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PubMed2000

Masculinization of genetic female nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary administration of an aromatase inhibitor during sexual differentiation.

A series of experiments was carried out in which genetically female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry were treated with Fadrozole, a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), in the diet during the period of sexual differentiation. Batches of tilapia fry treated with AI during the first 30 days following yolk-sac resorption (7-37 days post hatch, dph) showed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of males from 0 to 200 mg. kg(-1). The percentage of males remained approximately constant (92.5-96.0%) from 200 to 500 mg. kg(-1). Any continuous 2- or 3-week treatment with 500 mg. kg(-1) AI in this 4-week period successfully masculinized the majority of the treated fish (>80%). Treatments of 1 week duration revealed that the most sensitive time to AI lies in the first week (between 7 and 14 dph). Progeny testing of males from AI-treated groups gave results indicating that these were XX males, as expected. These experiments strongly implicate aromatase activity as a key factor in sexual differentiation in the Nile tilapia.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The foundation of "feminine" and "masculine". Useful theories for the training of future physicians concerning the importance of gender].

A gender perspective on health and consultation is part of medical education today. Teaching about gender must not focus on differences between men and women as essential, biological, and unchangeable. The meaning of "feminine" and "masculine" is largely a social construction, i.e. the behavior and character of an individual are seldom determined by sex. Furthermore, women and men live under different conditions and have different positions in society. Medical students need to be aware of this and reflect upon the influence it may have on their professional role and practice. To achieve this awareness, knowledge about the construction of gender is needed. This article reviews relevant research in this field. The gender of the physician is used as a basis and illustration of this.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2000

The feminization of American medicine. The transformation of health care from a masculine orientation to a more feminine orientation requires a new marketing approach.

Although the transformation of American medicine in the last part of the twentieth century has been well documented, a major development that has significant implications for health care marketing has been essentially overlooked. This development has been the shift in health care from a primarily masculine orientation to a primarily feminine orientation. This shift has been driven by, among other factors, the transition from an acute care orientation to a chronic care orientation and calls for a qualitatively different approach to the marketing of health services.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

[On femininity, masculinity and biology at the turn of the century 1800].

This study examines the constructions of sex/gender present in medical manuals on sexuality and marriage, published in Sweden 1790-1830. The findings confirms Thomas Laqueur's thesis that a "one-sex-model" shaped the understanding of the human body until the eighteenth century. The ancient medical tradition is evident in the instructions on how to achieve health, and the reproduction-theories are influenced by the Hippocratian/Galenian tradition as well as the Aristotelian tradition. According to the manuals, sexualality should be connected to love and marriage, for the sake of both the young couple in love and of their future children. The parents' "fluids" and emotions at the moment of conception are believed to be crucial for the quality of the offspring. Children are also believed to inherit acquired characteristics, which makes the behaviour of the parents-to-be very important. The norms for proper conduct can be related to a bourgeois ideology of the relations between the sexes in which femininity and masculinity are defined as complementary categories. Furthermore, male domination and female subordination are inherent in "womanliness", manliness", romantic love and sexual attraction. "Nature" is--in contrast to civilisation--a normative ideal. The "natural" active male and passive female behaviour are not, however, legitimised by biological theories. Women and men are both regarded as "natural" sexual beings and the female orgasm is considered crucial for conception, although women who shows lustful feelings are considered despicable and "unnatural". ...

Biology↗
PubMed1999

[Masculinity, nationhood and a body fit for the Swiss army in 1875].

The article looks at the model of the male body, as it emerged in Switzerland in the second half of the 19th century, an era of military centralization and the establishment of the national state (Nationalstaat). Focusing on different conceptions of fitness for military service, Rychner discusses how masculinity is reduced to physical attributes, and thereby objectified and reified. The context is the prevailing gender discourse which (while reducing women to little more than their bodily functions), positioned men as representatives of general human qualities, such as individuality and autonomy. Against this background and somewhat in opposition to it, for the Swiss republican army and its compulsory military service, the issue of each soldier's free will is a crucial issue - an issue that also informs the various conceptions of military fitness.

Health Status↗
PubMed2000

Men in nursing: ambivalence in care, gender and masculinity.

This paper briefly reviews some aspects of the history of men in nursing and suggests that for centuries men have been at the forefront of caring work, and that it was in the mid-nineteenth century when shifts in the nature of masculinity and femininity occurred, spearheaded by Florence Nightingale, which resulted in nursing becoming feminised. Drawing on techniques of oral history, this paper presents the experiences of two men who pioneered the return of men into nursing, and how their work changed in the course of their working lives. Both men saw a shift away from institutional hierarchies towards a more patient centred model, which accompanied comparable developments in their own thinking in different fields of nursing. There were differences in the work they did and how they constructed their pasts, yet there were also similarities in the way they developed their philosophy of caring for patients.

Historiography↗
PubMed2001

Transforming the testicle: science, medicine and masculinity, 1800-1950.

The article explores episodes the history of the discovery of function and actions of testicle - focusing first on their transformation from a quasi - mystical organ of virility to chemical factory secreting substances essential to physical and psychological attributes of masculinity; then showing how the powers of the testicular secretions were soon seen to extend for beyond the narrowly sexual sphere.

Andrology↗
PubMed2003

Tributyltin causes masculinization in fish.

We examined the effect of tributyltin (TBT) on the sex differentiation process in genetically female Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The fish were fed an artificial diet containing tributyltin oxide (TBTO) at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microg/g diet from 35 to 100 d after hatching, which includes the sex differentiation period. The ratio of sex-reversed males significantly increased to 25.7% of the flounder fed the 0.1 microg/g diet and to 31.1% of those fed the 1.0 microg/g diet compared with the control (2.2%). From morphological and histological examination of the fish in the TBT-treated groups, normal females had typical ovaries and sex-reversed males had typical testes. These results clearly demonstrated the masculinization of flounder exposed to TBTO. This is the first report of TBT inducing sex reversal in vertebrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Enzyme histochemistry of ovarina lipoid cell hyperplasia in a masculinized patient.

In an effort to better identify the specific steroids produced by histologically similar cells of certain ovarian tumors, a battery of histochemical assays was performed on a masculinizing tumor removed from a 21-year-old patient. Certain reactions were distinguished that seemed to be specific for the histologically classic luteinized stromal cell, and these reactions can be correlated with those obtained with Leydig and hilar cells. The apparent precursors of the interstitial cells (ISC) of this tumor, and to a lesser extent the immature ISC, possess unusually high cholinesterase activity, especially with the butyryl ester. The importance of the perivascular and neural elements in the process of steroidogenesis is suggested by the findings in this case.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2005

["Workpeople in general are healthier [...] than the masters". Experience of illness and masculinity in autobiographies of workpeople].

Workers' autobiographies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries depict, at length, diseases both in terms of physical description and impact, and in terms of psychological effects. Drastic physical defects and their consequences are explicitly described. Many writers appear weak against the primary presumption of the strong, male body of the workers. Mourning and dejection over the authors' own weaknesses and the illnesses of others (relatives and colleagues) are prevalent. However, the masculinity of the first-person narrator, in principle, is not eclipsed or overshadowed by doubt because of disease and weakened physical condition. Diseases are metaphors for bad social conditions which lead to weakness, whilst the authors succeeded in coping with their weaknesses by compensating with other abilities and talents.

Employment↗
PubMed1991

[Crossed graft of embryonic testis between quail and chick embryos: contribution to the study of the mechanism of female bird embryo masculinization].

Quail, or chick embryonic testes grafted respectively in the extraembryonic coelom of chick or quail embryos induce both a Mullerian duct regression and a masculinization of the female host gonads up to the differentiation of two testes, in some cases. Such a result confirms the fact evidenced previously in other bird species (chick and duck) that the testis-inducer is interspecific. Quail cells are not observed in histological sections of embryonic gonads of testis-grafted chicks. This allows to discard a possible influence of cells migrating from the graft to the host. The grafted testes act then through substance/s secreted in the blood stream. Present and previous experimental data strongly suggest that the same substance, i.e. the so-called anti-Mullerian hormone, is responsible for both MD regression and gonadal sex reversal.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Masculinity, femininity, and musical composition psychological and psychoendocrinological aspects of musical and spatial faculties.

Physiological and psychological masculinity and femininity were assessed in relation to musical capacities and spatial ability. Male composers had lower mean testosterone levels than male instrumentalists and male non-musicians; female composers had higher testosterone levels than female instrumentalists and female non-musicians. Testosterone in saliva was the physiological marker for androgyny. All of the groups were found to be psychologically androgynous on Bem's Sex-Role Inventory and all groups had above average spatial ability. Musicians, however, surpassed non-musicians on spatial visualization and on Witelson's Dichaptic Stimulation Test.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Masculinizing operation for a female patient with congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

A 25-year-old female with simple virilizing type of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency was treated surgically with masculinizing operations which consisted of two-stage procedures. The first procedure was chordectomy associated with excision of both gonads and female internal genitalia. Eleven months later, the second procedure consisting of urethroplasty and implantation of testicular prosthesis was performed. The postoperative course was successful in terms of urination and penile erection.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1985

Clinical, biochemical, and ovarian morphologic features in women with acanthosis nigricans and masculinization.

Nine women with acanthosis nigricans and masculinization, who did not appear to have any of the reported syndromes associated with acanthosis nigricans, were studied to characterize the clinical, biochemical, and ovarian morphologic features of their disorders. These patients had the clinical and biochemical profiles of polycystic ovarian disease. All acanthosis nigricans subjects had significant insulin resistance when insulin binding to both circulating monocytes and erythrocytes was compared to the control subjects. Microscopic examination of the ovaries revealed no evidence of recent normal ovulation, sclerosis of the ovarian cortex, follicle cysts, and stromal hyperthecosis. The authors conclude that ovarian stromal hyperthecosis and insulin resistance are consistent findings in the present type of patient. This study provides further evidence supporting a relationship between insulin resistance and human ovarian function.

Acanthosis Nigricans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Collaboration between therapists in the simultaneous treatments of a father and son with disorders of masculine identity formation.

A chronically depressed, middle-aged man with numerous intermittent psychotherapies since adolescence, sought treatment for difficulties provoked by his corrupt, former boss. Because of inadequate fathering, he had been unable to consolidate his identity as a man and a father, which inhibited the development of masculine and paternal identity in his oldest son. This patient enacted and worked through massive resistance to experiencing the idealized, paternal transference so lacking in his relationship with his own father; thereby enhancing his son's development and aiding his own separation from his mother and his wife. But this upset the family equilibrium and angered the wife, as she could no longer protect and control her husband and son, thereby enacting her transference to her alcoholic father. The psychotherapists' close collaboration helped elucidate this family's complex, interwoven psychopathology. Simultaneous treatment with collaboration thus contributed to the separation and individuation of father, mother, and son and facilitated later resolution of their oedipal conflicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Masculine and feminine personality attributes of dental students and their attitudes toward women's roles in society.

Egalitarian attitudes and the personality traits of instrumentality (masculinity) and expressiveness (femininity) were examined for 314 male and 71 female dental students. Women dental students hold far more egalitarian views toward women's roles than a norm group of women college students, who are somewhat more liberal than male dental students. Female dental students are also more instrumental than college women, though somewhat less instrumental than male dental students. Male and female dental students did not differ on expressiveness, though both were less expressive than college women. A comparison of dental students with academic psychologists suggests that successful professionals have similar personality traits regardless of gender.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of ambrein, a major constituent of ambergris, on masculine sexual behavior in rats.

The effect of ambrein, a major constituent of ambergris, was studied on the sexual behavior of male rats. The rats were administered ambrein in doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Male sexual activities were assessed by recording the erectile responses (penile erection) and homosexual mountings in the absence of female. The copulatory studies were carried out by caging males with receptive females brought into estrus with subcutaneous injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone. The copulatory pattern of treated male rats (mountings, intromissions, ejaculations and refractory period), the pendiculations (yawns/stretches) and orientation activities towards females, the environment and themselves, were recorded. Ambrein produced recurrent episodes of penile erection, a dose-dependent, vigorous and repetitive increase in intromissions and an increased anogenital investigatory behavior, identifying the drug used in the present study as a sexual stimulant. It is conceivable from the present results that the ambrein-modified masculine sexual behavior in male rats supports the folk use of this drug as an aphrodisiac.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Beyond the he and the she: toward the reconciliation of masculinity and femininity in the postoedipal female mind.

This paper concerns a postoedipal psyche organization in the female mind whereby early overinclusive body-ego representations and cross-sex identifications are recuperated symbolically in the context of a differentiated female identity. This reintegration allows the female to symbolize what has been "lost" upon awareness of sex differences, play out masculine aspects without there being a threat to her core, primary feminine identity, and by linking rather than prohibiting cross-gender representations, provide imaginative elaboration and empathic access to another as a subject. This state does not reflect a denial of difference; rather, it reflects a psychic organization that uses symbolization to play with differences. Bisexual conflict can be mastered rather than repressed. Such mastery transcends normative, rigid, polarized sexual positions and gender conformity, perversions, and disturbed gender identity. Within the classical discourse, this mastery is suggested as an expansion of our limited and archaic notions of a genital stage specifically for the female. A new elaboration of a specific female genital stage can deepen our understanding of adult femininity and the development of cross-gender transference.

Adolescent↗