous physical activity. The levels of physical activity observed are substantially lower than the levels called for in national health objectives.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Type of physical activity, variables describing participation in physical activity, and self-perceived fitness.

This study examined the association between self-perceived fitness and the type of physical activity and variables describing participation in physical activity by 91 university students. Type of physical activity and variables describing participation were significantly related to self-perceived fitness in the total group (r = .43) and women (r = .52), but nonsignificant for men. Self-reported anaerobic activity was a significant independent predictor of self-perceived fitness in the total group (r = .29) and for women (r = .42) but not for men as was frequency of physical activity in the total group (r = .33) and for women (r = .35) but not for men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Influence of physical exercise on simple reaction time: effect of physical fitness.

The influence of physical fitness and energy expenditure on a simple reaction time task performed during exercise was investigated. Two groups of 10 subjects were used, one was composed of trained middle-distance runners and one of students who had no regular physical training. The subjects performed a simple reaction time task while pedalling on a cycloergometer at different relative power output corresponding to 20, 40, 60, and 80% of their own maximal aerobic power and immediately after exercise. During exercise, the results showed a decrease in cognitive performance for both groups whereas no significant effect was found after exercise. A significant effect of physical fitness on simple reaction time was noted during exercise. The data are interpreted in terms of optimization of performance focusing particularly on the relations between energy cost of the physical task and attentional demand.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reasons given by California physical therapists for not belonging to the american physical therapy association.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In 1997, only 22% of licensed physical therapists living in California were members of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). This 1998 study was designed to identify the reason(s) why most licensed physical therapists in California choose not to belong to their profession's national association and to examine the demographics of nonmembers. SUBJECTS: The subjects were a random sample of 400 California licensed physical therapists who were not members of APTA. METHODS: The survey instrument included a demographic questionnaire and statements for response using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Frequency distributions were calculated for responses and demographic data. Nonparametric analyses were used to determine statistical significance. Chi-square analysis was used to compare responses to statements by gender and by full-time versus part-time work status. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to determine any relationships between demographic data (eg, gender and work status). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine any differences in responses to specific representation questions by those respondents who worked in those environments. All statistical tests were 2-tailed tests conducted at the P(.05 level, unless otherwise indicated. Means, standard deviations, and ranges were used where appropriate. RESULTS: There was a 67% response rate. Eighty-nine percent of the respondents had been members of APTA. Eighty-eight percent of the respondents believed that APTA national dues were too high, and 90% thought California Chapter dues were too high. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Cost was the primary reason given for APTA nonmembership in California.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of the physical development and physical fitness of children and youths with simple body height deficiency.

The aim of this work is an analysis of the process of growth and an assessment of the physical fitness of children and youths with short stature. The material contains results of a long-term investigation of the growth of boys and girls with the diagnosis: simple body height deficiency (hypostatura simplex). The investigation was carried out in Swietokrzyskie Province, Poland, in the years 1980-1997. It comprised 471 individuals: 143 girls aged 5-18 years and 328 boys aged 5-19 years. A different degree of the skeleton age is connected with a different dynamic of growth of short-stature girls and boys. Pubescent increase in the rate of growth occurs in individuals with a considerable retardation of the bone age later, particularly among boys. The growth process lasts longer in them, therefore, the final body height is achieved later and it is greater in individuals whose bone age is concordant with the calendar age. The level of physical working capacity of short-stature children does not show any significant difference in comparison with that in individuals with correct body height, and relative values of the indicators of physical fitness, related to body mass, are even higher in short-stature children. Individuals with a greater body height deficiency are characterised by a lower level of physical fitness.

Adolescent↗