Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MENSTRUATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Bone metabolism in female runners. Menstruation disorders are frequent among long-distance runners, but the bone mass is not influenced, with the exception of runners with amenorrhea].

The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of exercise-related menstrual and sex hormonal disturbances and the effect of exercise on bone mass and metabolism in female runners at various training levels. Two hundred and five premenopausal women (running 0-140 km a week) were recruited from a large population of female runners, who had responded to a questionnaire regarding exercise habits. Maximum oxygen uptake was determined by treadmill testing. Gynaecological status was assessed on entries in a menstrual calendar and by transvaginal ultrasonography; and sex hormonal status was measured three times with 10-day intervals. Bone mass was measured in the lumbar spine, proximal femurs and total body by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and in the forearm by single photon absorptiometry. Bone turnover was assessed by plasma osteocalcin, serum alkaline phosphatase, and urinary calcium and hydroxyproline. The results showed that sex hormonal disturbances were significantly related to training intensity. Compared with the normally active women, the baseline levels and fluctuations of oestradiol and progesterone in the elite runners were reduced by up to 25-44%, (0.01 < p < 0.05). The prevalence of amenorrhoea increased from 1% in the normally active to 11% in the elite runners. No statistically significant relation was found between running activity and bone mass or bone turnover. However, the group of amenorrhoeic runners had a 10% reduction in lumbar bone mass as compared to the normally menstruating runners (p < 0.05), but the bone turnover was similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Iron levels in 1359 Danish women in relation to menstruation, use of oral contraceptives and parity].

Iron status was assessed by measuring serum ferritin and haemoglobin in a population survey in Copenhagen County, comprising 1359 nonpregnant women in age cohorts of 30, 40, 50, and 60 years; 809 were premenopausal and 550 postmenopausal. Premenopausal women had lower serum ferritin (median 37 micrograms/l) than postmenopausal women (median 71 micrograms/l), p < 0.0001. Of premenopausal women, 17.7% had ferritin < 15 micrograms/l (depleted iron stores), and 23.1% had ferritin levels of 15-30 micrograms/l (small iron stores). Corresponding figures in postmenopausal women were 3.3% and 10.3%. Iron deficiency anaemia (ferritin < 15 micrograms/l and haemoglobin < 121 g/l) was observed in 2.6% of pre- and 0.36% of postmenopausal women. After menstruations had ceased, there was a steep rise in ferritin levels, being most pronounced during the first 7 postmenopausal years. Pre- and postmenopausal multipara had lower ferritin than nulli- and unipara (p < 0.04), indicating that pregnancy and childbirth had a long lasting reducing influence on iron stores. The use of oral hormonal contraceptives had a marked increasing effect on iron stores, being correlated to the number of years the women had been taking the pill.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Menstruation pneumothorax].

Report on the appearance of a spontaneous pneumothorax dependent on the menstruation with a 40-year-old patient. The possible causes and the therapeutic proceedings are discussed here.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Catamenial pneumothorax during menstruation].

Recurring pneumothorax associated with menstruation was named catamenial pneumothorax. Proposed causes for catamenial pneumothorax include allows air to enter the peritoneal cavity via the genital tract, prostaglandins, diaphragmatic fenestrations and systemic endometriosis. In this article, we review the literature experience with this entity and critically assess treatment options based on pathophysiology mechanism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of hyaluronan in human endometrium across the menstrual cycle. Implications for implantation and menstruation.

Hyaluronan is a molecule with many known roles in cellular physiology and is often associated with tissue remodeling. The human endometrium undergoes dramatic remodeling during the course of the normal menstrual cycle but its regulation is not well understood. This study examined the levels of deposition of hyaluronan in human cycling endometrium by histochemical localization, using a highly specific hyaluronan-binding peptide. This was facilitated by avoiding conventional formalin fixation, which results in serious loss of the water-soluble hyaluronan. Peaks of hyaluronan deposition were observed in the stromal compartment during the mid-proliferative (days 5-10) and the mid-secretory phase (days 19-23) of the cycle. In physiological terms, the first phase corresponds to the time of rapid cellular proliferation of undifferentiated cells, whereas the second phase coincides with the time when the implantation of the conceptus would be initiated in a fertile cycle. By the time menstruation starts, very little hyaluronan remains in the stroma. In contrast with the stromal staining, hyaluronan deposition around blood vessels was constant throughout the cycle. The dramatic changes in hyaluronan deposition and their correlation with the cyclic growth and remodeling in the human endometrium suggest a major role for hyaluronan in the physiology of this tissue.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1994

Cyclic changes in endometrial tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in women with normal menstruation and essential menorrhagia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of essential menorrhagia. STUDY DESIGN: We measured fibrinolytic activity and the concentration of the fibrinolytic activators, tissue plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in endometrial extracts at various stages of the menstrual cycle in patients with normal menstrual loss (< or = 80 ml per cycle) and essential menorrhagia (> 80 ml per cycle). Tissue plasminogen activator activity was assayed by measuring the rate of conversion of Glu-plasminogen to plasmin with a chromogenic plasmin substrate. Enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to measure tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen levels. RESULTS: Women with essential menorrhagia had higher endometrial tissue plasminogen activator activity in the menstrual phase compared with controls (p < 0.01). Endometrial tissue plasminogen activator antigen levels were higher in both the late secretory (p < 0.01) and menstrual (p < 0.001) phases in essential menorrhagia than in the normal group. Endometrial plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 was significantly higher in essential menorrhagia only in the menstrual phase (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The premenstrual rise in tissue plasminogen activator antigen production with delayed increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is the probable cause of the greater endometrial tissue plasminogen activator activity that occurs during menstruation in women with essential menorrhagia.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Insulin responses following glucose administration in menstruating women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in insulin sensitivity during the menstrual cycle, in a group of regularly menstruating black African women. METHOD: Insulin responses to intravenous glucose (300 mg/kg) were assessed, for up to 3 h, in 3 groups of age- and body mass-matched non-obese sedentary Nigerian women: Group A, 7 women in the menstrual follicular phase; Group B, 7 women in the menstrual luteal phase; C, 7 men. RESULT: Women in the menstrual luteal phase had the greatest integrated first-phase insulin response and insulin/glucose ratios, much higher than the similar values for these variables obtained in other groups. This suggests that the menstrual luteal phase is associated with relative insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: Black African women in the menstrual luteal phase demonstrate an exaggerated insulin response to an acute glucose load and are thus relatively insulin-insensitive. This confirms previous observations in Caucasians.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The abuse of high dose estrogen/progestin combination drugs in delay of menstruation: the assumptions and practices of doctors, midwives and pharmacists in a Peruvian city.

The results are presented of a field study of the use of high dose Estrogen/Progestin combination drugs in Cusco, Peru, 1987. In Western countries the sale of these products is restricted. In the 1970s the use of high dose Estrogen/Progestin combination drugs as a hormonal pregnancy test was assumed to cause birth defects. Still these drugs have high sales data in Third World countries, where they are marketed for the treatment of menstrual disorders and for pregnancy diagnosis. A widespread misuse as abortifacient is assumed, although the abortive effect has never been proved. In this study 112 gynaecological consultations by doctors and 53 by midwives were observed. Seventeen health professionals and 26 salesmen in pharmacies were interviewed. It turned out that doctors and midwives prescribe high dose Estrogen/Progestin combination drugs to women whose periods are delayed. Of the consults 33% concerned this complaint. Women prefer "hindsight" birth control methods. Abortion is illegal. Under the cover of menstruation regulation or pregnancy diagnosis health professionals meet the wishes of women who search for an abortifacient. The products can easily be obtained without prescription. It is suggested that high dose Estrogen/Progestin combination drugs should be withdrawn from the market.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1996

Community screening to reveal iron deficiency in healthy menstruating women in Israelian suburbs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of iron deficiency among healthy women of child-bearing age, study the predictive value of blood hemoglobin level for this condition and assess the efficacy of a community screening program. METHOD: All healthy women aged 18-45 years registered with one community outpatient clinic were requested to complete a questionnaire on present and past medical history; one-third also completed a second questionnaire on symptoms related to anemia. All underwent a blood test for hemoglobin, serum-saturated transferrin and ferritin levels. RESULTS: Of the 163 women who complied (83% of the targeted population), 25.8% were diagnosed as having iron deficiency; of these 40.5% had a hemoglobin level of 12 g% or higher. The most sensitive indicator proved to be serum ferritin level. Iron deficiency was more prevalent in women with a personal history of anemia. Only 34.1% of the study group completed follow-up. CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of iron deficiency among women of childbearing age. However, because of the surprisingly low compliance with follow-up visits, preventive periodic screening of healthy menstruating women using routine blood tests is not recommended at this time, except for those with specific complaints or who are at high risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Power Doppler ultrasound studies of ovarian, uterine, and endometrial blood flow in regularly menstruating women with respect to luteal phase defects.

The menstrual cycle outcome of 71 regularly menstruating women was ovulatory in 60.5% of the cases, luteal phase defect in 25.3%, luteinized unruptured follicle in 11.2%, and anovulatory in 2.8%. Significantly lower resistance indices were seen in the uterine, arcuate, radial, and spiral arteries of the ovulatory group in the midluteal phase, which was inversely related to the P level.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pilot study investigating the age-related decline in ovarian function of regularly menstruating normal women.

OBJECTIVE: To use a pilot study to investigate markers of the age-related decline in ovarian function of regularly menstruating normal women. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary research center. PATIENT(S): Healthy volunteers (n = 42) aged 18 to 50 years who had regular ovulatory menstrual cycles and a prior pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): A single 300-IU dose of human recombinant FSH on day 3 of the menstrual cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Antral follicle count by transvaginal ultrasound and basal and FSH-stimulated serum markers. RESULT(S): Age correlated most strongly with FSH-stimulated inhibin B (r = -0.660), followed by antral follicle count (r = -0.578), basal FSH (r = 0.509), basal Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS; r = -0.468), and basal inhibin B (r = -0.358). Total antral follicle count correlated most strongly with basal MIS level (r = 0.642). CONCLUSION(S): Of the parameters tested, FSH-stimulated serum inhibin B level had the strongest correlation with age. Basal serum MIS level had the strongest correlation with total antral follicle count. We confirm a previous report that in normal women, the antral follicle count as determined by transvaginal ultrasound examination correlates better with age than do basal FSH and basal inhibin B levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Ovarian aging and bone metabolism in menstruating women aged 35-50 years.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the levels of gonadotrophins, estradiol, inhibin-b and bone mass and turn-over in regularly menstruating women aged 35-50 years. METHODS: The study group included 87 healthy volunteers from the community aged 35-50 years. Bone mineral density of lumbar vertebras, wards triangle, throchanter, femur neck, bone resorption and formation markers were studied as well as the serum levels of gonadotrophins, estradiol and inhibin-b on the day 3 of menstrual cycle. RESULTS: The gonadotrophin levels showed significant positive relation with age, whereas inhibin-b and estradiol levels showed significant negative correlation with age. The gonadotrophins and estradiol levels had no significant association with bone mass and bone formation markers. Increased gonadotrophin (p < 0.001) levels and decreased inhibin-b (p < 0.01) levels independent from age were correlated with increased bone resorption. Gonadotrophins, estradiol, age, inhibin-b, body mass index (BMI) were the confounding factors for bone resorption (p = 0.015, R(2) = 0.190) and lumbar bone mass (p = 0.041, R(2) = 0.148). Multivariate analysis showed an independent contribution of inhibin-b and BMI in the prediction of lumbar bone mass. CONCLUSION: This findings suggested that estradiol was not the only factor responsible for bone loss and decrease in reproductive function because increased gonadotrophins and decreased inhibin-b levels might trigger some changes in bone metabolism prior to the menopause.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Embryo implantation during menstruation in the absence of adequate estradiol and progesterone support, with subsequent normal response to ovulation induction and superfetation.

OBJECTIVE: To report an unusual case of embryo implantation and superfetation. DESIGN: Retrospective case analysis. SETTING: Oak Brook Fertility Center. PATIENT(S): A 41-year-old woman underwent two consecutive ovarian stimulation cycles interrupted by a normal menstrual period. Ovulation and implantation occurred during both cycles. The first embryo conceived developed normally until term; the second failed to develop. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Retrospective analysis of stored blood samples for serum E2, P, and beta-hCG levels. RESULT(S): Rising beta-hCG levels during menstruation indicated normal embryonic implantation in the absence of adequate E2 and P support. During subsequent ovarian stimulation, there was a normal follicular and E2 response and normal ovulation in spite of the ongoing pregnancy. The second embryo, conceived during the second cycle of stimulation, implanted but failed to develop. CONCLUSION(S): This unusual case indicates that E2, P, and endometrial thickness requirements for successful implantation may not always be as critical as postulated previously. The absence of a decidual response might have facilitated superfetation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Economics of reducing menstruation with trimonthly-cycle oral contraceptive therapy: comparison with standard-cycle regimens.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether, and under what circumstances, trimonthly-cycle oral contraceptive pill (OCP) therapy is cost saving over standard-cycle OCP therapy for reducing the severity of menstrual-related symptoms. METHODS: We created three economic models, with each model representing a unique cost perspective (societal, private third party, and patient), to estimate the incremental annual costs associated with women taking trimonthly-cycle rather than standard-cycle OCP. Direct costs considered were costs for OCP prescriptions, female hygiene products, generic over-the-counter pain relievers and iron tablets, home pregnancy tests, and physician visits for menstrual-related concerns. Indirect costs considered were lost wages due to menstruation-related disability and opportunity costs of physician visits. We derived base-case and sensitivity range estimates from prior literature, public use data, expert opinion, and cross-sectional survey data that we collected from 59 adult women taking standard-cycle OCP visiting a large, community-based gynecology office. All costs were adjusted to 2002 US dollars. RESULTS: Under base-case assumptions that both regimens were equivalently priced (1.16 US dollars/pill) and trimonthly OCP reduces hygiene product use by 50%, annual societal costs per person were 460 US dollars for trimonthly OCP and 501 US dollars for standard OCP (incremental cost savings = 41 US dollars). Assuming no difference in monthly drug copayment costs between the two regimens (5.00 US dollars), annual private third-party costs were nearly identical at 365 US dollars per regimen. Annual patient costs were 95 US dollars for trimonthly OCP and 136 US dollars for standard OCP. Trimonthly OCP remained cost saving to society as long its price remained below a 9% premium to standard OCP prices. The degree to which trimonthly OCP reduces hygiene product use also significantly influenced the cost difference between the two regimens. CONCLUSION: Compared with standard-cycle OCP, trimonthly-cycle OCP appears to be associated with significant societal and patient cost savings. These savings are highly conditional upon trimonthly OCP being priced similarly to standard OCP.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation in menstrual cycle length and cessation of menstruation in captive raised baboons.

Primatologists have recognized that non-humans undergo the menopause [Biol. Reprod. 68 (2003) 10], which is preceded by years of irregular cycles and decreased fecundity. The similarity of reproductive changes between humans and baboons suggests that the aging female baboon is a particularly promising model to study human menopause and changes that precede it. In an effort to provide an assessment of potential peri-menopausal changes in reproductive function in non-human primates, our goals were to determine if menstrual cycles become more variable with age and to identify the onset of changes consistent with peri-menopause and menopause in baboons. To accomplish these goals, we calculated means and variances for menstrual cycle lengths of females at ages 5, 10, 15, and 20 years and identified onset of menstrual cycle variability (peri-menopause) and cessation of menstruation (menopause). Mean cycle lengths were not significantly different, but significant heterogeneity of variances existed, with younger animals experiencing less variability than older animals. Mean ages of onset for the peri- and menopausal transitions were 18.89 and 26.34 years, respectively. These results provide evidence that captive aging female baboons experience menstrual cycle changes similar to peri- and menopausal women.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Lipoproteins and BMI: a comparison between women during transition to menopause and regularly menstruating healthy women.

UNLABELLED: One hundred and forty-three women born 1942 were followed for 5 years during transition to menopause (49--54 years of age). Changes in menopausal status, body mass index (BMI) and circulating lipoproteins cholesterol, (chol), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein, (HDL) and total triglycerides (TG) were measured, once yearly and compared with a control group of normally menstruating healthy, non-smoking women 23--39 years old. RESULTS: Chol was significantly higher P<0.0001 in the study group visits 1--5 when compared with the controls and higher at visit 4 compared with visit 1(P<0.05) LDL was significantly lower in the study group and at visit 5 compared with visit 2 (P<0.05) HDL was significantly lower at visits 1--3 and 5 when compared with the controls (P<0.001) and to visit 4 (P<0.0001). TG was significantly higher in the study group (P<0.0001) and increased significantly during the 5-year study. BMI was significantly higher in the older women (P<0.001) and increased during 5-years of study (P<0.0001). When multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed at visit 5 using education, menopausal status, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), BMI and smoking as predictor variables, postmenopausal status was found to be significantly associated with high LDL (P<0.3), while high BMI significantly predicted low HDL and high TG levels. Perimenopausal status was significantly associated with high HDL levels. CONCLUSION: Age, BMI and menopausal status are significant predictors of circulating lipoprotein levels during transition to menopause.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Basal concentrations of oestradiol may predict the outcome of in-vitro maturation in regularly menstruating women.

Retrospectively it was examined whether the number of retrieved oocytes, the maturation rate and cleavage rate can be predicted in regularly menstruating women by the use of the following predictive variables on cycle day 3-4: the concentration of FSH, oestradiol, inhibin B and inhibin A in serum and and the number of ovarian follicles seen by vaginal ultrasound. The study included 132 consecutive aspirations in 100 women attending the clinic for in-vitro maturation due to male factor and/or tubal factor. Fifteen pregnancies were obtained after transfer in 83 cycles, giving a pregnancy rate of 15/132 (11%) per aspiration and 15/83 (18%) per transfer. The concentration of FSH and the number of follicles on day 3 predicted the number of oocytes retrieved, whereas these parameters did not predict the subsequent development of oocytes. No correlation was found between the inhibin B, inhibin A, oestradiol and the number of oocytes respectively. The group with a low concentration of oestradiol on cycle day 3 (threshold <200 pmol/l) (group 1, n = 106 cycles) had a significantly higher pregnancy rate compared to the group with a higher concentration (group 2, n = 26 cycles) (14 versus 0% per aspiration, P = 0.03). The group with a low concentration of oestradiol was subdivided according to the concentration of inhibin A. Group 1a: low inhibin A (threshold <10 pg/ml, n = 84 cycles) and group 1b: high inhibin A concentration (> or =10 pg/ml, n = 19). The pregnancy rate in group 1a (14/84, 17%) differed significantly from group 1b (0/19, 0%) (P = 0.03). It is concluded that a low basal concentration of oestradiol (<200 pmol/l) was shown to be a useful prognostic factor of pregnancy in IVM. The concentration of inhibin A (<10 pg/ml) was of added value.

Culture Techniques↗
PubMed1990

A biochemical test for the direct assessment of endometrial function: measurement of the major secretory endometrial protein PP14 in serum during menstruation in relation to ovulation and luteal function.

Circulating PP14 was measured by radioimmunoassay in ovulating (n = 12) and anovulatory (n = 3) women throughout the menstrual cycle, the highest levels of serum PP14 being seen during menstruation and in the late luteal phase in ovulating women. Mean serum PP14 levels on days 1-7 and 24-28 of the menstrual cycle were significantly higher than those observed from days 8 to 23 (P less than 0.0005 and P = 0.005 respectively). There was no difference in mean PP14 levels observed in the menstrual and luteal phase. By contrast, serum PP14 was rarely detected in anovulatory cycles. During the luteal phase, mean serum PP14 levels were apparently not related to serum progesterone levels. However, mean PP14 levels during the menstrual phase were significantly higher in the group of women with the highest progesterone production (Pmax greater than 39 nmol/l) (P less than 0.002) in comparison with levels seen in ovulating women with lower progesterone production (Pmax less than 32 nmol/l). These findings suggest that the synthesis and secretion of PP14 is influenced by ovulation and luteal function. Serum PP14 measurements may provide useful information about the endometrium in relation to fertility, and that these measurements during the menstrual cycle may distinguish between ovulatory and anovulatory cycles.

Adult↗