Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Natural Science Disciplines”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Curriculum integration in nutrition and mathematics.

Today's school-aged children face a multitude of health issues that affect their well-being and academic performance. Partnerships have developed between health and education agencies to help American children succeed at math and science and to prepare them to make healthful, lifelong decisions. Curriculum integration provides a framework for children to apply knowledge from several disciplines and to use this knowledge to solve real-life problems at work and at play. Goals for instruction focus on the needs not only of the individual but also of society. Nutrition science and mathematics form a natural partnership. Nutrition science incorporates numerous mathematical concepts and procedures such as sorting, classifying, statistics, probability, estimation, and rates and proportion. In preparation for participation in a global and technological society that will require citizens to be quantitative thinkers, educators must endeavor to assist all children in becoming adults who are mathematically literate and competent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The role of pharmacognosy in modern medicine.

Drugs of natural origin continue to be important for the treatment of many diseases worldwide. Pharmacognosy, a long-established pharmaceutical science, has played a diverse role in the discovery, characterisation, production and standardisation of these drugs. The relevance of this discipline in terms of research and teaching has increased in the last decade as members of the public in developed countries have turned to the use of herbal remedies for the self-medication of minor diseases. However, many phytomedicines require further investigation for their clinical effectiveness, while others need to be thoroughly investigated for their potential health risks or interactions with prescription drugs.

Pharmacognosy↗
PubMed2002

Reflections on the humanities in medical education.

BACKGROUND: In recognition of the views advanced by the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, this paper considers some of the implications for medical practice and, hence, medical education, of recognizing the human body as an 'intertwining' of the natural (or physical) and the existential (or experiential) - something which is taken for granted in ordinary experience, but which becomes the medium through which disease can manifest itself in illness and disability. Our condition is the condition of creatures of frail flesh. Perhaps because this 'intertwining' is taken for granted, we tend to overlook the extent to which it is metaphysically astounding, even though it constitutes the daily arena and phenomena of clinical medicine. Clinical medicine is, among other things, the routine intervention in this intertwining. This fact is largely discounted by biomedical science, which concentrates on 'the natural' at the expense of neglecting 'the existential'. Such neglect arguably underlies the perceived deficiencies in medical education that the GMC sought to redress in its landmark document Tomorrow's Doctors. PROPOSAL: If the humanities disciplines concern themselves with recording and interpreting human experiences, the 'medical humanities' do so for the human experiences of illness, disability and medical intervention. This paper argues for an integrated conception of the medical humanities, and for their incorporation into the core medical curriculum. The paper concludes by outlining a proposed core module in medical humanities, based around a syllabus divided not into the characteristic enquiries of constituent disciplines, but rather into groups of topics relating to key philosophical questions prompted by the 'intertwining' in embodied human nature.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

There must be a prokaryote somewhere: microbiology's search for itself.

While early microbiologists showed considerable interest in the problem of the natural (evolutionary) relationships among prokaryotes, by the middle of this century that problem had largely been discarded as being unsolvable. In other words, the science of microbiology developed without an evolutionary framework, the lack of which kept it a weak discipline, defined largely by external forces. Modern technology has allowed microbiology finally to develop the needed evolutionary framework, and with this comes a sense of coherence, a sense of identity. Not only is this development radically changing microbiology itself, but also it will change microbiology's relationship to the other biological disciplines. Microbiology of the future will become the primary biological science, the base upon which our future understanding of the living world rests, and the font from which new understanding of it flows.

Archaea↗
PubMed2000

[Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease].

IBD (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) present a great challenge to medical sciences because of many secrets which still hidden their real nature. Modern sophisticated digestive surgery occupies very important place in the treatment of IBD, owing to bravurous surgical skill and in a great dill to logistic support of different medical disciplines. Historical evaluation of scientific knowledge and pathways of therapeutic approaches are described. Contemporary principles and method of treatment are particularly stressed, especially on the surgical field.

Digestive System Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2001

Perspectives in ethnopharmacology: forging a closer link between bioscience and traditional empirical knowledge.

To what extent do ethnopharmacologists from diverse disciplines share a vision of what ethnopharmacology is and what it might become? This question was explored several years ago through content analysis of the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (JEP), the official journal of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology (ISE). The analysis revealed that although the published articles represent the breadth of natural and social sciences, most studies are themselves not synthetic or interdisciplinary. For the present study, analysis was extended through the most recently published issues of the JEP and compared, for the same time period, to the subject matter of another natural products journal, Pharmaceutical Biology. Whereas research published in the JEP better represents the interdisciplinary objectives of that journal, the difference is not striking. By way of illustration, several studies are reviewed that represent the unique, synthetic perspective that is highlighted in the mission statements of both the JEP and the ISE. The conclusion underscores the lack of clarity in research objectives and suggests that ethnopharmacologists of all backgrounds can enhance their work by projecting pharmacologic data against a backdrop of medical ethnography and by enriching cultural interpretations of medical actions by exploring the physiologic potential of plants.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Building and maintaining an interdisciplinary research team.

Successful grant-writing in Alzheimer disease research, as with many other diseases, requires collaborative work among a group of individuals who represent various disciplines of relevance to the research problem. Interdisciplinary teams in Alzheimer disease research have the potential to explore more facets of a given research problem than teams that are not interdisciplinary in nature. Such teams also have the potential to produce better science and to disseminate results to a wider spectrum of relevant groups, may be more successful in achieving funding, and are stimulating and growth-enhancing for members. Building and maintaining these teams is a complex and challenging process, but identification and proactive resolution of challenges is essential. Important elements of success include establishing common goals, using a democratic group process, maintaining open communication, developing mutually acceptable policies for disseminating research results, and facilitating achievement of team members' personal and professional goals.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

William Osler and the new psychiatry.

William Osler steered medical education towards knowledge of the natural history of disease and the biological sciences that explain its course and characteristic symptoms. A psychiatric education is now ready to move from a pre-Oslerian period, where the emphasis has been on teaching therapy, to a post-Oslerian discipline, where teaching focuses on distinctions in the presentation of psychiatric disorders and the basic sciences that can illuminate the causes and pathologic mechanisms behind abnormal human behaviors. Educational programs based on such ideas eliminate the denominationalism that has characterized psychiatry and make it more obviously a subdiscipline of medicine.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1992

The quality of medical science.

Is the quality of science aimed at understanding and treating disease inferior to more basic investigations of basic biology, or does the different quality of medical science reflect a distinct nature? This duality in the meaning of quality is central to any critique of the quality of medical science. The nature of medical science, which deals with the dysfunction of integrated genetic, epigenetic, environmental, or stochastic phenomenon, is distinct from that of basic science which seeks to describe discrete biological processes. In physical sciences it is generally accepted that there are practical boundaries between disciplines such as quantum physics, thermodynamics, and chemistry even though, in theory, such investigations are related. In meteorology, the development of chaos theory establishes that there are even theoretical limits to the ability to predict large scale processes from their essential, constituent processes. So too, the quality of medical science may be distinct from that of basic biology.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

The teaching of forensic dentistry: a status report.

A survey was conducted to assess the current status of instruction and curricular content in forensic dentistry in United States dental schools. The dean of each of the 60 dental schools was asked to describe the formal teaching program in forensic dentistry in the predoctoral, postgraduate, resident, and continuing education curriculum. Faculty characteristics and the relationship of the faculty to extramural organizations dealing with forensic science were analyzed. Results indicate that 42 percent of the respondents do not offer formal courses in forensic dentistry at any level of dental education. The remaining 58 percent offer courses that are primarily didactic in nature. The diagnostic dental science departments are responsible for the organization and administration of forensic dental courses at the majority of respondent schools. A significant number of faculty teaching forensic dentistry hold advanced degrees in medicine and law, as well as other disciplines. Although forensic dental faculty are trained to assist law enforcement agencies, their consulting services are not generally used to the fullest extent. Based on the results of this survey, a series of recommendations for structuring the forensic science curriculum in dental schools is offered.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2003

[Gassendi's concept of seeds between matter theories and life sciences in the 17th century].

Gassendi's theory of molecules as seeds is not a simple adaptation of the Lucretian idea of semina rerum. It is also strongly influenced by the Renaissance concept of seeds, stemming from Marsilio Ficino's Neoplatonic metaphysical cosmology and developed in Paracelsian natural philosophy. Examining its historical context and its chemical and biological dimensions, the present study reveals the very source of his idea.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1992

[Division and specialization of the Western European physiology].

The 19th century has been thought to be the turning point that the experimental method began to take strong root as the core to solve many physiological subjects, and the discipline of physiology got firmly fixed as the specialized one in the western Europe. Authors found the following characteristics in the process of the division and specialization of the 19th century western physiology. 1) It was the process of its separation from the discipline of anatomy that was necessary in the development of physiology as the independent, specialized division. Newly grown ideas, that there were working functions specialized study, were the important background and basis of the development of physiology as the specialized discipline. 2) It was not until the force and influence of the metaphysical concept on the living things (vitalism) grew weak that physiology could become the specialized discipline. The new materialistic concept about living things made it possible for the researchers of that time to apply the physico-chemical method in the study of physiological problems. 3) Institutionalization of the physiological research and education accelerated its development and specialization. The followings appeared in the mid-19th century: specialized professorship, division as the separated subject in the undergraduated medical school curriculum, laboratory settings for the purpose of physiological study, establishment of independent academic societies and publication of their own journals. Two main factors, namely, both the settlement of the new physiological thought and method of the very scientific nature and the institutionalization within the academic and medical societies, exerted influences on each other in the ground of the 19th century western Europe. Through that process, the discipline of physiology took root deep as the independent specialized division in the societies of science and medicine.

Europe↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Basic stages for developoing hygiene and ecology].

Hygiene and ecology as closely related scientific disciplines, which provide preservation of human health and the whole animate nature, have assumed a special importance in the second half of the 20th century. In this connection, the authors propose to discuss some general stages in the development and progress of these sciences by the method of a comparative analysis of references.

Ecology↗
PubMed2006

Opportunities and barriers in the age of team science: strategies for success.

OBJECTIVE: To provide the voice of experience to investigators contemplating engagement in the realm of "team science". METHODS: Leaders were brought together from academia, government, and industry to share perspectives and insights based on real-life experiences. A panel discussion was held at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research. This article summarizes that forum. RESULTS: The panel focused on eight specific topics that were determined in advance to be the most important: the main justification for team science, funding team science, pre-arranged versus assigned partnerships, the role of novel technology with industrial partners, recognition for efforts and contribution in team science, budgets, keys to success when bridging disciplines and cultures, and balancing goals between academia and business. Although there were some differences of opinion, there were also a number of areas of agreement. Many practical suggestions were provided on how to succeed in the age of team science. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION: The nature of scientific discovery in cancer research is increasingly requiring team science. Understanding the perspectives of academia, government, and business in this new world order is essential to successful navigation and, ultimately, major accomplishment in the effort to defeat the disease.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2001

Planning strategies for the avoidance of pitfalls in intervention research.

BACKGROUND: With the exception of large clinical trials, few studies in nursing and other social sciences test interventions. The discipline of nursing needs to maintain a full range of research designs for continued knowledge development. Intervention research presents unique opportunities and challenges for the novice as well as the seasoned researcher. Some of these methodological challenges include the complex nature of human subjects and interventions, including many factors that interfere with the study variables. Preliminary studies often reveal challenges that may not always be predicted or reflected in research texts. These challenges may be as important as the study results for success in future research efforts. PURPOSE: Difficulties encountered in intervention research and suggested strategies for maintaining the integrity of the study are addressed. These challenges include maintaining an adequate sample size, intervention demands, measuring variables, timing issues, and experiencing unexpected events. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Strategies presented include the importance of extensive planning, minimizing subject expectations and rewarding efforts, attention to control group members, incorporating retention strategies, expanding knowledge of variables and the study population, preliminary studies as well as anticipating unexpected events. The need for enhanced communication among nurse researchers, educators and clinicians is addressed. In the current health care arena, nurse researchers must understand organizational dynamics and marketing strategies. Collaborative research efforts can increase the visibility of nursing research as well as funding opportunities.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Can behavioral evolution be measured on a staircase? A commentary.

The serious, comparative study of behavioral complexity that Greenberg et al. advocate is a progressive direction for the field, but their proposal to separate comparative psychology from its roots in evolutionary biology seems regressive. Modern evolutionary theory has been broadened within biology to include development and paleontology alongside natural selection, making closer integration with that discipline particularly timely. Such an integrated evolutionary approach in psychology would offer a useful alternative to the adaptationism popularized by evolutionary psychology. Although the differences between comparative psychologists and biologists may be blurred in the process, the behavioral sciences will be better served by a rich biological approach to evolution than by a uniquely psychological approach.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cartilage regeneration using principles of tissue engineering.

It is well known that articular cartilage in adults has a limited ability for self-repair. Numerous methods have been devised to augment its natural healing response, but these methods generally lead to filling of the defect with fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage, which lacks the mechanical characteristics of articular cartilage and fails with time. Recently, tissue engineering has emerged as a new discipline that amalgamates aspects from biology, engineering, materials science, and surgery and that has as a goal the fabrication of functional new tissues to replace damaged tissues. The emergence of tissue engineering has facilitated the generation of new concepts and the revival of old ideas all of which has allowed a fresh approach to the repair or regeneration of tissues such as cartilage. The collaborations between scientists with different backgrounds and expertise has allowed the identification of some key principles that serve as the basis for the development of therapeutic approaches that now are less empiric and more hypothesis-driven than ever before. The current authors review some of the considerations regarding the various models used to test and validate the above repair methods and to address different aspects of the cartilage repair paradigm. Also, some key principles identified from past and current research, the need for the development of new biomaterials, and considerations in scale-up of cell-biomaterial constructs are summarized.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

An interdisciplinary approach to a day-long palliative care course for undergraduate students.

Although it is desirable that students in the health sciences be educated together to prepare them for interdisciplinary practice, many educational programs remain discipline specific. An undergraduate course in palliative care, originally designed for medical students at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., was expanded in 1993 to include students from various health sciences programs in the region. The course introduces students to the components of palliative care and its interdisciplinary nature in a problem-based way and directs students to additional educational resources. The authors describe the planning, content and evaluation of the course material. The observed decline in attendance by medical students, which coincided with the introduction of the interdisciplinary format, warrants further investigation. Future directions of the course are discussed.

Absenteeism↗