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PubMed2003

Serum insulin concentrations in daily drinkers compared with abstainers in the New Mexico elder health survey.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiological studies have shown that individuals who ingest alcohol regularly have a lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus than those who abstain. The purpose of this study was to compare serum glucose and insulin concentrations between daily drinkers and abstainers stratified by diabetic status (participants with diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance) to determine if there was a difference in glucose sensitivity (resistance) that might explain the lower prevalence of diabetes in drinkers. METHODS: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted of 883 randomly selected Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women, aged >or=65 years, undergoing a home interview and 4-hour interview/examination in a senior health clinic (The New Mexico Elder Health Survey). The interviews included a history of frequency, type, and quantity of alcohol ingested. Serum samples were obtained after an overnight fast and 2 hours after ingestion of 75 grams of glucose for determination of glucose and insulin levels. Height and weight was measured for determination of body mass index. RESULTS: Participants who consumed alcohol daily had significantly lower fasting and 2-hour postglucose serum insulin concentrations compared with those who abstained from alcohol intake, when adjusted using linear logistic regression models for serum glucose concentration, gender, ethnicity, age, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Abstainers with their relative hyperinsulinemia appear to be more insulin resistant than daily moderate drinkers. This difference in insulin sensitivity may explain the lower prevalence of diabetes in drinkers compared with abstainers observed in various epidemiological studies.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Deaths from motor-vehicle-related unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning--Colorado, 1996, New Mexico, 1980-1995, and United States, 1979-1992.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas that is a product of incomplete combustion. Motor vehicles, heaters, and appliances that use carbon-based fuels are the main sources of this poison. Most fatal unintentional CO poisonings associated with motor vehicles are preventable and can result from differing mechanisms of exposure; 1) operation of a motor vehicle with a damaged or malfunctioning exhaust system and an inadequately ventilated passenger compartment, 2) operation of a motor vehicle in an enclosed space (e.g., a garage) with inadequate ventilation, and 3) use of auxiliary fuel-burning heaters inside a passenger compartment or in a camper. This report describes the investigation of deaths associated with multiple motor-vehicle-related CO poisonings in Colorado on November 3, 1996, summarizes a review of such deaths in New Mexico during 1980-1995, and presents geographic and seasonal patterns in national death rates for 1979-1992. These findings indicate that deaths from motor-vehicle-related unintentional CO poisonings increase during winter months and that death rates from CO poisoning in stationary motor vehicles are highest in states with colder average winter temperatures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wild ducks along the Rio Grande River valley in southern New Mexico.

Fecal samples were taken from wild ducks on the lower Rio Grande River around Las Cruces, N. Mex., from September 2000 to January 2001. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were purified from 69 samples by sucrose enrichment followed by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient centrifugation and were viewed via fluorescent-antibody (FA) staining. For some samples, recovered cysts and oocysts were further screened via PCR to determine the presence of Giardia lamblia and Crytosporidium parvum. The results of this study indicate that 49% of the ducks were carriers of Cryptosporidium, and the Cryptosporidium oocyst concentrations ranged from 0 to 2,182 oocysts per g of feces (mean +/- standard deviation, 47.53 +/- 270.3 oocysts per g); also, 28% of the ducks were positive for Giardia, and the Giardia cyst concentrations ranged from 0 to 29,293 cysts per g of feces (mean +/- standard deviation, 436 +/- 3,525.4 cysts per g). Of the 69 samples, only 14 had (oo)cyst concentrations that were above the PCR detection limit. Samples did test positive for Cryptosporidium sp. However, C. parvum and G. lamblia were not detected in any of the 14 samples tested by PCR. Ducks on their southern migration through southern New Mexico were positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia as determined by FA staining, but C. parvum and G. lamblia were not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Suicide prevention evaluation in a Western Athabaskan American Indian Tribe--New Mexico, 1988-1997.

Since 1979, suicide and homicide have alternated as the second and third leading causes of death among young American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). From 1979 through 1992, suicide rates for AI/ANs in all age groups were approximately 1.5 times the rates for the overall U.S. population. During 1991-1993, suicide rates for AI/ANs aged 15-24 and 25-34 years were 31.7 and 26.6 per 100,000 population, respectively; males aged 15-34 years accounted for 64% of all AI/AN suicides. In the overall U.S. population during 1991-1993, the rates for persons in these same age groups were 13.0 and 14.5, respectively. Since 1980, suicide has been either the second or third leading cause of death for persons aged 15-24 years in the overall U.S. population. Although knowledge about suicide among AI/ANs has increased, information about the efficacy of suicide prevention and intervention programs in general, and specifically in AI/AN communities, is scarce. In January 1990, following concern raised by tribal officials in 1988 about suicide among youth, a Western Athabaskan tribe in rural New Mexico implemented a suicide prevention and intervention program that targeted tribal members aged 15-19 years. This report summarizes the results of the program through 1997 and indicates that rates of suicide and attempted suicide among this target population decreased substantially after the program was implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

Between A.D. 900 and 1150, more than 200,000 conifer trees were used to build the prehistoric great houses of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in what is now a treeless landscape. More than one-fifth of these timbers were spruce (Picea) or fir (Abies) that were hand-carried from isolated mountaintops 75-100 km away. Because strontium from local dust, water, and underlying bedrock is incorporated by trees, specific logging sites can be identified by comparing (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios in construction beams from different ruins and building periods to ratios in living trees from the surrounding mountains. (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios show that the beams came from both the Chuska and San Mateo (Mount Taylor) mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, which are equally close. Incorporation of logs from two sources in the same room, great house, and year suggest stockpiling and intercommunity collaboration at Chaco Canyon. The use of trees from both the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, as early as A.D. 974 suggests that selection of timber sources was driven more by regional socioeconomic ties than by a simple model of resource depletion with distance and time.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Degenerative spondylolisthesis in ancient and historic skeletons from New Mexico Pueblo sites.

The objective of this study was to identify the presence of degenerative spondylolisthesis in adult Native American skeletons recovered from prehistoric and historic Pueblo sites in New Mexico. The vertebral columns of 491 individuals that were complete enough to allow the necessary observations produced 64 cases, with a total of 74 affected levels. The L5-S1 level was affected most frequently (78%), in contrast to clinical and anatomical studies where the L4-L5 level was usually affected (80%). Age and sex were found to be important factors, with the condition limited to middle and old adults, and occurring in females over males at a ratio of approximately 5:1. Olisthesis was shown to occur only in association with severe osteoarthritis of the zygapophysial joints, but severe osteoarthritis did not always result in olisthesis, particularly in males. Parallel or convergent inferior articular processes were found to increase in frequency in the presence of olisthesis, apparently resulting from degenerative remodeling that produced the olisthesis. The data also suggest that individuals with cranial border shifting in the column may be especially prone to olisthesis. Degenerative olisthesis was also observed in the cervical region.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carbon gain and water use in pinyon pine-juniper woodlands of northern New Mexico: field versus phytotron chamber measurements.

We compared phytotron chamber- and field-obtained gas exchange parameters from a semiarid pinyon pine-juniper (Pinus edulis Engelm.-Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) community in northern New Mexico, an ecosystem where carbon gain could be limited by both water and nitrogen availability. In both species, variations in rates of photosynthesis with xylem pressure potential (Psi) and minimum Psi for positive carbon gain were similar in the field and phytotron chamber studies. Rates of maximum photosynthesis were greater in pinyon pine than in juniper in both the field and phytotron chamber studies. Pinyon pine showed a greater response to increases in Psi than juniper, although juniper was able to continue photosynthetic activity at lower values of Psi than pinyon pine. There were significant differences in instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) measured in the field and the phytotron chamber, although relative rankings of the species and their responses to Psi were similar. In the field experiments, WUE of N-fertilized plants was marginally greater in pinyon pine than juniper during the wet season, and in both the field and phytotron chamber experiments instantaneous values of WUE were greater in juniper during dry seasons or during drying cycles. However, delta(13)C values suggested that pinyon pine had greater seasonally integrated values of WUE, perhaps because this species ceases stomatal activity during dry seasons. Field data showed significant interactions between N and WUE, as well as between Psi and the degree of response to N, however, there were insufficient data to derive predictive equations because of the limited range of environmental conditions encountered in the field.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Vaginal hysterectomy with and without morcellation: the University of New Mexico hospital's experience.

OBJECTIVE: To compare intraoperative and postoperative complications of vaginal hysterectomy with and without morcellation. METHODS: Between August 1990 and January 1995, 345 women underwent vaginal hysterectomy without laparoscopic assistance at the University of New Mexico and associated hospitals. Medical records available for 340 of these women were reviewed for demographic data, perioperative complications, change in hematocrit, duration of procedure, hospital stay, and uterine size and weight. Some of the records were incomplete with respect to uterine size, uterine weight and hospital stay. The subjects were divided into two groups, 281 who had vaginal hysterectomies without morcellation and 59 who had vaginal hysterectomies with morcellation. The perioperative courses of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Although women undergoing morcellation were significantly older (mean 44 versus 41 years, P = .004), there were no statistically significant differences in other surgical or anesthetic risk factors, including parity, obesity, hormonal status, and preexisting medical disease. Mean uterine weight was significantly greater in those undergoing morcellation (222 versus 110 g, P < .001). Morcellation significantly increased the duration of the procedure (mean 140 versus 168 minutes, P = .004) but did not increase the duration of hospitalization or rate of perioperative complications (18.6 versus 17.4%, odds ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 0.49-2.35). CONCLUSION: Uterine morcellation at the time of vaginal hysterectomy is safe and facilitates the vaginal removal of moderately enlarged and well-supported uteri without increasing perioperative morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Gentamicin and tetracyclines for the treatment of human plague: review of 75 cases in new Mexico, 1985-1999.

Streptomycin, an antimicrobial with limited availability, is the treatment of choice for plague, a fulminating and potentially epidemic disease that poses a bioterrorism concern. We evaluated the efficacy of gentamicin and tetracyclines for treating human plague. A medical record review was conducted on all 75 patients with plague who were reported in New Mexico during 1985-1999. Fifty patients were included in an analysis that compared streptomycin-treated patients (n=14) with those treated with gentamicin and/or a tetracycline (n=36). The mean numbers of fever days, hospital days, and complications and the number of deaths did not differ between patients treated with streptomycin and those treated with gentamicin. One patient who received tetracycline alone experienced a serious complication. Gentamicin alone or in combination with a tetracycline was as efficacious as streptomycin for treating human plague. The efficacy of a tetracycline alone could not be determined from the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Resuscitation decision making by New Mexico emergency medical technicians.

The extent to which Emergency Medical Service personnel are placed in situations in which difficult cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions must be made has been poorly explored. Further, it is not known whether this kind of decision making is troubling to emergency medical technicians. Although it is likely that emergency medical service systems handle withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a variety of ways, the authors chose to examine a cross-section of New Mexico emergency medical technicians. Using a survey instrument, emergency medical technicians of all training levels, representing several emergency medical service systems around the state were asked how many times in their career they had been in a situation in which cardiopulmonary resuscitation had been withheld without a direct physician order. Of 310 individuals surveyed, 211 (66.8%) responded that this had occurred at least once. When asked whether they had been troubled by one of these situations, 86 of 211 (41%) individuals responded "yes." When a variety of demographic factors were evaluated, only training to the paramedic level was identified as being an independent predictor of those who were troubled (P = .019). Emergency medical technician training, protocols, and do not resuscitate programs may need to be expanded to give further guidance to prehospital personnel when making difficult resuscitation decisions.

Adult↗