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PubMed2002

[Olfaction in congenital hypothyroidism].

The aim of the study is to present results of the olfactory testing in congenital hypothyroidism in the group of 20 subjects. The etiology of hypothyroidism included: Pendred's syndrome in 2 cases, hypoplasia in 2 cases, athyreosis in 5 cases and ectopy of thyroid gland in 11 cases. Olfactory testing involved olfactometry by Elsberg-Levy modified by Pruszewicz for 4 odorants: coffee, lemon, mint and anise; smell fatigability test by Pruszewicz et al. for lemon. Level of plasma TSH was determined in each subject. Age of the subjects, at which hormonal replacement therapy was started and regularity of the treatment were taken into consideration. Obtained results: impaired odorant identification and shortened smell fatigability period prove a significant impact of thyroid status on central nervous system development most probably already prior to birth and on cognition processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Waste stabilisation pond developments in New Zealand.

Waste stabilisation ponds have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Over 100 systems have been constructed ranging in size from over 500 ha to less than 0.1 ha. The largest pond system in New Zealand was at Manukau, Auckland and consisted of four ponds with a total of 530 ha. However, ongoing odour and midge releases and an algae parasite problem plus a requirement to reduce ammonia and total nitrogen in summer, led to the decision to decommission the ponds and allow the area to revert to tidal mudflats. The second largest pond system is at Christchurch and totals 226 ha. In contrast to Manukau, the Christchurch ponds have not caused significant odours and final effluent quality has been good. Christchurch has two parallel trains each with three ponds in series. It is proposed to retain and develop the ponds into a seven cells in series arrangement to reduce short-circuiting. Odour emissions from the Manukau and Christchurch ponds have been measured by the use of olfactometry. Dispersion of odours has been modelled and the extent of "odour travel" determined on a statistical probability basis using actual meteorological data. It can be demonstrated that residential areas can co-exist with ponds, which are not overloaded, with separation distances of 200 metres.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India.

The essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India were investigated by GC-FID, GC-MS and olfactometry. In all four samples, mono- and sesquiterpenes as well as (E)-methyl cinnamate could be identified. They are responsible for the characteristic odor as well as for the reported use in (folk) medicine and in food products of A. galanga. The essential oil of A. galanga leaves is rich in 1,8-cineole (28.3%), camphor (15.6%), beta-pinene (5.0%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (4.6%), bornyl acetate (4.3%) and guaiol (3.5%). The stem essential oil contains 1,8-cineole (31.1%), camphor (11.0%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (7.4%), guaiol (4.9%), bornyl acetate (3.6%), beta-pinene (3.3%) and alpha-terpineol (3.3%). 1,8-cineole (28.4%), alpha-fenchyl acetate (18.4%), camphor (7.7%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (4.2%) and guaiol (3.3%) are the main constituents of the rhizome essential oil. The root essential oil contains alpha-fenchyl acetate (40.9%), 1,8-cineole (9.4%), borneol (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.4%) and elemol (3.1%). In addition, biological and aroma effects of the main and minor compounds of the four essential oils of Alpinia galanga are discussed in terms of their possible use in medicine, cosmetics and foods.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed1992

[Long-term local tolerability to intranasally administered salmon calcitonin in post-menopausal osteoporosis].

The aim of this study was to acquire further knowledge relative to the local tolerability of synthetic salmon Calcitonin, administered by the intranasal route. The Authors have evaluated several olfactometry parameters in a group of patients treated for twelve months with the drug. The Wright matrix test and the olfacto-respiratory reflex test were performed. An evaluation regarding mucociliary transport time was additionally effected. No interference on the part of the drug was reported regarding the functional parameters of the nasal mucosa. The excellent local tolerability of intranasal salmon Calcitonin, as already indicated by other Authors, was confirmed, even in terms of specific parameters relative to the olfactory functions.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2004

Optimization of stir bar sorptive extraction applied to the determination of odorous compounds in drinking water.

The off-flavour compounds 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), geosmin, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,4-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole were analyzed in water samples by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) followed by on-line thermal desorption (TD)-capillary GC/MS. Quantification was performed using MS in the single ion monitoring mode (SIM) with 2,4,6-trichloroanisol-D5 as internal standard. Quantification limits are 0.1 ng/l to 0.2 ng/l for the haloanisoles, 0.5 ng/l for geosmin and 1 ng/l for MIB. The relative standard deviations at the quantification limit are ranging from 7 to 14.6%. SBSE-recovery was evaluated by spiking real water samples and varied from 87 to 117%. More than twenty samples per day can be analyzed by SBSE-TD-capillary GC-MS. The same technique in combination with olfactometry was used to elucidate unknown odorous compounds in water samples.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed2004

[Testing the sense of smell using validated procedures].

There is a growing interest into the investigation of smell disorders in both research and clinical practice. For psychophysical ("subjective") investigations related to the sense of smell a variety of test kits are available, namely the various "Sniffin' Sticks" kits, the UPSIT (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test) or the CCSIT (Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test). Recording of olfactory evoked potentials (OEPs) and respiration olfactometry can be used for diagnosing smell dysfunctions in a more objective way.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Odour management tools--filling the gaps.

In many countries the approach to odour management and regulation is increasingly based on quantitative techniques and criteria for acceptable exposure to odours in the living environment. A range of tools exists for implementing this approach, from emission measurement to assessment of effects. Some of these tools are well developed and validated, such as the use of olfactometry in laboratories operating according to international standards (EN13725:2003) and applying quality control and assessment systems under strict supervision by accreditation bodies. But other tools, while widely used, which are really still in the development stage, without standardisation or adequate validation. And then there are those that are still on the "wish list" of methods we would like to have in our toolbox. This paper contains a gap analysis that aims to provoke discussion on the needs for concerted R&D, standardisation and validation.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2004

Determination of the dynamics of the odour release from a pig house, using an electronic odour sensor.

The widely fluctuating operating conditions in pig husbandry, due to climatic and biological changes (changes in temperature and air flowrate between day and night, as well as between summer and winter, increasing animal mass during the fattening process, etc.) exert a significant influence on the amount of actual odour emission. The project presented here comprised the measurement of seasonal (fattening course), daytime-related, and short-term (feeding) dynamic effects of odour release, as well as the identification of potential factors which influence the amount of odour emitted. In parallel with "classic" olfactometry, an electronic odour sensor with a chemosensor array of ten metal oxide sensors was employed. The highest odour emissions are measured on hot summer days, while the lowest emissions were determined on cold winter days. On the one hand, the sensor signals of the electronic odour sensor exhibited considerable differences on days with large volume flow alterations. On the other hand, continuous measurement with the electronic odour sensor allowed changes in the gas- and odorant composition of the exhaust air during feeding times to be shown. From the measurement results, recommendations for odour sampling, the consideration of seasonal odour emission fluctuations, and the use of electronic odour sensors for the evaluation of odour emissions have been derived.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

New gas chromatography-olfactometric investigative method, and its application to cooked Silurus glanis (European catfish) odor characterization.

A new gas chromatography-olfactometric method, gas chromatography-global olfactometry omission detection (GC-GOOD), was applied to dynamic headspace odor extracts of Silurus glanis (European catfish). The GC-GOOD method is based on the omission test theory and uses a gas chromatograph coupled with a three-way valve and an a flame ionization detector. The GC-GOOD method enabled the identification of key families of volatile compounds in the S. glanis global odor and the elucidation of the interactions occurring between these families. Significant main effects were observed for the families of volatile compounds exhibiting cooked odor, grassy odor and alcohol, solvent and plastic odors. Omission of these families involved a loss of odor similarity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Evaluation of polypectomy-related changes on olfactory function].

AIM: Aim of this study was to evaluate polypectomy-related changes of olfactory function in early postoperative period in comparison to the preoperative situation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Olfactory function was assessed in 25 patients of Military Medical Institute using Elsberg-Levy method. Measurements were performed preoperatively and 1 month after polypectomy. RESULTS: Before the polypectomy measurements revealed higher odor thresholds in 18 patients. Postoperatively, decline of odor thresholds was observed in 14 hyposmic patients. CONCLUSION: Present data indicates that olfactory function is related to nasal obstruction resulting from nasal polyposis. The study showed that polypectomy can increase olfactory function in patients with nasal polyps. Olfactometry can help to estimate nasal polyps during and after treatment even in early stage.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis and treatment of congenital defects and abnormalities of the nasal cavity in children and adults].

In 300 patients with congenital defects and abnormalities of the nasal cavity development, physiological functions of the nose were investigated, using advanced methods, e. g. rhinofibroscopy, microrhinoscopy, rhinopneumometry, olfactometry, thermometry of the nasal mucosa, and pH measurement of the nasal mucus. Disorders in respiratory, olfactory, and protective functions were revealed. This led to surgical intervention in more than 300 cases. Original methods and modified procedures were developed as applied to specific pathologies. Physiological measurements before and after surgery demonstrated that correction of development defects and abnormalities of the nasal cavity contributed to the recovery of nose functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Dysosmia and dysgeusia in the elderly].

A study of dysosmia and dysgeusia in the elderly was undertaken in 50 patients, according to a simplified protocol based on an interview, a complete ENT examination, chemical gustrometry and recognition olfactometry. As far as olfaction was concerned, 11% of the patients interviewed said they were hyposmic, whereas following the olfactometric examination, hyposmia was found in 25% of the patients. As far as gustation was concerned, 5% of the patients complained of parageusia. The chemical gustrometric examination revealed 4% of cases of hypogeusia. As a conclusion to this study, it appears that olfactory and gustatory disorders are well tolerated in the elderly, and are not a cause for referral. The recognition olfactometric examination permits the detection of hyposmia with a relatively remarkable frequency.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical syndromes in congenital defects and developmental anomalies of the nasal cavity].

Clinical syndromes that accompany congenital diseases and developmental abnormalities of the nasal cavity are presented. The data are derived from clinical and functional investigations (rhinospirometry, olfactometry, rhinofibroscopy, rhinomicroscopy, examination of the motor function on the ciliated epithelium, etc) of 160 patients with the above pathologies. Based on the examinations, the following clinical syndromes can be identified: nasal asymmetry, nasal obstruction, respiratory, olfactory, mucociliary and reflex syndromes. It is concluded that further investigations in th s direction are needed and that the syndrome approach is valuable from the diagnostic point of view.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dysfunction of sense of smell caused by canine parainfluenza virus infection in dogs.

Olfactory function of 5 dogs that were naturally infected with canine parainfluenza virus and of 4 dogs that were inoculated with the C958 strain of canine parainfluenza virus was evaluated. Except for one dog that was inoculated, the threshold for detection of benzaldehyde and/or eugenol was found to be excessively high during the course of the disease, as determined by electroencephalographic and behavioral olfactometry. In experimentally infected dogs, an increase in threshold developed in the absence of other clinical signs of disease. Changes were not observed in electro-olfactograms recorded throughout the study. Olfactory thresholds returned to normal after the disappearance of clinical signs of disease in the naturally infected dogs. Necropsies and histologic examinations performed during the course of the disease did not reveal abnormalities of the olfactory mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Experiences with smell and taste studies in 798 patients].

We present our experiences of olfactometry and gustometry on 798 patients. The results show the necessity of combining tests for both taste and smell. They are essential components of the complete neuro-otological examination and should remain in the otorhinolaryngologist's repertoire.

Ageusia↗
PubMed1987

[Functional characteristics of the human olfactory analyzer and methods for its study].

Different methods of studying of the human olfactory system are considered in connection with its anatomo-physiological peculiarities. The character and ways of stimulus delivery (open or closed), optimum time of stimulation and influence of odour concentration upon the emotional response have been considered. The methods of registration of the provoked olfactorial responses, especially based on the recording of the brain potentials, somatic and vegetative indexes are discussed. The advantages and deficiencies of these methods and the spheres of their application are examined. A conclusion on the necessity of the unification and standartisation of the modern methods of olfactometry in man have been drawn.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Smell and nasal findings in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.

As part of a clinical trial of the effect of Efamol on primary Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), 36 patients were interviewed about nasal symptoms and examined for sense of smell and nasal mucociliary clearance. The sense of smell was examined by quantitative olfactometry using coffee as a stimulant while mucociliary clearance was evaluated by the saccharin test. The findings were compared with those of an age and sex matched control group. 39% of the patients complained of dryness of the nose and 44% of nasal crust formation whereas none of the healthy controls had such complaints. In contrast no differences in sense of smell (subjectively as well as objectively) and mucociliary clearance could be demonstrated. Neither was there any correlation between mucociliary clearance and crust formation or dryness of the nose. Also the mucociliary clearance was not correlated to the "break up time" of the tear-film determined by the ophthalmologist. The present findings indicate that examination of the sense of smell and nasal mucociliary clearance is of little diagnostic value in primary SS and cannot be used for monitoration of disease activity.

Cilia↗
PubMed1984

[Objective gustometry with adequate stimulation by registration of contingent negative variation].

Cortical evoked potentials require a steep and temporally reproduceable onset of sensory stimulation. As both items are difficult with gustatory stimuli, we tried to record the slow expectancy potential or "contingent negative variation" (CNV), which has turned out to be useful in objective olfactometry and speech audiometry. Sour, sweet, bitter or salty fluids were embedded in a water stream, which was sucked through a device well fitting to the tongue with holes at adequate locations. The negative vertex potential developped reproduceably between the recognition of taste and the acoustic signal, which could be expected only after one of the two alternatively offered gustatory stimuli. Clinical use of the method is demonstrated in a case of asymmetric loss of smell due to interruption of the chorda tympani during cholesteatoma operation. The CNV appeared only when stimulating the side of the tongue opposite to the ear operated on. In addition to the total or unilateral loss of taste, the ability to differentiate between two gustatory qualities can be diagnosed with an objective method, provided the patient cooperates by calm and attentive behaviour.

Contingent Negative Variation↗