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PubMed2005

Pasteurella multocida bacteremia and tuboovarian abscess.

BACKGROUND: Tuboovarian abscess is commonly associated with sexually transmitted pathogens. We report a tuboovarian abscess caused by a rare pathogen, Pasteurella multocida, which was managed conservatively. CASE: A 50-year-old sexually inactive woman presented with suprapubic pain and fever. Cat scratches were seen on her hand. Ultrasonography showed a 7.9-cm complex cystic adnexal structure. Her fever persisted despite broad-spectrum parenteral antibiotics. After placement of a transvaginal drain, the patient defervesced, and her pain improved. Both blood cultures and cyst aspirates grew Pasteurella multocida. CONCLUSION: Tuboovarian abscess secondary to rare pathogens must be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile pelvic illness in a non-sexually active woman. Minimally invasive drainage procedures may avoid surgery in patients failing initial antibiotic therapy.

Abscess↗
PubMed2001

Genetic diversity of Pasteurella multocida fowl cholera isolates as demonstrated by ribotyping and 16S rRNA and partial atpD sequence comparisons.

The genetic diversity of Pasteurella multocida, the aetiological agent of fowl cholera, was investigated. The strain collection comprised 69 clinical isolates representing a wide spectrum of hosts and geographic origin. The three type strains for the subspecies of P. multocida were also included. Avian isolates of P. multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica did not represent separate lines by HpaII ribotyping and the two type strains of mammalian origin (porcine and cat bite) seemed to be representative of avian strains of P. multocida subspp. multocida and septica. By ribotyping, all P. multocida subsp. gallicida strains, except one chicken isolate and the type strain, clustered together. This indicated that the bovine type strain was not representative of this subspecies and that most strains of P. multocida subsp. gallicida are genetically related and may be distantly related to other P. multocida isolates, including those of avian origin. By 16S rRNA and atpD sequence comparisons of selected strains, including both P. multocida isolated from birds and mammals and selected distantly related Pasteurella species associated with birds and mammals, it was found that P. multocida is monophyletic. Extended DNA-DNA hybridizations are highly indicated since strains may exist which would connect the existing subspecies at species level. The considerable genetic diversity of P. multocida fowl cholera isolates is probably related to the clonal nature of this organism, resulting in many divergent lines.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Characterisation of dermonecrotic toxin-producing strains of Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida isolated from man and swine.

Thirty-six isolates, from man or swine, of Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida producing (n = 13) or not producing (n = 23) the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) were studied by numerical analysis, capsular typing and ribotyping. Toxigenic strains were also characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the toxA gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Numerical analysis differentiated the Pasteurella species and subspecies, but did not discriminate between toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. RFLP demonstrated that toxA was located in a conserved part of the chromosome of all toxigenic strains. Ribotyping provided evidence of a close association between DNT production and one of the six EcoRI ribotypes designated as E2. In contrast, PFGE provided evidence for significant DNA polymorphism amongst the toxigenic strains. Results of phenotypic and genotypic studies suggested that toxigenic strains do not form a clone within the subspecies multocida. No difference was found between toxigenic strains of porcine or human origin by biochemical characterisation, capsular serotyping or genomic typing methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Further investigations on Pasteurella multocida infections in feral birds injured by cats.

A total of 64 Pasteurella multocida strains (46 out of 11 different feral bird species, partly injured by cat bites, and 18 strains originating from clinically healthy cats) were biochemically differentiated. As a result, 67.4% of the strains from feral birds and 61.1% from the cats were classified as the subspecies multocida, whilst 21.7% and 27.8% were identified as the subspecies septica. The percentage of frequency for both the subspecies was of a comparable order of magnitude from the birds injured by cat bites and from cats (58.6% and 61.1%, 24.1% and 27.8% resp.), whereas the frequency from other feral birds differed considerably (82.4% and 17.6%). Maltose-positive strains were only demonstrable in birds with wounds inflicted by cats. To date, maltose-positive strains have only been obtained from one cat and one human being with an injury caused by a cat. The results of this investigation confirm the possibility of the direct transmission of Pasteurella multocida via cat bites. 19 strains from feral birds and 15 strains from cats were tested for their capability to produce toxins. The results of these tests were negative. The present paper also describes the pathologic-anatomical and histopathological lesions caused by the infection in feral birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Pasteurella multocida pathogenesis: 125 years after Pasteur.

Pasteurella multocida was first shown to be the causative agent of fowl cholera by Louis Pasteur in 1881. Since then, this Gram-negative bacterium has been identified as the causative agent of many other economically important diseases in a wide range of hosts. The mechanisms by which these bacteria can invade the mucosa, evade innate immunity and cause systemic disease are slowly being elucidated. Key virulence factors identified to date include capsule and lipopolysaccharide. The capsule is clearly involved in bacterial avoidance of phagocytosis and resistance to complement, while complete lipopolysaccharide is critical for bacterial survival in the host. A number of other virulence factors have been identified by both directed and random mutagenesis, including Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), putative surface adhesins and iron acquisition proteins. However, it is likely that many key virulence factors are yet to be identified, including those required for initial attachment and invasion of host cells and for persistence in a relatively nutrient poor and hostile environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Identification of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of pigs by in vitro characterisation.

Toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida were readily differentiated from non-toxigenic strains by an agarose overlay method using bovine turbinate cells or bovine lung cells. Cells which were young and densely confluent were best suited to this assay. The incubation period required to distinguish toxigenic strains was dependent on the confluence of the monolayers, which was affected by the seeding rate, cell passage level and growth time prior to overlay. The agarose overlay method correctly identified 11 of 11 reference strains of Pasteurella multocida, and visible cytotoxic changes were present in the monolayers after 48 to 65 h. Outbreaks of the enzootic form of atrophic rhinitis in 2 New South Wales piggeries were associated with the isolation of toxigenic type D strains of P. multocida.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Characterisation of Pasteurella multocida isolated from fowl cholera outbreaks on turkey farms.

Biochemical profiles, restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and ribotyping were used to investigate Pasteurella multocida isolates from outbreaks of fowl cholera on 7 turkey farms in New South Wales. While only a single isolate was available from 5 of the farms, multiple isolates, 4 and 12 respectively, were available from the other 2 farms. The available field evidence suggested that 8 outbreaks had occurred with one farm suffering 2 outbreaks. The isolates obtained were all confirmed as Pasteurella multocida. Biochemical profiles allocated the isolates to 4 groups, 3 being variants of P multocida subsp multocida and the fourth being P multocida subsp septica. REA performed with HpaII established 7 groups. Ribotyping using the HpaII digests probed with the 16S rRNA operon of Haemophilus paragallinarum recognised the same 7 groups as REA. Unlike the biochemical profiles, both REA and ribotyping provided a fine subdivision that identified outbreaks as either related or unrelated. The REA and ribotyping patterns as well as biochemical profiles were stable for all isolates from the outbreaks in which multiple isolates were obtained from either the same bird or from different birds. REA and ribotyping were found to be superior to biotyping methods for the investigation of fowl cholera outbreaks.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

In vitro activities of garenoxacin (BMS-284756) against 170 clinical isolates of nine Pasteurella species.

The in vitro susceptibilities of 170 clinical isolates plus 12 American Type Culture Collection strains of Pasteurella species comprising nine species and three Pasteurella multocida subspecies were studied by an agar dilution method. Garenoxacin (BMS-284756), a new des-fluoro(6) quinolone, was active at 90% of the strains susceptible to <or=0.008 micro g/ml. Garenoxacin was generally 1 to 2 dilutions more active than levofloxacin and moxifloxacin and was the most active agent tested. Cefoxitin required 1 micro g/ml for inhibition of 51 of 182 (29%) of strains, and 3 strains (also beta-lactamase producers) were resistant to doxycycline.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1981

Protection of rabbits against experimental pasteurellosis by a streptomycin-dependent Pasteurella multocida serotype 3:A live mutant vaccine.

Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3:A) was isolated from a rabbit with clinical signs of suppurative rhinitis. This P. multocida strain was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to obtain a genetically stable streptomycin-dependent mutant, from which a life vaccine was prepared. Pasteurella-free rabbits were inoculated intranasally three times at weekly intervals and challenged intranasally with a virulent serotype 3:A rabbit P. multocida isolate 2 weeks after the third vaccination. The rabbits were killed 2 to 3 weeks later. The vaccine did not cause clinical disease, death, or gross or microscopic lesions. Furthermore, the vaccine protected the challenge rabbits from developing clinical disease, death, and gross lesions. However, mild focal lung lesions were noted in several of the vaccinated-challenged animals. In contrast, nonvaccinated-challenged rabbits developed pyrexia and anorexia. Furthermore, three of four of these rabbits died with severe gross lesions including pyothorax, suppurative pericarditis, and fibrinopurulent pneumonia. Microscopically, the four nonvaccinated rabbits had moderate to severe suppurative pneumonia and mild to moderate suppurative rhinitis, and two had mild tympanitis. The mutant vaccine did not appear to colonize the nasal cavities. The vaccine prevented the colonization of the virulent challenge organism in lungs, liver, spleen, genital tracts, and blood, but not the nasal cavities.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Adhesion of type A Pasteurella mulocida to rabbit pharyngeal cells and its possible role in rabbit respiratory tract infections.

Pasteurella multocida serotype A was found in association with the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynges of rabbits with respiratory tract infections. The bacteria specifically attached to squamous epithelial cells of the pharyngeal mucosa both in vivo and in vitro and to some tissue culture cell lines such as HeLa. All strains with serotype A capsules were adhesive. With the exception of one serotype D strain, strains with capsular serotypes B, D, and E were at least 10-fold less adhesive. Bacterial adhesiveness was much reduced after pronase digestion, heat treatment, and homogenization, but removal of the hyaluronic acid capsule increased adhesion. Electron microscopy revealed that fimbriae were produced by an adhesive pasteurella strain, but not by two nonadherent strains. The attachment of the former strain to pharyngeal and HeLa cells was inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Together, these findings suggest that this amino sugar may be a component of the receptor on both animal cell surfaces and that the fimbriae may be the adhesions. It is proposed that bacterial attachment has a role in colonization and infection of rabbit upper respiratory mucosae.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1985

Protection of rabbits against experimental pasteurellosis by vaccination with a potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida.

Antigens were extracted from a virulent isolate of Pasteurella multocida (serotype 3, 12, 15:D) with potassium thiocyanate, and a vaccine was prepared. Pasteurella-free rabbits were vaccinated intranasally and intraconjuctivally twice with a 2-week interval and challenged intranasally with the homologous P. multocida serotype 2 weeks after the second vaccination. The vaccinated rabbits produced serum immunoglobulin G and nasal mucosal immunoglobulin A against P. multocida. The vaccine protected the challenged rabbits against clinical disease and death; however, otitis media was not prevented, and microscopic inflammatory lesions were occasionally noted in the lungs and nasal turbinates. In contrast, nonvaccinated, challenged rabbits became febrile, dyspnic, depressed, and anorectic, and five of six died within 4 days of challenge with severe lesions including pneumonia, pleuritis, otitis media, and bacteremia. The vaccine prevented death and colonization of challenge organisms in the blood and lung, but did not prevent colonization of the middle ear. The vaccine alone did not cause clinical disease or gross lesions, but did produce microscopic pulmonary inflammatory lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Toll-like receptor 4-positive macrophages protect mice from Pasteurella pneumotropica-induced pneumonia.

This study investigates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-positive macrophages in early recognition and clearance of pulmonary bacteria. TLR4 is a trans-membrane receptor that is the primary recognition molecule for lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. The TLR4(Lps-del) mouse strains C57BL10/ScN (B10) and STOCK Abb(tm1) TLR4(Lps-del) Slc11a1(s)(B10 x C2D) are susceptible to pulmonary infections and develop pneumonia when naturally or experimentally infected by the opportunistic bacterium Pasteurella pneumotropica. Since these mice have the TLR4(Lps-del) genotype, we hypothesized that reconstitution of mice with TLR4-positive macrophages would provide resistance to this bacterium. A cultured macrophage cell line (C2D macrophages) and bone marrow cells from C2D mice were adoptively transferred to B10 and B10 x C2D mice by intraperitoneal injection. C2D macrophages increased B10 and B10 x C2D mouse resistance to P. pneumotropica. In C2D-recipient mice there was earlier transcription of tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokines JE and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) in the lungs of B10 and B10 x C2D mice, and there was earlier transcription of KC and MIP-1alpha in B10 x C2D mice. In addition, the course of inflammation following experimental Pasteurella challenge was altered in C2D recipients. C2D macrophages also protected B10 x C2D mice, which lack CD4(+) T cells. These data indicate that macrophages are critical for pulmonary immunity and can provide host resistance to P. pneumotropica. This study indicates that TLR4-positive macrophages are important for early recognition and clearance of pulmonary bacterial infections.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed1964

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SMOOTH AND NONSMOOTH VARIANTS IN THE DISSOCIATION OF PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA.

Wessman, G. E. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa). Interrelationships of smooth and nonsmooth variants in the dissociation of Pasteurella haemolytica. J. Bacteriol. 88:356-360. 1964.-Smooth Pasteurella haemolytica, after rapid growth in statically incubated broth cultures, decreased in numbers rapidly, and were replaced by nonsmooth variants. Upon continued incubation, smooth cells again predominated. The two phenotypes were alike in general biochemical characteristics, but differed in virulence for mice. The presence of nonsmooth cells in mixed cultures severely limited the growth of smooth cells. The inhibition of smooth cells correlated with the establishment of definite population densities, and the critical factor appeared to be limitation of oxygen in the cultural medium. Selective inhibition did not occur in aerated cultures, but was more pronounced in cultures grown under reduced air pressure. Selective death of smooth cells on slant cultures held at 5 C and preferential growth of nonsmooth cells, plus death of smooth cells at room temperature, accounted for population changes in stored cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of Pasteurella spp. simultaneously isolated from nasal and transtracheal swabs from cattle with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease.

Twenty-four matched pairs of isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and three matched pairs of isolates of Pasteurella multocida were isolated by using a nasal swab and a transtracheal swab from individual calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. The identity of each matched pair was confirmed biochemically and serologically. The similarity of the isolates obtained from a nasal swab and from a transtracheal swab was compared by using ribotyping and antibiotic susceptibility analyses. Although the calves were sampled only once with a nasal and a transtracheal swab, when both samples were bacteriologically positive the nasal swab identified the same bacterial species as the transtracheal swab 96% of the time. The nasal swab isolate was genetically identical to the transtracheal isolate in 70% of the matched pairs. Six different ribotypes were observed for the P. haemolytica isolates, while only one ribotype was observed for the limited number of P. multocida isolates. Of the six P. haemolytica ribotypes, two ribotypes predominated. All the paired isolates displayed similar susceptibility to ceftiofur, erythromycin, tilmicosin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and florfenicol, with some minor variations for ampicillin and spectinomycin. These results suggest that a nasal swab culture can be predictive of the bacterial pathogen within the lung when the isolates are from an acutely ill animal and can be used to determine antibiotic susceptibility.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Pasteurella ureae meningitis associated with endocarditis. Report of a case and review of the literature.

The first reported case of Pasteurella ureae meningitis associated with endocarditis is described. The patient pursued a fulminant deteriorating course despite appropriate antibiotic therapy begun within 24 h of presentation. Previous reports of Pasteurella ureae meningitis are reviewed. This organism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gram-negative meningitis, since it is usually responsive to most antibiotics, including penicillin.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Turbinate osteoporosis in pigs following intranasal inoculation of purified Pasteurella toxin: histomorphometric and ultrastructural studies.

Turbinate osteoporosis, induced by intranasal inoculation of purified toxin isolated from serotype D Pasteurella multocida, was investigated in 3- to 5-week-old, caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived, isolation-reared pigs. Marked bilateral reduction in relative volume of trabecular bone occurred in osseous cores of turbinates of toxin-treated pigs relative to control pigs on post-inoculation day (p.i.d.) 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. The fractional resorptive surface along turbinate bone was greater in toxin-treated pigs when compared to controls on p.i.d. 3 and 6. A significant decrease in resorptive surface occurred over time in toxin-treated pigs, whereas the fractional resorptive surface was constant over time in control pigs. Osteoclasts in medullary spaces separating bony trabeculae of turbinates were abundant in toxin-treated pigs and scant in controls on p.i.d. 3, 6, and 9. Degeneration and necrosis of bone forming cells, principally osteoblasts, were progressively more extensive with time and were associated with decreased mineralization and reduced thickness of osteoid and woven bone matrix. Osteoclasts along resorptive surfaces of turbinate bone in toxin-treated pigs had more abundant, more highly vacuolated cytoplasm, a more prominent microvillous border, and a greater number of nuclei per cell than osteoclasts from control pigs on p.i.d. 3 and 6. We conclude that this Pasteurella toxin stimulates osteoclastic osteolysis and inhibits osteogenesis in turbinates by causing degeneration and death of osteoblasts.

Animals↗