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PubMed2005

How increased pertussis vaccination coverage is changing the epidemiology of pertussis in Italy.

The epidemiology of pertussis in Italy is described by using data from the statutory notification system and from seroepidemiology studies. Starting from the 1990s, the incidence of pertussis in Italy has shown a sharp decline and is now at the lowest level ever reached. During this time period vaccination coverage has increased from 88% in 1998 to 95% in 2003. In 1996-97, the prevalence of subjects with levels of IgG antibodies against PT greater than 2EU/ml was 77.6%. The increase in vaccination coverage will probably change the pattern of disease transmission and increase the number of susceptible adults, unless administration of booster doses to adolescents and adults is considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The efficacy of mouse-brain inactivated Nakayama strain Japanese encephalitis vaccine--results from 30 years experience in Taiwan.

An intensive mandatory vaccination program has been underway, combating Japanese encephalitis (JE) since 1968 in Taiwan. Long-term collection of immunization records has been developed from 1967 to 2000 in this study to retrospectively assess the efficacy of the mouse-brain inactivated Nakayama JE vaccine. The vaccine efficacy (VE) of completing at least two doses of the JE vaccine was 96.98%. Among 1 to 14-year-old children, the efficacy of completing 1, 2, and 3 doses of immunization was 85.59%, 91.07% and 98.51%, respectively. Furthermore, the long-term efficacy for a single dose vaccinated at least 25 years was 86.79%, and for 2 and 3 doses it was 88.10% and 95.54%, respectively. In contrast to previous studies that recommended at least two doses of JE vaccination to acquire necessary protection, the empirical results in this study indicated that even immunization with one single dose provides sufficient protection to the population. However, a single dose of JE vaccine might still be beneficial for some JE epidemic or endemic developing countries with limited resources for infectious disease control.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Health workers and the human immunodeficiency virus: knowledge, ignorance and behaviour.

The attitude of health personnel towards the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has a great influence on public opinion. Thus appropriate knowledge about HIV and its routes of transmission, plus safe and professional behaviour are crucial. A survey of 359 Norwegian health workers (75% response) revealed that factual knowledge was good. Fear of occupational transmission was substantial, but was not reflected in behaviour: 25-50% of the personnel reported not using gloves when exposed to blood. No relationship was found between knowledge and behaviour. A majority (79%) of the sample held the view that every hospital patient should be routinely tested on admission. Seventy-four per cent advocated preoperative screening, with special precautions if the results are positive. Knowledge did not seem to influence these attitudes. It is concluded that the behaviour of health personnel in relation to occupational risks is unrelated to factual knowledge, and further studies are needed to uncover behavioral determinants.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Outcome of short-term hospitalization for children with severe asthma.

This study presents results of a family-centered, short-term residential program in which medical, behavioral, and treatment assessments were provided to the child with severe asthma and the family. After a median stay of 15 days, forty-four consecutively admitted children with severe asthma achieved a 93% reduction in hospital days (median, 7 hospital days for the year before treatment versus median 0 hospital days per patient per year at 20 1/2-month follow-up; p less than 0.001) and an 81% reduction in emergency care (median, 4 visits for the year previously versus median, 0.4 visits per patient per year at follow-up; p less than 0.01). There was also a significant reduction in corticosteroid bursts and improvement in FEV1. Unique to this program was mandatory family participation focusing on the child's and family's adaptation to severe asthma and development of family-specific interventions to promote compliance with the treatment regimen. Child and family functioning was assessed at admission and follow-up. Hospital use at follow-up was greater for children from dysfunctional families. Families demonstrating difficulties in disciplining the child with asthma required more hospital days both before admission and at follow-up. Short-term hospitalization for children with severe asthma is associated with significant improvement in pulmonary morbidity when the family of the child is included in assessment and treatment.

Acute Disease↗