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PubMed1995

Domains and facets: hierarchical personality assessment using the revised NEO personality inventory.

Personality traits are organized hierarchically, with narrow, specific traits combining to define broad, global factors. The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992c) assesses personality at both levels, with six specific facet scales in each of five broad domains. This article describes conceptual issues in specifying facets of a domain and reports evidence on the validity of NEO-PI-R facet scales. Facet analysis-the interpretation of a scale in terms of the specific facets with which it correlates-is illustrated using alternative measures of the five-factor model and occupational scales. Finally, the hierarchical interpretation of personality profiles is discussed. Interpretation on the domain level yields a rapid understanding of the individual interpretation of specific facet scales gives a more detailed assessment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Forensic casework of personal identification using a mixture of body fluids from more than one person by Y-STRs analysis.

We applied Y-STRs (DYS385/DYS19/YCAII) to an adhesive plaster left at a crime scene. This plaster may have included body fluids from more than one person. Firstly, we performed preliminary examinations, ABO-blood type examinations, and commonly used DNA examinations (D1S80, HLADQalpha, TH01, and PM) on these specimens. As a result of these examinations, we could evidence that suspect A did not contacted with the plaster, but could not confirm the presence of perspiration from suspect B. As the next step, we applied Y-STR examination to the plaster. Using this examination, we detected alleles that coincided to those of suspect B. We also concluded that the fluid from an unidentified person was vaginal fluid based on crime scene investigation. Y-STRs examination data obtained from 124 persons in Tokushima prefecture showed that 1.613% of individuals demonstrated haplotypes 10-18/15/19-23, which was detected from the plaster and from suspect B. Therefore, we considered that there was a high probability that the persiration detected in the plaster was that of suspect B. Based on these studies, we concluded that Y-STR examination of trace evidence was very useful to screen suspects using materials that contained body fluid from more than one person.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2001

Determinants of adaptive behavior among older persons: self-efficacy, importance, and personal dispositions as directive mechanisms.

Successful aging calls for effective adaptation, which in turn implies flexible use of coping strategies to optimize personal functioning and well-being. The present paper studied adaptive choice behavior of older, independently living persons faced with complications in their houses. The goal was to gain insight into the concrete coping process and its outcome-in terms of the choice of assimilative vs. accommodative strategies-and in the role of three determinants on this process. The determinants were perceived self-efficacy, importance of the problem, and personal dispositions (flexibility and tenacity). A sample of 199 independently-living older persons participated in an experiment that was based on a scenario and questionnaire method, with problems stemming from the domain of independent living. Results mainly underlie the crucial role of perceived self-efficacy and are discussed in view of the concept of successful aging.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Increased incidence of Campylobacter pylori infection in gastroenterologists: further evidence to support person-to-person transmission of C. pylori.

The mode transmission of Campylobacter pylori is still unknown, although several studies have suggested person-to-person transmission. In this study the incidence of active C. pylori infection in an endoscopy staff was compared with that in general practitioners and normal blood donors. Since endoscopy workers are in close contact with patients, many of whom would be likely to have active C. pylori infection, it was likely that there would be an increased incidence of active C. pylori infection in endoscopists if the organism can spread from person to person. The incidence of active C. pylori infection in the group of gastroenterologists was 52%, compared with 21% in an age-matched group of blood donors. This finding was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). In comparison, the incidence of active C. pylori infection in the endoscopy nurses and general practitioners was not statistically different from that in the normal population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus.

Despite the fact that rodents are considered to be the infectious source of hantavirus for humans, another route of transmission was demonstrated. Andes virus (ANDV) has been responsible for most of the cases recorded in Argentina. Person-to-person transmission of ANDV Sout lineage was described during an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in southwest Argentina. In this study, we analyzed 4 clusters that occurred in 2 disease-endemic areas for different ANDV lineages. We found new evidence of interhuman transmission for ANDV Sout lineage and described the first event in which another lineage, ANDV Cent BsAs, was implicated in this mechanism of transmission. On the basis of epidemiologic and genetic data, we concluded that person-to-person spread of the virus likely took place during the prodromal phase or shortly after it ended, since close and prolonged contact occurred in the events analyzed here, and the incubation period was 15-24 days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Use of cardiovascular procedures among black persons and white persons: a 7-year nationwide study in patients with renal disease.

BACKGROUND: Black persons historically undergo fewer invasive cardiovascular procedures than white persons. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acquisition of Medicare health insurance and comprehensive care for severe illness reduce ethnic disparity in use of cardiovascular procedures. DESIGN: 7-year longitudinal analyses in a cohort from the United States Renal Data System. SETTING: Health care institutions in the United States. PATIENTS: Nationwide random sample of 4987 adult black and white patients with incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) from 303 dialysis facilities in 1986 to 1987. MEASUREMENTS: Medical history and service use records, physical examination, and laboratory data. Main outcome measures were receipt of a coronary catheterization or revascularization procedure before (baseline) and after (follow-up) development of ESRD and acquisition of Medicare, adjusted for clinical and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: At baseline, 9.9% of white patients and 2.8% of black patients had had a cardiac procedure; the odds were almost three times greater in white than in black patients (adjusted odds ratio, 2.92 [95% CI, 2.04 to 4.18]). During follow-up, white patients were only 1.4 times more likely than black patients to have a procedure (adjusted relative risk, 1.41 [CI, 1.13 to 1.77]); rates were 7.8% for white persons and 8.5% for black persons. In patients with Medicare coverage before development of ESRD, the initial three-fold difference in procedure use was eliminated over follow-up (odds ratio, 1.05 [CI, 0.56 to 1.60]). For procedures after hospital admission for myocardial infarction or coronary disease, no difference between ethnic groups was seen during follow-up (relative risk, 1.12 [CI, 0.68 to 1.85]). CONCLUSIONS: Differences between ethnic groups in use of cardiovascular procedures narrowed markedly once a serious illness (ESRD) developed and adequate insurance coverage was ensured; the disparity was eliminated in patients with previous Medicare insurance or a stronger indication for a procedure. These findings suggest that almost equal access to care is attainable by combining insurance with delivery of comprehensive, clinically appropriate care.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Personal information tools (personal computers): the changing environment and its management.

The potential of the personal computer as a universal information tool for professional and managerial work is explained and illustrated. Forms of implementation, as desktop computer systems (hardware and software) and as virtual personal computers in the context of online mainframe systems, are differentiated. Reasons are given why personal computers are becoming essential for various major types of information work. The need for planned and coordinated introduction of personal computers to prevent the negative effects of uncoordinated applications without attention to compatibility and redundancy is stressed.

Computers↗
PubMed2001

Treating personality fragmentation and dissociation in borderline personality disorder: A pilot study of the impact of cognitive analytic therapy.

Recent findings suggest that personality fragmentation may be a core component of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and that successful treatment of BPD may depend on the extent to which this is addressed. Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) can increase integration by strengthening awareness, and hence control, of the dissociative processes maintaining fragmentation. This pilot study aimed to conduct a systematic evaluation of the impact of CAT on BPD severity and personality integration. A patient series within-subject design was used. Five BPD participants completed a series of assessments to evaluate the impact of therapy on BPD severity, fragmentation, dissociation, symptomatology and interpersonal adjustment before, during and following 16-session CAT. By follow-up, CAT had produced reductions in the severity of BPD for all five participants, and three participants showed significant changes in their levels of personality fragmentation. Improvements in comorbid disturbance were less consistent, however. Although the small number of participants involved limits these findings, they have theoretical and clinical interest. They generally support the suggestion that integration should be enhanced with BPD patients, and suggest that CAT may be a useful method to achieve this goal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among persons aged > or =65 years and persons aged 18-64 years with diabetes or asthma--United States, 2003.

Vaccination of persons at risk for complications from influenza and pneumococcal disease is a key public health strategy for preventing associated morbidity and mortality in the United States. Risk factors include older age and medical conditions that increase the risk for complications from infections. During the 1990-1999 influenza seasons, more than 32,000 deaths each year among persons aged > or =65 years were attributed to complications from influenza infection. National health objectives for 2010 call for 90% influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among noninstitutionalized persons aged > or =65 years and 60% coverage among noninstitutionalized persons aged 18-64 years who have risk factors (e.g., diabetes or asthma) for complications from infections. To estimate influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among these populations, CDC analyzed data from the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that 1) influenza vaccination levels among adults aged 18-64 with diabetes or asthma, 2) pneumococcal vaccination levels among adults aged 18-64 years with diabetes, and 3) influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels among adults aged > or =65 years all were below levels targeted in the national health objectives for 2010. Moreover, vaccination coverage levels varied among states for both vaccines and both age groups. Innovative approaches and adequate, reliable supplies of vaccine are needed to increase vaccination coverage, particularly among adults with high-risk conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiologic study of persons having group 2 insurance in Denmark. 3. A questionnaire study. Attitudes and knowledge of persons insured in group 2 concerning their insurance].

A questionnaire investigation among established persons insured in Group 2 and persons who have recently been transferred from Group 1 to Group 2 or vice versa shows that all three groups find that there are considerable advantages in insurance in Group 2. In particular, the right to free choice of general practitioner is emphasized. Under the present arrangement this is associated with geographic and temporal restrictions. In addition, it is regarded as an advantage to be able to change one's doctor (including specialist) from time to time. Approximately 1/3 emphasize that their way through the health system is easier in Group 2 and that they are treated more kindly. The reason for changing from Group 2 to Group 1 was mainly of economical nature. Where a number of persons were concerned, this was associated with retiral. Information about the health of this group also suggest that deterioration in health may also play a part in their choice. Nevertheless, the advantages of Group 2 insurance were not contested. The results of a series of investigations suggest that new Group 2 insured persons are considerably different from the established members of this group. This group consists mainly of young women. The transfer to insurance Group 2 was motivated mainly by definite dissatisfaction and where a number of these were concerned the change was merely temporary. It is concluded that the Group 2 form of health insurance has assumed new perspectives and forms of employment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The role of anaerobic bacteria in some extra-abdominal infections including person-to-person contamination.

With the possible exception of campylobacter enteritis, anaerobic infections are not transmitted from person to person, and do not present problems of hospital cross-infection. There are a number of situations, however, in which non-clostridial anaerobic infections may develop as result of person to person contamination of a compromised "recipient" with normal anaerobic bacterial flora from a healthy "donor". Some of these are briefly discussed.

Abscess↗
PubMed1998

Premorbid personality traits of patients with organic (ICD-10 F0), schizophrenic (F2), mood (F3), and neurotic (F4) disorders according to the five-factor model of personality.

The present article aims to examine premorbid personality traits of psychiatric patients with various diagnoses by asking their close relatives to retrospectively rate the patients' usual self with a questionnaire designed for the five-factor model of personality, a rapidly emerging comprehensive theory of personality structure. Data for 140 patients and 84 controls were analyzed. Although psychiatric patients as a group were characterized by high neuroticism and low conscientiousness when compared with the healthy controls, there were only a few traits that distinguished a particular diagnostic group from either the normal control or from the rest of the patients: neurotic disorder patients had higher neuroticism scores than the normal controls; unipolar depressives had a higher conscientiousness score than the rest of the patient group. No salient premorbid trait was noted for patients with organic mental disorders, schizophrenic disorders or bipolar disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study.

OBJECTIVE: To test the diagnostic constructs implied by DSM-IV Axis-II personality disorders by examining relationships between different combinations of DSM-IV criteria. METHOD: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder constructs in a large treatment-seeking sample (N= 668) from a multisite study. A model based on the three DSM-IV Axis II clusters was also tested. Both models were tested against a unitary 'generic' model constructed from four criteria sets combined. RESULTS: Goodness-of-fit for both the three-cluster and four disorder models was significantly better than the unidimensional model, and the four-disorder model was significantly better than the three-cluster model. Results were replicated using data from 2-year follow-up obtained by interviewers blind to original Axis II diagnoses at baseline. CONCLUSION: Support is provided for the DSM-IV disorder-level classification for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders in a treatment-seeking sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Personality and emotion: test of Gray's personality theory by means of an fMRI study.

Although it is known that there are fundamental personality differences in the behavioral responses to emotional stimuli, traits have scarcely been investigated in this context by means of functional imaging studies. To maximize the variance with respect to personality, the authors tested 12 control subjects and 12 subjects who had sadomasochistic experiences with respect to the relationship between J. A. Gray's (1970) personality dimensions, the behavioral approach system (BAS) and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), and brain activity in regions of interest. The BIS was associated with activity in numerous brain areas in response to fear, disgust, and erotic visual stimuli, whereas few associations could he detected between the BAS and brain activity in response to disgust and erotic stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Personality and music preferences: the influence of personality traits on preferences regarding musical elements.

The purpose of this scientific study was to determine how personality traits, as classified by Cattell, influence preferences regarding musical elements. The subject group consisted of 145 students, male and female, chosen at random from different Polish universities. For the purpose of determining their personality traits the participants completed the 16PF Questionnaire (Cattell, Saunders, & Stice, 1957; Russel & Karol, 1993), in its Polish adaptation by Choynowski (Nowakowska, 1970). The participants' musical preferences were determined by their completing a Questionnaire of Musical Preferences (specifically created for the purposes of this research), in which respondents indicated their favorite piece of music. Next, on the basis of the Questionnaire of Musical Preferences, a list of the works of music chosen by the participants was compiled. All pieces were collected on CDs and analyzed to separate out their basic musical elements. The statistical analysis shows that some personality traits: Liveliness (Factor F), Social Boldness (Factor H), Vigilance (Factor L), Openness to Change (Factor Q1), Extraversion (a general factor) have an influence on preferences regarding musical elements. Important in the subjects' musical preferences were found to be those musical elements having stimulative value and the ability to regulate the need for stimulation. These are: tempo, rhythm in relation to metrical basis, number of melodic themes, sound voluminosity, and meter.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Clinical features and impairment in women with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), BPD without PTSD, and other personality disorders with PTSD.

The aims of this study were to examine differences in clinical features, impairment, and types of childhood traumas among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD), women with BPD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and those with other personality disorders and PTSD. Using baseline data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders, 186 women were divided into 3 groups (BPD+PTSD, BPD, PTSD), based on structured diagnostic interviews for Axis I and Axis II disorders and compared on selected clinical variables. The additional diagnosis of PTSD in borderline women did not significantly increase the degree of borderline pathology and psychiatric morbidity but did significantly increase general dysfunction and the occurrence of hospitalization. The additional diagnosis of BPD in women with PTSD significantly increased the features of suicide proneness and impulsiveness. Both groups of women with PTSD reported significantly more types of childhood traumas relative to borderline women without PTSD. Consistent with other research, the findings suggest that PTSD does not appear to alter the central features of BPD. The clinical implications of our findings are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Personality, personality disorders, and defense mechanisms.

The prototype approach was used to assess the presence of personality features associated with borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, and psychopathic personality syndromes in a sample of 91 young adults from the Block and Block (1980) longitudinal study. These personality prototypes were found to be related to the use of denial and projection, and especially to the immature manifestations of those defenses, in ways consistent with theory.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Convergent validity of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: preliminary findings with a normative sample.

We examined the convergent validity of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI; Cheung, Leung, et al., 1996), an indigenously constructed measure, by comparing its patterns of correlations with the MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 2001). A valid sample of 147 Chinese students took both the CPAI and the MMPI-2. Results provide preliminary support for the convergence between most of the CPAI clinical scales and the relevant MMPI-2 scales. The CPAI personality scales further illustrated the patterns of personality features associated with the MMPI-2 scales in a Chinese cultural context. We discuss discrepancies in the correspondence between a number of CPAI and MMPI-2 clinical scales.

Adult↗