Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Maps as Topic”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

The use of mapping in public health and planning health services.

The availability of relatively inexpensive, user-friendly geographical information systems, with a steadily extending range of analytic and other facilities, provides a powerful tool for the analysis and display of the increasing number of health-related data sets, and for their greater accessibility. Relationships between several sets of variables can become immediately apparent from a map in a way that is much more difficult to comprehend from a table or description. It is also easy to define ad hoc areas, such as the area adjacent to a possible toxic point source or to a main road, in terms of unit postcodes and Census output areas, to determine standardized rates for mortality and hospital admissions. Apart from the geographical information system itself, the basic requirements are access to relevant data sets including Census data, and to the central postcode directory, which provides grid references for unit postcodes and permits matching of postcoded health events to Census output areas.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2001

Outdoor background ELF magnetic fields in an urban environment.

Classification of 'exposed/non-exposed' subjects in epidemiological studies concerning the possible cancer risk associated with ELF magnetic field exposure is based on the a priori assumption of magnetic field value cut-off points that, often, are defined equal to minimum exposure levels typical of a population residing near high voltage facilities (0.1-4.2 microT), but in some cases an environmental magnetic field level not associated with transmission lines can exist. The results of an ELF magnetic field survey in an Italian urban area (about 1 million inhabitants) are presented: average field levels are correlated with population density of different districts. Exposure indexes are obtained, which are compared with those evaluated in studies regarding domestic exposure: background average levels result in comparable to cut-off points in epidemiological studies, but in some districts with high population density, they are much higher. This shows that knowledge of background magnetic field level in urban areas can assume a significant role in exposure assessment.

Background Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A capacity mapping approach to public health training resources.

The capacity mapping approach can be used to identify existing community resources. As part of this approach, inventories are used to provide information for a capacity map. The authors describe the development of two inventories and a capacity map for public health workforce development. For the first inventory, the authors contacted 754 institutions to determine available public health training resources; 191 institutions reported resources, including 126 directly providing distance learning technologies and courses or modules addressing important competency domains. Distance learning technologies included video conferencing facilities (61%) and satellite download facilities (50%). For the second inventory, the authors obtained information on 129 distance-accessible public health training modules. The workforce development capacity map produced from these two inventories revealed substantial resources available for use by individuals or agencies wishing to improve training in public health competencies.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed2004

Radiological maps of outdoor and indoor gamma dose rates in Greek urban areas obtained by in situ gamma spectrometry.

The results obtained from 259 indoor and outdoor in situ gamma spectrometry measurements with a portable Ge detector and 707 total gamma dose rate measurements with an NaI detector in urban areas of 16 Greek islands are presented. From the in situ gamma spectra, the absorbed dose rate in air due to Uranium series, Thorium series, (40)K and (137)Cs are derived and discussed. The results obtained from the present work in conjunction with those reported previously were used for the realization of a complete indoor and outdoor gamma radiation map of Greek urban areas using in situ gamma spectrometry with portable Ge detector.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1994

Potential pitfalls in interpreting maps of stabilized rates.

There have been many advances in the mapping of disease mortality and morbidity rates in recent years. An increasingly common approach is to calculate "stabilized" rates for individual geographic areas by incorporating information from the entire set of data. One such method, adopted by the Environmental Protection Agency [corrected] for its mortality maps, is described and applied to national end-stage renal disease data. Some possible difficulties in interpretation are noted, resulting from: (1) insufficient shrinkage, (2) highly skewed rate distributions, (3) different denominator distributions, and (4) variations in population density.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Determination of concentrations of selected radionuclides in surface soil in the U.S.

Background radionuclide concentrations in surface soil across the U.S. have been measured by the Remedial Action Survey and Certification Activities Group of the Health and Safety Research Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These measurements have been made as part of the ORNL program of radiological surveillance at inactive uranium mills and sites formerly utilized during Manhattan Engineer District and early Atomic Energy Commission projects. The background soil sampling program involved determination of 226Ra, 232Th and 238U concentrations in surface soil samples for comparative purposes to determine the extent of contamination present at the survey sites and surrounding off-site areas. The sampling program to date has provided background information at 356 locations in 33 states. The nationwide average concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 238U in surface soil were determined to be 1.1, 0.98 and 1.0 pCi/g, respectively. This paper summarizes the results of these background measurements and provides a brief analysis of regional differences and similarities in data values.

Background Radiation↗
PubMed1994

Indoor radon maps of the United States.

A recently published compilation of average radon levels in 1,729 U.S. counties with standard errors of approximately 20% is used to generate maps exhibiting these results and showing correlations over multicounty areas. Several large areas and numerous smaller areas with high radon levels are identified.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2002

Small area analysis on a large scale--the California experience in mapping teenage birth "hot spots" for resource allocation.

Small-area analysis has become an important tool in the effective targeting of limited public health resources. In California, new funding for teenage pregnancy prevention programs required more and better information to justify the allocation of these funds to areas with the greatest need. Consequently, these funds were allocated using maps with census tract analyses of teenage birth rates and an overlay of geographic frequencies. State and local agencies' programs have responded with positive feedback to the maps, and public health management subsequently has augmented funding for mapping equipment and training. The lessons learned and future directions are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Identifying HIV prevention service needs of African American men who have sex with men: an application of spatial analysis techniques to service planning.

BACKGROUND: Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are a priority population for HIV prevention. METHOD: We applied spatial analysis techniques to map the availability of HIV prevention services to young black MSM in Chicago to guide prevention planning. GIS was used to map characteristics of ZIP codes in Chicago. Choropleth maps and descriptive statistics were used to visualize and analyze the data. RESULTS: Areas where young black MSM reside typically have low HIV service densities. HIV service density also corresponds poorly to some ZIP codes in which young black MSM who report high rates of unprotected sexual behavior reside. CONCLUSION: Spatial analysis can show whether services are located near specific populations of interest. Data from multiple sources can be integrated to explore relationships among characteristics of geographic zones.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2001

Nitrogen deposition and leaching from two forested catchments in Southwest China--preliminary data and research needs.

Increased nitrogen deposition has resulted in increased nitrogen pools and nitrogen leaching in European and North American forest soils. The development in Asia in general, and China in particular, suggests increased deposition of reduced nitrogen from changes in agricultural practices and of oxidized nitrogen from rapid growth of the transportation sector. Decreased nitrogen retention in forested areas in the future may cause increased NO3- leaching and, thus, acidification and eutrophication in surface waters. The differences in climate, ecosystems, land use, and deposition history make direct application of knowledge from studies in Europe and North America difficult. In Southwest China the potential for nitrogen mobilization from forest soils may be high because of the warm and humid climate, resulting in high decomposition rates of soil organic matter. However, there are very few data available for quantifying the suspected potential for increased nitrogen leaching in forest ecosystems. Here we present data from two forested catchments, dominated by Masson pine (Pinus massoniana), near Guiyang and Chongqing, respectively, in Southwest China. The present nitrogen deposition is moderate, estimated in the range from 10 to 40 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). The C/N ratios of the soils are generally below 15. Nitrate concentrations in soil water are rather variable in space, with highest values of several hundred microequivalents per liter. The turnover rate of nitrogen in the forest ecosystem is quite high compared to the atmospheric deposition rate. At present, nitrate runoff from the catchments is low and intermediate in Guiyang and Chongqing, respectively. More research is needed to improve our ability to predict future nitrogen leaching from subtropical Asian coniferous forests.

Carbon↗
PubMed2001

Impact of a first-order riparian zone on nitrogen removal and export from an agricultural ecosystem.

Riparian zones are reputed to be effective at preventing export of agricultural groundwater nitrogen (N) from local ecosystems. This is one impetus behind riparian zone regulations and initiatives. However, riparian zone function can vary under different conditions, with varying impacts on the regional (and ultimately global) environment. Rates of groundwater delivery to the surface appear to have significant effects on the N-removing capabilities of a riparian zone. Research conducted at a first-order agricultural watershed with a well-defined riparian zone in the Maryland coastal plain indicates that more than 2.5 kg/day of nitrate-N can be exported under moderate-to-high stream baseflow conditions. The total nitrate-N load that exits the system increases with increasing flow not simply because of the greater volume of water export. Stream water nitrate-N concentrations also increase by more than an order of magnitude as flow increases, at least during baseflow. This appears to be largely the result of changes in dominant groundwater delivery mechanisms. Higher rates of groundwater exfiltration lessen the contact time between nitrate-carrying groundwater and potentially reducing riparian soils. Subsurface preferential flow paths, in the wetland and adjacent field, also strongly influence N removal. Simple assumptions regarding riparian zone function may be inadequate because of complexities observed in response to changing hydrologic conditions.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Applying nitrogen site-specifically using soil electrical conductivity maps and precision agriculture technology.

Soil texture varies significantly within many agricultural fields. The physical properties of soil, such as soil texture, have a direct effect on water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, crop yield, production capability, and nitrogen (N) loss variations within a field. In short, mobile nutrients are used, lost, and stored differently as soil textures vary. A uniform application of N to varying soils results in a wide range of N availability to the crop. N applied in excess of crop usage results in a waste of the grower"s input expense, a potential negative effect on the environment, and in some crops a reduction of crop quality, yield, and harvestability. Inadequate N levels represent a lost opportunity for crop yield and profit. The global positioning system (GPS)-referenced mapping of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) has been shown to serve as an effective proxy for soil texture and other soil properties. Soils with a high clay content conduct more electricity than coarser textured soils, which results in higher EC values. This paper will describe the EC mapping process and provide case studies of site-specific N applications based on EC maps. Results of these case studies suggest that N can be managed site-specifically using a variety of management practices, including soil sampling, variable yield goals, and cropping history.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Large-scale mapping and predictive modeling of submerged aquatic vegetation in a shallow eutrophic lake.

A spatially intensive sampling program was developed for mapping the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) over an area of approximately 20,000 ha in a large, shallow lake in Florida, U.S. The sampling program integrates Geographic Information System (GIS) technology with traditional field sampling of SAV and has the capability of producing robust vegetation maps under a wide range of conditions, including high turbidity, variable depth (0 to 2 m), and variable sediment types. Based on sampling carried out in August-September 2000, we measured 1,050 to 4,300 ha of vascular SAV species and approximately 14,000 ha of the macroalga Chara spp. The results were similar to those reported in the early 1990s, when the last large-scale SAV sampling occurred. Occurrence of Chara was strongly associated with peat sediments, and maximal depths of occurrence varied between sediment types (mud, sand, rock, and peat). A simple model of Chara occurrence, based only on water depth, had an accuracy of 55%. It predicted occurrence of Chara over large areas where the plant actually was not found. A model based on sediment type and depth had an accuracy of 75% and produced a spatial map very similar to that based on observations. While this approach needs to be validated with independent data in order to test its general utility, we believe it may have application elsewhere. The simple modeling approach could serve as a coarse-scale tool for evaluating effects of water level management on Chara populations.

Biomass↗