Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Names”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

How not to revisit Highway 61: negative repetition effects in a post-cue naming task.

Repetition effects were studied in a post-cue naming task, in which participants were cued to name one of two stimuli following their presentation. When pairs of pictures were repeated in a second block, former distractors (not named in Block 1) were named faster than former targets (named in Block 1). This negative repetition effect was not found when two words rather than two pictures were used or when a semantic categorization task was used with two pictures. From this we conclude that the effect reflects a process of mapping from a semantic representation to a name. Negative repetition was not found with a simultaneous selection cue, suggesting that it arose only when there was competition for name selection. It was also dependent on memory for previous acts of semantic naming. We propose that negative repetition reflects a form of speech monitoring that is applied when there is competition in the process of mapping from semantic to name representations.

Cues↗
PubMed1993

An ecological study of professors' memory for student names and faces: a replication and extension.

This experiment measured university professors' memory for the names and faces of current and former students over a two-semester span. If courses function as contextual retrieval cues for professors to remember their students, the passing of each semester should diminish the distinctiveness of these cues. Based on the Bruce and Young (1986) model of face recognition, we hypothesised that as contextual cues become less distinctive, performance should suffer more on name recall tests than on name or face recognition tests. We found that name free recall and portrait-cued name recall declined very sharply after one semester (6 months), and face recognition declined after two semesters (12 months), whereas name recognition remained perfect. These results provide a general replication and extension of Bahrick (1984), and show that difficulties in recalling names cannot be due to any weakening of name representations in memory. We suggest that name recall may be dependent on contextual cues that become less distinctive with succeeding semesters.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Name recall performance across the adult life-span.

Everyday name-recall tests were administered to 1205 adults ranging in age from 18 to 90 years. They were asked to recall sets of four, six, or 14 names of individuals who introduced themselves on videotape. Immediate recall, acquisition, and delayed retention were examined. The results showed consistent age-related declines in name recall. Declines in performance were more evident on sets of 14 names rather than four or six names. Age deficits remained across several acquisition trials within the set of 14 names. The largest declines were evident for the old-old (over 70), although there were also significant performance differences, on some analyses, between the young and middle-aged groups. Changes in performance were less apparent during the middle-aged years (40-60 years). Name recall was related to individual differences factors, reaction time and paired-associate memory for names. The value of assessment and intervention with name recall was stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Emotion in the sounds of pets' names.

Several thousand cats' and dogs' names were compared with each other and with several thousand men's and women's names in terms of their use of various sounds and the emotional associations of these sounds. Emotional associations were scored according to the system developed by Whissell in 2000. In general, cats' names stood in comparison to dogs' names as women's names stood in comparison to men's names. Names from the first group in each pairing included more pleasant and soft phonemes and fewer unpleasant and sad ones than those in the second group (one-way analyses of variance with post hoc LSD tests, p < .0001). As well, pets' names were longer and more easily pronounced by children than the human names (p < .0001).

Affect↗
PubMed1998

Retrieving names in old age: short- and (very) long-term effects of repetition.

Two experiments are reported that examine the effects of repetition on name retrieval in younger adults (in their 50s and 60s) and older adults (in their 70s and 80s). In Experiment 1, the subjects were asked to name a set of famous faces four times over the course of a 1-h session. Younger subjects produced significantly more correct responses than did older subjects. There was significant improvement with repeated attempts at naming, with younger and older subjects benefiting equally in terms of increasing numbers of correct responses across the session. In contrast, there was a highly significant age deficit in picture recognition over a similar retention interval. A qualitative analysis of naming responses (full name vs. part of the name) provided support for the view that aging and nonrecent use have equivalent effects on retrieval. In Experiment 2, younger subjects (but not older subjects) were significantly more likely to correctly name famous faces that they had seen 22 months previously than to correctly name new famous faces. In contrast, older subjects (but not younger subjects) were significantly more likely to produce erroneous names to famous faces that they had seen 22 months previously than to new famous faces. It is concluded that repetition priming may be relatively unaffected by aging over short retention intervals (Experiment 1) but not over a very long retention interval (Experiment 2).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

On the relationship between reading, listening and speaking: it's different for people's names.

Two experiments are reported that tested predictions derived from the framework of face, object, and word recognition proposed by Valentine, Brennen, and Brédart (1996). The findings were as follows: (1) Production of a celebrity's name in response to seeing the celebrity's face primed a subsequent familiarity decision to the celebrity's printed name. The degree of repetition priming observed was as great as that observed when a familiarity decision to the printed name was repeated in the prime and test phases of the experiment. (2) Making a familiarity decision to an auditory presentation of a celebrity's name primed a familiarity decision to the same celebrity's name presented visually. The magnitude of cross-modality priming was as great as the magnitude of within-modality repetition priming. This result for people's names contrasted with the effects observed in lexical decision tasks, in which no reliable cross-modality priming was observed. The results cannot be accounted for by previous models of face and name processing. They show a marked contrast between processing people's names and processing words. The results support the framework proposed by Valentine et al. (1996). The implications for models of speech production, perception, and reading are discussed, together with the potential of the methodology to elucidate our understanding of proper name processing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Personal name recognition and associative priming in patients with unilateral brain damage.

This study investigated the performance of left- (LBD) and right-brain-damaged (RBD) patients in recognizing personal names under different conditions of associative priming. Subjects performed speeded familiarity decisions for names of famous and unfamiliar persons. These target names were preceded by primes, either faces or names, which could be neutral, related (e.g. Gorbachev-Jelzin), or unrelated (e.g. Travolta-Carter). Overall impairments in name recognition were observed in both patient groups relative to controls but were more severe in LBD than in RBD patients. This suggests that, contrary to previous hypotheses, the recognition of personal names is more dependent on left hemisphere functioning. In controls and LBD patients, associative priming effects did not differ significantly between face and name primes. In RBD patients, however, associative priming from names was larger than priming from faces. This specificity of priming effects for names in RBD patients was tentatively related to their impairments in face recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Proper name hypermnesia in an autistic subject.

The case study of an autistic "savant" subject with person names hypermnesia is presented. NM's performance in memorizing person names is compared to that of normal controls, IQ-matched controls, and one overtrained control. The data show a selective hypermnesia for both the free recall of person names and the recognition of faces. Recall of common names and of biographical informations linked to faces is unremarkable. NM's hypermnesia is restricted to list learning as low performance is observed in face-name learning tasks. A comparison of the data with that of the overtrained control indicates that training is not responsible for NM's pattern of results. These findings, when combined with previous results involving proper names, demonstrate a double dissociation between proper names and other types of semantic and referential information. However, aspects of NM's performance pattern are more compatible with a network model of proper names than with a sequential model. We propose that the contextual regularity of proper names in ecological situations can be responsible for their high memorization by NM.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of lisinopril on rat liver tissues in L-NAME induced hypertension model.

N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) is a non-specific nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor and it has been used to eliminate the role of NO in many studies like animal models for hypertension. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether lisinopril treatment has any biochemical and/or histopathological effect on rat liver tissue in a L-NAME-induced hypertension model. Forty-eight 6-weeks-old male Spraque-Dawley rats were used in the study. The animals used in the study were randomly divided into four equal groups. To induce hypertension, L-NAME was added to drinking water at a concentration of 600 mg/l and each rat was given 75 mg/kg/day of L-NAME for 6 weeks. Tail cuff systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at first, third, and sixth weeks. There was a significant difference between the experiment groups and controls. In only lisinopril given and L-NAME plus lisinopril administered groups, each rat was given 10 mg/kg of lisinopril for 6 weeks. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed. Blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. It has been observed that mean NO level was significantly decreased in L-NAME given group (p<0.05). Mean ALT levels were significantly increased in lisinopril and L-NAME plus lisinopril given groups, when compared with the control group (p<0.05). AST levels were in normal range in all groups (p>0.05). Hepatocyte degeneration was prominent in lisinopril given group, whereas mononuclear cell infiltration was significant in L-NAME given groups. Although the beneficial effects in L-NAME-induced hypertension treatment, lisinopril can lead to some unexpected results like hepatocyte degeneration, serum enzyme level elevation, and slight mononuclear cell infiltration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of subject's family name on visual event-related potential in schizophrenia.

Visual event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 15 schizophrenics and 15 age-matched and gender-matched controls, while they performed a modified version of the oddball paradigm. Each subject was required to detect target stimuli among a random sequence of stimuli under two conditions, name and color. In the name condition the stimulus sequence consisted of the subject's family name (deviant 18%), four other family names (standard 73%), and a city name (target 9%). In the color condition the respective stimuli were a pair of solid red circles, four white paired-arrows, and a pair of white plus and minus signs. ERPs elicited by stimuli contained triphasic potentials of P2, N2, and P3. In controls these waves were selectively enhanced for the subject's family name as compared with standards, whereas in schizophrenics no significant difference between the subject's family name and other names was observed. In contrast, selective enhancement for color deviants was observed in both subject groups. These results suggest that impairment of involuntary attention, especially for familiar and significant stimuli such as names in daily life, may underlie disturbances of attentionally controlled central processing in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Inhibiting the transient choroidal thickening response using the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME prevents the ameliorative effects of visual experience on ocular growth in two different visual paradigms.

It is generally accepted that the increase in choroidal thickness in response to myopic defocus in chicks acts to move the retina towards the image plane. It may also constitute part of the signal cascade in the visual regulation of eye growth. To test this, we used the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME to inhibit the defocus induced choroidal thickening under two different visual conditions, and looked at the effects on ocular growth rate. Exp. 1: Deprivation/Vision: chicks were monocularly deprived of form vision with translucent diffusers from day 6 to day 9. In the middle of each day the diffusers were removed for 2 h. One group received an intravitreal injection of 30 microl l-NAME (16 micromole; n=12) prior to the vision, a second group received injections of physiological saline (n=11). Exp. 2: Recovery/Vision: chicks were made myopic by form deprivation from day 6 to day 10. On days 11 to 14 the diffusers were removed for 2 h per day for 4 days to allow eyes to "recover" from the myopia. One group received an injection of l-NAME prior to vision (n=8), the other saline (n=6). Refractive errors were measured with a refractometer at the start (days 6 and 11) and end (days 10 and 15, respectively) of both experiments. Ocular dimensions were measured with high frequency A-scan ultrasonography at the start and end, and on the third experimental day immediately before and after the period of vision. Choroidal retinoic acid synthesis was measured by HPLC. Finally, NO production and scleral proteoglycan synthesis were measured in eyes wearing positive lenses 6 and 24h after an injection of l-NAME. l-NAME prevented the transient vision-induced choroidal thickening in both experiments. Furthermore, l-NAME inhibited the protective effect of brief daily vision: eyes became significantly more myopic than saline controls (exp. 1: -9 D vs -2.7D; exp. 2: -0.9 D vs +4.3 D; p<0.005 for both) and grew faster (change in lens-sclera: exp. 1: 295 vs 158 microm; exp. 2: 147 vs 39 microm; p<0.05 for both). Notably, l-NAME inhibited the growth of the anterior chamber (exp. 1: 88 vs 185 microm; exp. 2: 147 vs 254 microm; p<0.01 for both). Injections of l-NAME after the periods of vision had no effect on growth at the back of the eye, but still had an inhibitory effect on the anterior chamber. Retinoic acid levels in the drug-injected choroids were significantly decreased compared to controls. In eyes responding to positive lenses, l-NAME inhibited NO synthesis and disinhibited scleral glycosaminoglycan synthesis 6h after the injection. In summary, preventing the transient vision-induced increases in choroidal thickness altered ocular growth rate in a consistent manner under two different visual conditions, in both preventing the vision-induced reduction in growth rate. This supports the hypothesis that visually-induced changes in choroidal thickness play a role in the visual regulation of ocular growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Signal transduction involving Ras-GTPase contributes to development of hypertension and end-organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats-treated with L-NAME.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of inhibition of Ras-GTPase mediated signalling on the development of hypertension and end-organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats chronically treated with nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor L-NAME (SHR-L-NAME). Administration of L-NAME in drinking water (80 mg/L) for 3 weeks significantly elevated mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) (223+/-4 mmHg) as compared to that of SHR controls (165+/-3 mmHg). The administration of Ras-GTPase inhibitor FPTIII (232 ng/min) to SHR-L-NAME during the last 6 days significantly attenuated high blood pressure (192+/-4 mmHg). Morphological studies of the kidneys and hearts showed that treatment with FPTIII minimized the extensive arterial fibrinoid necrosis, arterial thrombosis, narrowing of arterial lumen with marked arterial hyperplastic arterial changes that were observed in vehicle treated SHR-L-NAME. L-NAME-induced increase in urine volume and protein was also significantly lower in FPTIII-treated animals. The impaired vascular responsiveness to isoprenaline in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed of SHR-L-NAME-treated animals was significantly attenuated by FPTIII treatment. In isolated perfused hearts, recovery of left ventricular function from a 40 min of global ischemia was significantly better in FPTIII-treated SHR-L-NAME. Treatment with FPTIII also significantly reduced expression of cardiac sodium-hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) which was elevated in SHR-L-NAME. These data indicate that inhibition of Ras-GTPase-mediated signalling can attenuate end-organ damage during severe hypertension and endothelial dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Timed action and object naming.

Factors affecting object and action naming were compared in a timed picture-naming paradigm, for drawings of 520 objects and 275 actions, named by adult native speakers of English. Massive differences between object and action naming were observed for all dependent variables, and theoretically relevant differences emerged in the variables that predict retrieval of nouns vs. verbs in this task. Matching object and action items for variables like frequency, age of acquisition, or picture complexity does not result in a match for measures of naming difficulty (name agreement or latency). Conversely, object and action items matched for naming difficulty invariably differ in their other lexical and pictorial properties. A reaction time disadvantage for action naming remains even after controlling for picture properties, target word properties, name agreement itself (reflecting the differential ambiguity of nouns and verbs) as well as a measure of conceptual or psychological complexity based on the number of relevant objects in the scene. Surprisingly, frequency effects run in opposite directions for nouns (higher frequencies yield faster RTs) and verbs (higher frequencies are associated with slower RTs, reflecting a "light verb" strategy that speakers use for difficult items). Implications for method and theory in the study of lexical access are discussed, including relevance to a growing literature on the neurobiology and development of nouns and verbs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Quid significat nomen? (What's in a name?).

For the purposes of classification and effective communication among scientists, organisms must have unequivocal names. The binomial naming system of species was devised and popularized by Linnaeus in the 18th Century. His "Botanical Latin" is an artificial language first adopted for naming plants and is now internationally accepted as a naming system for both plants and animals. Genus and species names are based on Latin and Greek words which describe characteristics of the organism, as well as words from more modern sources, such as the name of the discoverer or place of discovery. Naming follows certain rules and all of the word endings are Latinized. The history of naming parasites is interesting and the molecular age may influence naming in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

L-NAME raises systolic blood pressure in the pithed rat by a direct adrenal epinephrine releasing action.

It is generally thought that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase leads to blood pressure elevation largely through reduction in vascular levels of the vasodilator nitric oxide. However, there are several reports suggesting that NO synthase inhibitors cause adrenal epinephrine (E) release by both central and peripheral mechanisms. We investigated the role of adrenal E in the pressor effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME in the pithed rat to help distinguish central from peripherally mediated actions. L-NAME (10 mg/kg) raised both systolic and diastolic BP by about 30 mm Hg (P < .01) in the absence of exogenous electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves. During stimulation at 10 V and frequencies of 1 or 2 Hz, systolic BP was about 70 mm Hg higher in L-NAME treated rats than in drug free stimulated rats. This enhancement of systolic BP by L-NAME was less pronounced at 5 or 10 Hz stimulation frequencies. Following these types of electrical stimulations of pithed rats, both plasma norepinephrine (NE) and E levels were dramatically elevated above resting plasma levels. L-NAME pretreatment of these electrically stimulated rats increased plasma E levels by an additional 60% and decreased NE by 18%. Acute adrenalectomy dramatically reduced plasma E levels and abolished the ability of L-NAME to enhance the pressor effect of sympathetic stimulation. In contrast, acute adrenalectomy of unstimulated pithed rats did not significantly reduce the pressor response to L-NAME. We conclude that adrenal E release may mediate much of the systolic pressor response of L-NAME in the stimulated pithed rat, but the magnitude of this effect varies with stimulation frequency. Since pithing disrupts central pathways, this induction of adrenal E release by L-NAME is a peripheral effect.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2000

The structure of colour naming space.

An experiment is described which replicates recent name mapping work, and delves further into the detailed structure of colour naming space. Observers freely named 1044 CRT-displayed colour-background combinations, sampled regularly along the (u',v') axes of the 1976 UCS, and along a luminance axis. Three response measures - response times, confidence ratings and consistencies - were obtained. These measures were collapsed by principal components analysis (PCA) into 'nameability', a single measure of ease of naming of colours. The structure of colour naming space and the use of different colour name types, were investigated. Data confirmed the uniqueness of basic colour terms as compared with the non-basic terms, agreeing with previous constrained naming studies. Colour naming space was found to exhibit regular structure, which appears to be linked to fundamental response categories, and to previous observations that colour naming space may be divided into five major regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

L-NAME precipitates catatonia during ethanol withdrawal in rats.

The effect of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-specific inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, on catatonia in ethanol dependent rats was investigated. Ethanol was given to rats by a modified liquid diet. An isocaloric liquid diet without ethanol was also given to control rats. L-NAME (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and saline were injected intraperitoneally to ethanol-dependent rats 30 min before ethanol withdrawal. Then, catatonia was evaluated by vertical wire test at the 30th min, 2nd, 4th and 6th h of ethanol withdrawal. The injections were repeated 30 min before the observation of 6 h. Locomotor activity was also recorded for 5 min in the same observation intervals. L-NAME (200 mg/kg) or saline were also injected to ethanol non-dependent control rats. L-NAME (50 and 100 mg/kg) inhibited both incidence and intensity of the audiogenic seizures which appeared at 6 h of ethanol withdrawal. L-NAME (200 mg/kg) produced a significant augmentation in both incidence and intensity of the catatonia in ethanol dependent rats. This dose of L-NAME also reduced the locomotor activity of both ethanol dependent and non-dependent rats. The locomotor inhibitory effect was more prominent in ethanol-dependent group. The catatonia precipitating effect of L-NAME was not prevented by L-arginine (1 g/kg, i.p.), a NO precursor, pretreatment. In the naive rats, L-NAME also did not produce catatonia. These results indicate that L-NAME has a catatonia precipitating effect during ethanol withdrawal in rats and this effect seems to be independent from NO mediated mechanisms.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Auditory naming and temporal lobe epilepsy.

Patients with left (i.e. language-dominant) temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) typically report word finding difficulties. However, these deficits are not reliably detected with traditional visual object naming tests. We administered both visual and auditory naming tests to left and right TLE patients and normal controls. We hypothesized that an auditory naming test might be more sensitive since it better simulates the conditions under which word finding problems occur in daily living. The left TLE group obtained significantly lower scores than other groups on auditory naming, whereas their performance on visual naming was indistinguishable from that of right TLE patients and normals. Furthermore, whereas cut-off scores on the auditory naming task predicted seizure focus laterality in 85% of patients, performance on the visual naming task predicted laterality in only 60% of patients. These findings suggest that compared with visual naming, as assessed in the present study, auditory naming may more accurately characterize and lateralize TLE-associated language dysfunction. These results also propose a more complex understanding of word retrieval that incorporates modality and contextual information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗