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PubMed2004

State-dependent action of cocaine on brain temperature and movement activity: implications for movement sensitization.

Because neural activity is highly energy consuming and heat producing, brain temperature offers a reliable, real-time measure of an animal's activity state and its changes induced by environmental and drug challenges. Therefore, it allows evaluation of the activity state of an animal preceding drug administration and its relation to subsequent drug-induced neural effects. This approach was used to explore the state dependency of cocaine's effects. Brain and body temperatures, as well as locomotion were measured simultaneously in rats during repeated, daily administration of cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p., daily for 5 days) under different experimental conditions. The drug was administered via (a). a chronically implanted catheter in quiet resting conditions, (b). an injection made under quiet rest or (c). an injection under activated conditions associated with placement in the cage. Although brain temperature and movement increased after cocaine administration in each condition, cocaine's action (evaluated as cocaine-saline difference for both parameters) was situational. Catheter-administered cocaine induced the strongest movement activation and robust, monophasic temperature increase, which remained relatively stable following each subsequent drug infusion. Cocaine injected during quiet and, especially, activated conditions, induced a weaker locomotor activation, while the temperature response (evaluated as drug-saline difference) had a biphasic pattern. Cocaine initially inhibited the temperature increases seen in saline-treated animals (0-20 min) and then induced a more prolonged hyperthermia, which was about twofold weaker than that seen after catheter-administered drug. Although movement activation gradually increased following repeated treatment in activated conditions, the magnitude of this sensitized motor response barely reached the levels induced by the initial cocaine administration via catheter. These data suggest that both the acute effects of cocaine in the brain and their change following repeated drug administration are dependent upon the ongoing neural activity state of the animal. Cocaine's interaction with this activity state is a crucial factor determining the behavioral effects of this drug, including state-dependent motor sensitization.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Co-ordination of bimanual movements in a centrally deafferented patient executing open loop reach-to-grasp movements.

Many everyday tasks require that we use our hands co-operatively. For tasks where both hands are required to perform the same action, a common motor program can be used. But, where each hand must perform a different action, some degree of independent control of each hand is required. In this paper we examine the co-ordination of bimanual movement kinematics in a female patient recovering from brain injury involving anterior regions of the parietal lobe of the right hemisphere, which has resulted in a dense hemianaesthesia of her left arm. A particular focus of this paper is the co-ordination of bimanual movements for reaches executed without visual feedback. Specifically we present new data, which quantify the synchronisation of patient D.B.'s hands by comparing their relative time lag at the start and the end of her bimanual reaches. The results are discussed with particular reference to the role played by limb proprioception in the planning and control of prehension movements.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Fractal correlation of initial trajectory dynamics vanishes at the movement end point in human rapid goal-directed movements.

Many researchers have investigated the variability of discrete goal-directed movements. However, a possible time-dependent property for them has been ignored. We investigated the time-dependent property of the kinematic variability in human rapid goal-directed movements by using fractal analysis. The variability of the peak acceleration had fractal time correlation characterized by a non-negligible frequency-spectral exponent (beta=0.3). This beta value was reduced at the peak velocity (beta=0.2) and nearly reached zero at the peak movement amplitude, indicating that the variability became white noise with no time correlation. A similar result was observed in the progress of the positional trajectory. The functional significance of this phenomenon for the goal-directed task demand is discussed.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2005

[Three-dimensional ultrasonic movement analysis of gait and hand-movements in schizophrenic patients].

Neurological signs and disturbed psychomotor performance are consistently confirmed by clinical studies on schizophrenic patients. They could either be caused by the illness itself or could occur as side-effects of antipsychotic medication. Based on the clinical observation, differential diagnosis between catatonic symptoms of schizophrenia and extrapyramidal side-effects often remains unclear. Apart from their diagnostic value, motor disturbances can also be predictive parameters for prognosis of the disease and clinical response to antipsychotic treatment. Motor disturbances are mainly assessed by use of clinical ratings. In the last years, new approaches like infrared or ultrasonic movement analysis systems have been introduced to objectively determine motor disturbances in schizophrenic patients. Ultrasonic movement analysis systems calculate the three-dimensional positions of tiny markers, which are attached to moving body parts, with high spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, key parameters of gait and hand-movements can be determined exactly. Results of several studies using these new methods indicate that schizophrenia causes a primary disturbance of motor performance. Treatment with conventional antipsychotics intensifies many of the disabling motor deficiencies, whereas the influence of atypical antipsychotics on motor performance is either not detectable or much smaller. All in all, most results of studies using objective methods for the assessment of motor performance underline the advantages of treatment with atypical antipsychotics compared to conventional antipsychotics, particularly with regard to the patient's motor performance.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1984

Programming time as a function of number of movement parts and changes in movement direction.

The question of whether changes seen in simple reaction time (SRT) as a function of response complexity (i.e., number of movement parts) should be considered as differences in the time needed to centrally program a motor response was addressed. Using a large-scale tapping response, 14 subjects contacted from one to five targets positioned in a straight line, while a second group of 14 subjects executed 90 degrees changes in direction in striking the targets. Results revealed that mean SRT and mean premotor time increased linearly as the number of movement parts increased, regardless of whether changes in movement direction had to be programmed, with the greatest increase occurring between one-, and two-part responses. Increases in motor time were not sufficient to account for the sizeable SRT effect. These findings support the position of increased central programming time for more complex responses, and also help establish some of the boundaries of the complexity effect.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Periodic limb movements and other movement disorders in sleep: neuropsychiatric dimensions.

Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome, primarily manifest during wakefulness, intrude into sleep. There are some disorders, however, such as periodic limb movements in sleep, restless legs syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal dystonia, bruxism, and somnambulism, which occur primarily during sleep. The diagnosis and management of these disorders pose a challenge to neuropsychiatric practice, not only because they may be difficult to distinguish from other neuropsychiatric disorders, but also because psychiatric disorders are often co-morbid with them. Study of these disorders is necessary for an understanding of the interaction of sleep and movement, and how disturbance in one may affect the other.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Simultaneous assessment of posture and limb movements (e.g., periodic leg movements) with calibrated multiple accelerometry.

This study describes new applications for the method of calibrated multiple accelerometry, which detects posture and distinct motion patterns, and limb movements continuously. The aim of our study was to evaluate this assessment technique in terms of its suitability for exploring the relationships between pathological limb movement activity (e.g., periodic leg movements) and posture. The new method proved to be appropriate for the simultaneous assessment of pathological leg jerks and posture and provided a means to revealing possible relations. Generally, our study demonstrates the application of this (ambulatory) assessment technique in the field of sleep and neurological disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[The transverse movement of the temporo-mandibular joint (translation movement) of the dog, also with reference to dysplasia of this joint in the dachshund].

Contrary to the accepted opinion, transverse movement is possible in the temporo-mandibular joint of the dog. This movement is arched and is important for mastication. Analysis of transverse movement of the temporo-mandibular joint was done in 20 dog breeds. Accidentally dysplasia of the temporo-mandibular joint was found in the dachshund, a phenomenon which has not been described before.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Neural responses related to smooth-pursuit eye movements and their correspondence with electrically elicited smooth eye movements in the primate frontal eye field.

1. Intracortical microstimulation of a portion of the monkey frontal eye field (FEF) lying in the floor and posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus evokes smooth, rather than saccadic eye movements. To further explore this region's involvement in pursuit, we recorded from FEF neurons in the vicinity of sites from which smooth eye movements (SEMs) were elicited electrically and studied their responses during smooth-pursuit and saccadic tasks. In this report, we describe the neurons' responses during visually guided smooth pursuit and compare their locations and response properties with those of elicited SEMs. 2. One hundred and ninety-three neurons, recorded from the FEF region in six hemispheres of three rhesus monkeys, were classified as "pursuit neurons". These neurons responded during smooth-pursuit tracking of moving visual stimuli but had no, or only minimal, responses in conjunction with visually guided saccades. Pursuit neurons were located in a small region of the arcuate fundus and posterior bank that overlapped, and extended slightly beyond, the region from which SEMs were elicited with microstimulation. 3. All pursuit neurons had a preferred pursuit direction, and all directions were represented with no strong bias toward ipsilateral, contralateral, up, or down. The directional tuning of 80 pursuit cells was measured quantitatively by testing pursuit in several directions and fitting the responses to a Gaussian function. Tuning indices (the sigma parameter of the Gaussian fit) varied between 13 degrees and 136 degrees. The median tuning index, 44.5 degrees, corresponds to a full width at half maximum of 105 degrees. The ubiquity of selectivity for pursuit direction and the wide distribution of preferred directions indicates that pursuit direction uses a place-code type of representation in FEF; however, the broad directional tuning of most neurons suggests that pursuit direction is given by a weighted average of optimal directions across the population of pursuit neurons active at any given time. 4. In general, the responses of pursuit neurons increased with pursuit velocity. Of 13 neurons formally tested with 2 s of constant-velocity tracking in their preferred direction across a range of target speeds, pursuit velocity sensitivity ranged from 0.24 to 1.42 spikes.s-1.deg-1.s-1, with an average sensitivity of 0.70. This relationship suggests that pursuit neurons represent pursuit magnitude using a rate code; this parallels our previous observation that at most SEM sites, the velocity and acceleration of the electrically elicited eye movements increased as a function of the stimulation current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Phasic tongue movements in human rapid eye-movement sleep.

Polygraphic recordings demonstrated complex tongue movements as unusual phasic phenomena during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in patients with narcolepsy, sleep apnea syndrome, or posterior fossa lesions, and in normal controls. These tongue movements may counteract posterior displacement of the tongue to prevent obstructive sleep apnea, which may otherwise occur in REM sleep because of genioglossal hypotonia. Hypotonia affected not only the genioglossus but also other muscles innervated by pontomedullary neurons during non-REM-sleep-related apnea in patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Imaginary gaze effects on eye movements induced by linear acceleration: involvement of vestibular induced smooth pursuit eye movement.

We investigated smooth eye movements elicited i) by linear acceleration in a space-fixed imaginary gaze condition (smooth component of eye movement induced by linear motion: LSEM) and ii) during acoustic pursuit of a moving sound source (smooth component of eye movement induced by acoustic pursuit of a sound source: SSPEM). The two conditions were examined using the same test subjects. LSEM and SSPEM performance was found to be positively correlated across the subject population. From the comparison of LSEM and SSPEM we propose the following hypothesis: LSEM consists not only of a pure translational vestibular-ocular reflex (tVOR) component but also of a component based on the perception of otolithic information. Accordingly, this second component is instrumental in the pursuit of an imaginary visual target during linear self-motion.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1980

[The function of respiratory movements in speech: an analysis of abdominal movements and speech utility (author's transl)].

The present study was designed to analyze the function of respiratory movements in speech. This study aimed specifically to analyze the voluntary abdominal movements just prior to speech and the speech utility. Subjects were 20 graduate students. They were asked under hypnosis to speak in the different mental states, such as resting tensed and relaxed periods with either strong or weak voice and in various tempos. From the results of factor analysis, following three factors were found: (a) dynamics, (b) speech utility, and (c) time. While the first factor was heavily loaded on the depth of abdominal movements and related to the strength and the tempo of speeches, the second factor was loaded on the method of holding speeches and the third factor on the timing of speeches.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1977

[Spatial deployments of morphogenetic movements as elements of the oral field in anuran amphibians. I. Structurally stable morphogenetic movements].

The movements of cells in the oral field of anuran embryos were followed by means of orto- and heterotopic transplantations of the ectoderm fragments. To mark individual ectoderm regions, the embryos were used which differed from each other by colour. The cells polarize along the apical-basal layer axis and the polarization spreads along the layer as a waver embracing consecutively new and new cells. The waves of morphogenetic rearrangements from the spatial deploiments of morphogenetic movement, i. e. the transition between the local morphologies of the layer which replace one another in time is swept continuously in space. The presence of spatial sweep is the necessary condition for the structural stability of morphogenetic movements.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1986

The effect of movement adaptation on human cortical potentials evoked by pattern movement.

Human visually evoked cortical potentials (VEPs) were elicited by the onset of movement of grating patterns (test stimuli). The most prominent VEP waves N2 and P2 increased with accelerating test stimulus velocity (within a range of 0.2-4 deg/s). Two kinds of rums were presented. Reference runs involved only test stimuli and stationary pattern periods between them. In test runs moving gratings were additionally presented between the test stimuli effecting a stable level of movement adaptation. The additional movement stimulation reduced the VEP amplitudes throughout. The relative amplitude reduction was nearly constant for all test stimulus velocities if a fixed velocity of the adaptation stimulus was used. When the adaptation stimulus velocity was raised (within a range of 0.1-4 deg/s), the relative VEP amplitude became smaller. The results support the additive model of velocity coding in human occipital cortex rather than the substitutive model.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

[X-ray VTR analysis for the inflowing movement of the contrast medium in the esophagocardiac region: the inflowing movement of contrast medium on healthy people].

The application of S-VHS video system has made it possible to easily detect the functional disease. Among several position, left posterior prone position where gravitational force could be ignored, and spontaneous, physiological movement could be registered in the recording of the esophagocardiac movement. Through the observation and the classification of the movement at this position, we evaluated the contribution of this method to the assessment, and the study of the functional diseases such as achalasia, hiatus hernia, and the study of the organic diseases such as carcinoma. In our present study on normal 60 cases, the time from the inflowing first phase to the inflowing interrupted phase in the last period becomes longer as the age of the subjects gets older. The continuous contractive period was divided into three types, shorter type, medium type and longer type. The shorter type seems to correspond to the type closer to hernia. The longer type is regarded as the type closer to achalasia.

Cardia↗
PubMed2001

Effects of movement protein mutations on the formation of tubules in plant protoplasts expressing a fusion between the green fluorescent protein and Cauliflower mosaic virus movement protein.

Fusions between the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) movement protein (MP) induce the formation of fluorescent foci and surface tubules in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Tubules elongate coordinately and progressively in an assembly process approximately 6 to 12 h following transfection of protoplasts with GFP-MP constructs. Tubules are not formed in protoplasts transfected by GFP-MP(ER2A), a MP mutation that renders CaMV noninfectious. A small number of short tubules are formed on protoplasts transfected by GFP-MP(N6) and GFP-MP(N13), two second-site revertants of ER2A that partially restore infectivity. Protoplasts cotransfected with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-MP(WT) and GFP-MP(ER2A) form tubules containing both MP fusions, indicating that although the GFP-MP(ER2A) cannot induce tubule formation, GFP-MP(ER2A) can coassemble or colocalize with CFP-MP(WT) in tubules. Thus, CaMV MP-induced tubule formation in protoplasts correlates closely with the infectivity of mutation ER2A and its revertants, suggesting that tubule-forming capacity in plant protoplasts reflects a process required for virus infection or movement.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1982

Saccadic eye movements are coordinated with head movements in walking chickens.

1. Saccadic eye movements during walking were studied in chickens using cinematography. 2. Saccades were made during about 80% of the thrust phases of head bobbing, and not made in the hold phases. 3. The coordination of saccades with head movements maintains clear vision for the largest possible proportion of the time. 4. The absence of saccades in hold phases and in some thrusts is probably not the result of insufficient time to organize a saccade.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

State of the art review: molecular diagnosis of inherited movement disorders. Movement Disorders Society task force on molecular diagnosis.

This review is designed to provide practical help for the clinical neurologist to make appropriate use of the possibilities of molecular diagnosis of inherited movement disorders. Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes, ataxias, Wilson disease, essential tremor, dystonias, and other genetic diseases associated with a variety of movement disorders are considered separately.

Chromosome Mapping↗