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PubMed1990

[The psychopathological structure of paroxysmal psychoautonomic disturbances and its importance for the differential diagnosis and prognosis of different forms of neuroses and depressions].

The psychopathological structure of vegetative paroxysms was studied in different patterns of neuroses (120 cases), endogenous depressions and organic CNS lesions (160 cases). Four types of paroxysms were distinguished depending on the predominance of the definite register of disorders: (1) simple vegetative paroxysms (crises) with the predominance of the vegetative manifestations proper, characteristic for organic CNS lesions and somatogenic; (2) vegetoaffective paroxysms including the vegetative manifestations proper and psychopathological manifestations closely related to the patients' personality and the influence of external factors, characteristic for neurotic disorders; (3) affective-vegetative paroxysms (raptoid conditions) as a unified psychosomatic complex including the protopathic affect of fear, impairment of the general feeling and vegetative functional abnormalities characteristic for MDP and schizophrenia; (4) depersonalization raptuses based on the deranged self-consciousness in the form of different types of depersonalization characteristic primarily for schizophrenia.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1993

[The somatoform disorders in the ICD-10].

ICD-10 criteria for the diagnosis of somatoform disorder, included in chapter F4 together with neurotic disorders and those associated with stressful situations, are examined and evaluated. Even when the term poses semantic difficulties, clinical conditions included are frequent and deserve attention by psychiatrists and general practitioners. The usefulness of standardization is supported by empirical data.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Job strain and psychiatric morbidity.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the association between job strain and psychiatric morbidity using interview-based assessments of mental health. We assessed the prevalence of neurotic disorder in high job strain (high demand, low control) and low job strain (low demand, high control) school teachers, and compared these rates with data from individuals with similar educational qualifications from the National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain. METHODS: One hundred and sixty primary and secondary school teachers were selected from a larger survey on the basis of high or low job strain, and were assessed for psychiatric morbidity using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). The prevalence of neurotic symptoms and a total psychiatric morbidity score were calculated. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, gender and occupational grade, the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was greater in high job strain than low job strain individuals. The prevalence of severe anxiety, worry and fatigue symptoms was significantly greater in the high job strain teachers. In comparison with the British psychiatric morbidity survey, the prevalence of neurotic disorders was greater in the high job strain, but not in low job strain teachers. Individuals in the low job strain group were more likely to report severe anxiety, irritability and fatigue in the week prior to interview, than comparably educated individuals in the national survey. CONCLUSION: Job strain is associated with psychiatric morbidity. The high levels of neurotic psychopathology among teachers is consistent with previous research that has found teaching to be a highly stressful occupation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Patterns of neurotic interaction. A study of empathy and enkinesis in interpersonal relationships.

Empathy and enkinesis--its psychomotor counterpart--are described as two basic functions of the ego, responsible for such diverse patterns of interaction between person and person as sharing, resisting and complementary reactions. Both empathy and enkinesis are subject to a variety of distortions and exaggerations. If so, they may become major factors in the dynamics of neurotic family situations. Several instances of interlacing neurotic patterns, involving parent and child, are described, illustrating the importance of a tendency to sharing and to complementary reactions in the etiology of neurotic reactions in one member of the family group, while it is assumed that patterns of resisting and rebelling may tend to reduce the danger of neurotic disorder in another member, exposed to similar neurotic influences. It is pointed out that the patterns of interaction described are largely based on unconscious perception. The ways in which such intercommunication comes about are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Factors associated with involuntary admission to psychiatric facilities in Newfoundland.

To assess what factors determine the involuntary status of psychiatric patients, we reviewed the case records of 5729 patients consecutively admitted to one of four inpatient psychiatric facilities, including a mental hospital, in St. John's between October 1975 and October 1978. Of the 5729 patients 5005 (87.4%) were voluntary and 724 (12.6%) involuntary. Involuntary patients were more likely than voluntary patients to be male, single and unemployed and to have been referred by police or transferred from another facility to the mental hospital, where most of the involuntary admissions occurred. They had higher rates of previous admissions to a psychiatric facility and of suicidal and violent behaviour, were more likely to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia or mania and were less likely to be suffering from depression or a neurotic disorder. In correspondence with differences in diagnosis, involuntary patients stayed in hospital more than twice as long as voluntary patients, were less likely to receive electroconvulsive therapy, minor tranquillizers and antidepressants, and were more likely to receive neuroleptics and lithium carbonate. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that only the source of referral and a diagnosis of neurotic disorder had an independent effect on admission status. The findings are discussed in the context of the controversy over the parens patriae approach v. the legal approach to involuntary admission of psychiatric patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Dynamics of neurotic stuttering in preschool age].

The report deals with the clinical picture and dynamics of neurotical stuttering in children of preschool age. The authors studied 65 such patients aged from 3-6 years. Two forms of the disease development were distinguished: benign and unfavourable or protracted. It was possible to detect a connection between speech and neurotic disorders. Factors influencing the unfavourable development of neurotic stuttering were the following: hereditary loading of speech pathology, unfavourable microsocial environment, somatic weakness, expressiveness and stability of neurotic symptoms.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Psychiatric disorders of old age in Enugu, Nigeria. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

A retrospective study of the demographic and clinical characteristics of 73 consecutive patients aged 60 years and over admitted for the first time into a psychiatric hospital in Nigeria shows that they constituted about 5% of all admissions over a 2-year period. While the majority (58%) were aged below 70 years, 8% were aged over 80 years, with more females than males living to the older age groups. Single status, separation and divorce were more common among males; widowhood was more common among the females. A high illiteracy rate of 86% was recorded, with more males than females being literate. More than 84% belonged to the 2 lowest socioeconomic classes. There was a significant difference in the distribution of diagnostic categories, with senile dementia, affective psychosis, neurotic disorders and paranoid states more common among the females, while arteriosclerotic dementia and schizophrenia were diagnosed more often among the males. Functional psychosis (49%) was the largest diagnostic category, followed by organic psychosis (30%), while neurotic disorders (10%) ranked third. Within the functional psychoses, paranoid states (30%) predominated, followed by affective disorders (14%) consisting mainly of depressive symptoms; 6% presented with schizophrenic illness; and 11% presented with physical illness with associated psychiatric manifestations. There was a long delay before referral to hospital, associated with use of alternative medical facilities (traditional and spiritual healers). The probable sociocultural antecedents and medical and social implications of these findings are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Characteristics of mental status of patients with neurocirculatory dystonia].

AIM: To specify forms of severity of mental disorders in neurocirculatory asthenia (NCA) for more precise differentiation between NCA as a nosological entity and syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examination including specially-designed interview, ECG, echo-CG, orthostatic and hyperventilation tests, bicycle exercise, consultation of the psychiatrist, psychological tests covered 80 NCA patients (31 men, 49 women, mean age 29.2 +/- 9.08 years). RESULTS: NCA is characterized by the absence of a clear link with psychoemotional stress, seasonal disease aggravations, weakness, dizziness, negative results of orthostatic and hyperventilation tests. Among NCA criteria, dominating are "additional signs". Patients with anxio-fobic, panic, anxio-depressive neurotic disorders are characterized by strong relations between manifestation, subsequent disease exacerbations with psychogenia; attack-like NCA manifestation, prevalence of "basic signs" among diagnostic criteria (cardialgia, pulse and blood pressure lability, nonspecific alterations of T wave, positive orthostatic and hyperventilation tests). CONCLUSION: NCA presents at least with two variants. In the first variant NCA picture is characterized by hereditary or early acquired vegetative stigmation and secondary neurotic disorders; the second variant presents as a clinically formed illness in which NCA symptoms manifest as a syndrome which is a leading component of a mental disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A refinement of the concept "reticence".

This report has 1. Made a distinction between speech disorders involving defects and those that are primarily reticence, but in any case identified speech disorders as negotiated states as opposed to fixed disease states. 2. Argued that there is a clear analytical separation between speech disorders and speech behaviors which are indicative of neurotic disorders. 3. Attempted to remove anxiety as a component of the communication process by according it its rightful place, which is central in human personality. Furthermore, we have attempted to dispel the notion that anxiety is evil and the perennial (and sole) cause of speech disorders. 4. Identified a specialist known as the rhetoritherapist (a specially trained speech teacher) as the particular king of professional qualified to deal with speech disorders (in conjuction with speech pathologists and/or psychotherapists where necessary). We have accorded to the rhetoritherapist the province of instruction and training in all aspects of invention, delivery, and reception of rhetorical speech without reference to its moral intent. 5. Identified "reticence" as the most useful of the various imprecise terms used to refer to people with speech problems, because it is devoid of connotations that go beyond the speech process. Further refinement of specific categories of speech disorders is necessary to order to expand the repertoire of available treatment strategies. Such refinement will probably include reference to the various subprocesses of human speech identified earlier in this paper as they are related to the rhetorical situation. The rhetoritherapist thus emerges as the trouble-shooter, but not the "psychotherapist," of speech pedagogy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The clinical interview for depression. Development, reliability and validity.

This paper describes and summarises data on a symptom rating scale for assessment of depression and mixed neurotic disorders by a rater at interview. Items are rated on seven-point scales with defined anchor points. The scale has been found reliable in use by psychiatrists and non-medical raters. Validity has been shown in respect of correlations with other scales, sensitivity to change, utility to discriminate treatment effects, internal consistency of scoring systems and factorial structure. The scale is suitable for descriptive and classification studies, outcome studies and treatment trials.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1997

Low serum cholesterol in suicide attempters.

Previous studies have shown an association between low serum cholesterol concentration and suicide; however, conflicting results have also been reported. To examine this potential association, cholesterol levels in 99 patients admitted to an emergency ward following an attempted suicide were compared with those in 74 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients, and those in 39 psychiatrically normal individuals with accidental injuries. Cholesterol concentrations in suicide attempters were found to be significantly lower compared with both psychiatric and normal controls, when sex, age, psychiatric diagnosis, and physical conditions (serum total protein and red blood cell count) were adjusted for. This significant relationship was observed in mood disorders and personality or neurotic disorders, but not in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. These results support the previous claim that lower cholesterol level is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The relative value of screening instruments in adolescence.

The phase of development that equips a child to become an adult is a period of transition. To date no instrument has become established as the routine screening measure for this age group in the same way as the Rutter B2 Scale has in children. During a major population study of adolescent functioning, the pupils drawn from four comprehensive schools were used to compare the validity of several screening measures in this age group. The results show that screen instruments tend to be behaviour specific and that antisocial and neurotic behaviour are relatively sex specific. The Rutter Malaise Inventory had the highest correlation with the psychiatrist's diagnosis of neurotic disorder, although the General Health Questionnaire also proved to be reasonably efficient. The antisocial subscale of the Rutter B2 Scale showed the best correlation with the psychiatrist's diagnosis of conduct disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Psychiatric comorbidity of adolescents with sleep terrors or sleepwalking: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the psychiatric comorbidity, personality traits and family history of adolescents with sleep terrors and/or sleepwalking. METHOD: Thirty students with sleep terrors and/or sleepwalking and 30 classroom controls were selected on the basis of a sleep habit questionnaire. After completing the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory (JEPI), the 60 subjects were interviewed by the first author with the Chinese-version Kiddie-SADS-E (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children--Epidemiology Version). All subjects and their parents were interviewed for the subjects' sleep habits, sleep disorders, and personality characteristics in the previous year. The case and the control groups were divided based on whether the sleep terrors and/or sleepwalking had occurred in the previous year. There were 21 case and 30 control subjects in the final data analysis. RESULTS: The case group had more psychiatric diagnoses and problems; there were statistically significant differences in overanxious disorder, panic disorder, simple phobia and suicidal thoughts between the two groups. The case group had more sleeptalking and nightmares during the previous year as well as more enuresis in earlier years. From their parents' perspective, the case group was more nervous and pessimistic. The results of the JEPI showed a high neuroticism score in the case group. There was an increased familial occurrence of these two sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with sleep terrors and sleepwalking were found to have an increased prevalence of other sleep disorders, neurotic traits, and psychiatric disorders and problems. Whereas sleep terrors and sleepwalking in childhood are related primarily to genetic and developmental factors, their persistence and, especially, their onset in adolescence may be related to psychological factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effects of narcissistic personality organization on causal attributions.

The present study addressed a central, although neglected, aspect of research into narcissism and attributions, the role of cognitive-perpetual processes and cognitive styles of individuals with narcissistic personality disorder in their causal explanation of events. The extent to which narcissistic personality organization may be a determinant of attributional style was examined. The sample consisted of 20 individuals with narcissistic personality disorders and 20 with neurotic disorders. Participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40 and the Attributional Style Questionnaire. A significant association between narcissistic personality disorder and internal, stable attributions for positive outcomes was observed. The reformulated learned helplessness model of depression was used to interpret the attributional style of the narcissists as means to obliterate experience of helplessness. The results are discussed in terms of the role of self-esteem and maintenance of self-presentation in the skewed attributional biases of narcissists.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anxiolytics: past, present, and future agents.

Although anxiety disorders were classified as neurotic disorders and not systematically studied before DSM-III, researchers and clinicians have been searching for effective, safe agents to treat anxiety symptoms and disorders for over a century. In that time, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and many classes of antidepressants have been used as anxiolytics, all with side effect profiles that made them less than optimal treatments for anxiety. The recognition of the role of GABA in anxiety disorders has led researchers to develop anxiolytics that target GABA. The long-sought-after class of anxiolytics that are both effective and safe may be found in the new research being conducted with agents that selectively target GABA receptors and their subtypes.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗