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PubMed1999

Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of age-associated changes in body composition of male Brown Norway rats: association of serum leptin levels with peripheral adiposity.

Aging-associated alterations in body composition are accompanied by changes in the endocrine system. We evaluated, in male Brown Norway rats, the effects of aging on body composition and the association with serum levels of leptin, insulin, and testosterone. Body composition was assessed cross-sectionally in male rats (3, 8, 17, and 29 months) by a combination of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and dissection of specific muscles and adipose depots. Longitudinal changes in body composition were quantified by DEXA before and after 3 months of ad-libitum feeding. Body weight, lean mass, absolute and percentage fat increased with age, whereas percentage of lean mass decreased. Leptin and insulin levels increased with age in proportion to adiposity; the increase in leptin with age was related to increased total and peripheral, but not visceral, fat. Testosterone decreased with age, and was associated with decreased lean and skeletal muscle mass. These findings suggest that alterations in body composition with age may be due to decreased trophic and increased lipogenic hormones. Relative to other rodent models, Brown Norway rats undergo shifts in body composition and in the hormonal milieu that are consistent with changes seen in aging humans.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Racial differences in influenza vaccination among older Americans 1996-2000: longitudinal analysis of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey.

BACKGROUND: Influenza is a common and serious public health problem among the elderly. The influenza vaccine is safe and effective. METHODS: The purpose of the study was to determine whether frequencies of receipt vary by race, age group, gender, and time (progress from 1995/1996 to 2000), and whether any racial differences remain in age groups covered by Medicare. Subjects were selected from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (12,652 Americans 50-61 years of age (1992-2000)) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey (8,124 community-dwelling seniors aged 70+ years (1993-2000)). Using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, we estimated the relationship between race, age group, gender, time and the main outcome measure, receipt of influenza vaccination in the last 2 years. RESULTS: There has been a clear increase in the unadjusted rates of receipt of influenza vaccination for all groups from 1995/1996 to 2000. However, the proportions immunized are 10-20% higher among White than among Black elderly, with no obvious narrowing of the racial gap from 1995/1996 to 2000. There is an increase in rates from age 50 to age 65. After age 70, the rate appears to plateau. In multivariate analyses, the racial difference remains after adjusting for a series of socioeconomic, health, and health care related variables. (HRS: OR = 0.63 (0.55-0.72), AHEAD: OR = 0.55 (0.44-0.66)) CONCLUSIONS: There is much work left if the Healthy People 2010 goal of 90% of the elderly immunized against influenza annually is to be achieved. Close coordination between public health programs and clinical prevention efforts in primary care is necessary, but to be truly effective, these services must be culturally appropriate.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1994

Socioregulatory effects on squirrel monkey pituitary-adrenal activity: a longitudinal analysis of cortisol and ACTH.

Squirrel monkeys show unusually prolonged elevations in plasma cortisol when separated from like-sex social companions. To determine whether this hypersecretion of cortisol reflects a deficiency in feedback mechanisms that normally inhibit the prolonged activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis, we simultaneously measured plasma cortisol and corticotropin (ACTH) in 30 juvenile monkeys housed in established groups, individual cages, and newly formed groups. As found in recent longitudinal studies of adults, when juveniles were living without companions, mean cortisol titers were consistently higher than those observed when the same juveniles were living in like-sex social groups. When cortisol was elevated, however, ACTH titers were significantly and chronically reduced. These results suggest that elevated cortisol does inhibit ACTH synthesis or release, and that hypercortisolism in squirrel monkeys living without companions is not a consequence of chronic elevations in ACTH. Similar peculiarities in pituitary-adrenal activity are evident in a number of affective disorders in human beings.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2001

A longitudinal analysis of salivary flow in control subjects and older adults with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Many diabetics complain of xerostomia, a condition that can affect oral health, nutritional status, and diet selection. This study's purposes were (1) to investigate the effect on salivary flow of type 2 diabetes and change in glycemic control in a group of older adults over time and (2) to compare flow rates with subjective complaints of xerostomia. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 39 older adults, 24 with type 2 diabetes and 15 who were nondiabetic (controls), aged 54-90 years, participated in a 1-year follow-up study. Diabetic status was determined by means of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and 2-hour glucose tolerance tests. Poor glycemic control was defined as HbA1c > 9%. Unstimulated whole, unstimulated parotid, and stimulated parotid saliva flow rates were measured for all subjects by a single examiner at baseline and 1 year later. Each subject completed a standardized xerostomia questionnaire at every visit. RESULTS: Age, sex, and duration of diabetes did not adversely affect salivary flow rates. Subjects with poorly controlled diabetes had significantly lower stimulated parotid saliva flow rates at both visits. There were no significant changes in flow rates over time on the basis of diabetic status or glycemic control. Subjects with diabetes reported significantly more complaints of thirst but not of xerostomia at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that older adults with poorly controlled diabetes may have impaired salivary flow in comparison with subjects with better controlled diabetes and nondiabetic subjects, yet they may not have concomitant xerostomic complaints. There were no significant changes in salivary flow rates or glycemic control over the 1-year period.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

A longitudinal analysis of maternal abuse potential and developmental delays in children of adolescent mothers.

OBJECTIVE: This project was designed to examine the impact of adolescent mothers' abuse potential on the development of preschool children. The specific aims were to demonstrate relationships between maternal abuse potential and developmental problems in preschool children, to examine these relationships across time, and to determine whether maternal abuse potential predicted developmental delays after controlling for problematic parenting orientations. METHOD: Using a longitudinal design, we examined 146 first time mothers and their children. Maternal abuse potential was assessed when children were 1, 3, and 5 years old; problematic parenting orientation was assessed when the children were 6 months old; and child development (i.e., IQ, adaptive behavior, and behavior problems) was assessed at ages 3 and 5. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed significant relationships between maternal abuse potential and a variety of developmental problems. Path analyses revealed unidirectional relationships between abuse potential predicting IQ and adaptive behaviors. Further analyses indicated that maternal abuse potential at 1 and 3 years predicted intelligence and adaptive behavior at ages 3 and 5, even when problematic parenting orientation was controlled. In contrast, children's behavioral problems at ages 3 and 5 was better accounted for by problematic parenting orientation than by abuse potential. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study revealed that developmental delays in children of adolescent are related to abuse potential. Two pathways were found for predicting developmental delays: One pathway linked child abuse potential with IQ and adaptive functioning: the other pathway showed that problematic parenting orientation accounted for the development of emotional and behavioral problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Longitudinal analysis of psychological adaptation among family members of patients with cancer.

A growing body of research suggests that a cancer diagnosis reverberates throughout the family system. The majority of studies provide evidence of the psychological distress experienced by family members at the time of diagnosis and during terminal and early bereavement stages. Increasingly, however, patients survive a cancer diagnosis. Therefore, their experience and that of family members more closely approximates living with a chronic illness. In this longitudinal study of 143 pairs of patients and significant others it was found that a substantial minority of significant others experienced psychological distress up to one year after the patient's initial diagnosis. The psychologically vulnerable group of significant others included an initially poor functioning group who remained so over time as well as a group whose mental health status declined over time. Personal and social resources were more important factors in declining mental health than illness-related factors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Longitudinal analysis of lymphocyte function and numbers in the first year of life in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome).

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common syndrome typically consisting of variable cardiac defects, hypoparathyroidism, developmental delay, and immunodeficiency. The hemizygous deletion has variable effects on the immune system even within the same kindred, and the extent of the immunodeficiency is difficult to predict. Some patients have shown improvement over time; however, this is the first prospective longitudinal study of the dynamic nature of the immunodeficiency. Nineteen patients were studied prospectively between 1994 and 1997. The results of the newborn immunologic studies in the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion group were significantly different from those of a group of newborns with cardiac disease due to other causes. Peripheral blood T-cell numbers were decreased in the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion group, although T-cell function was largely preserved. The group as a whole demonstrated few changes in the first year of life, but a subset of patients with markedly diminished T-cell numbers did demonstrate improvement. Therefore, improvement in peripheral blood T-cell counts is variable in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The patients with the lowest T-cell counts improved the most in the first year of life.

Cell Lineage↗
PubMed1998

Longitudinal analysis of maternal serum leptin levels during pregnancy, at birth and up to six weeks after birth: relation to body mass index, skinfolds, sex steroids and umbilical cord blood leptin levels.

Leptin is an important regulator of body fat mass and energy expenditure during adult life. The mechanisms by which maternal and fetal weight are regulated during pregnancy are poorly understood. In order to gain more insight into a potential role of leptin during gestation, a prospective, longitudinal study was carried out to measure leptin concentrations in maternal serum of 29 healthy women during pregnancy up to 6 weeks after birth and also in umbilical cord blood of their newborns. Leptin concentrations were measured using a specific RIA. In addition, estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin were determined using commercially available RIAs. The mothers' skinfolds were determined at four sites using a Holtain caliper. Leptin levels increased continuously during pregnancy and reached 25.8 +/- 14.7 ng/ml at 38-40 weeks. At birth, leptin concentrations were 23.5 +/- 15.4 ng/ml. Three days after delivery a significant decrease of leptin levels to 10.6 +/- 6.0 ng/ml was observed. Six weeks after birth the leptin concentration in maternal serum was 13.8 +/- 8.6 ng/ml. At birth, maternal serum levels were significantly higher than levels in cord blood and did not correlate with leptin levels in cord blood or neonatal weight. Furthermore, leptin levels did not correlate with maternal sex steroids and sex hormone binding globulin levels. At 6-8 weeks of pregnancy, maternal leptin serum levels correlated significantly with BMI (r = 0.81). The correlation coefficients (leptin vs. BMI) dropped with increasing gestational age and at birth only a poor correlation persisted (r = 0.50). Six weeks after birth there was again a high correlation between leptin levels in maternal serum and BMI (r = 0.76). Subscapular skinfold thickness was correlated to leptin concentrations in maternal serum during the whole period of the investigation. In conclusion, maternal leptin levels continuously increased from 6-8 weeks up to 38-40 weeks of pregnancy. Maternal leptin levels decreased dramatically after birth. Six weeks after delivery, leptin levels were comparable to the values measured at the beginning of pregnancy. We hypothesize that leptin might play an important role during pregnancy and fetal development.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Specificity of symptoms of depression in Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Authors examined the temporal stability of symptoms of major and minor depression and apathy in dementia. METHODS: A consecutive sample of 65 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and depression at baseline evaluation received a follow-up psychiatric assessment that included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression an average of 17 months later. RESULTS: Half of the sample had no depression at follow-up, and showed a significant improvement in sadness, guilt, suicidal ideation, disruption in sleep, loss of interest, loss of energy, thoughts of death, social withdrawal, psychomotor changes, changes in appetite/weight, and symptoms of anxiety. No significant changes were found on scores of irritability or apathy. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the specificity of depressive symptoms in AD and suggests that apathy and depression are different behavioral domains.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Longitudinal analysis of serum chemokine levels in the course of HIV-1 infection.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlation between the serum levels of the CC-chemokines RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta, and the progression of HIV-1 disease. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of serial serum samples from HIV-1 seroconverters selected according to clinical outcome. METHODS: Twenty-one patients, derived from a cohort recruited between 1985 and 1996 for a prospective study of the natural history of HIV infection, were analysed. All patients had at least one HIV-1-seronegative sample within 1 year prior to the first seropositive test and were followed longitudinally throughout the course of HIV-1 infection (mean follow-up, 73.5 months). Nine were rapid progressors (RP; patients who developed AIDS within 60 months of antibody seroconversion), seven were slow progressors (SP; patients who developed AIDS after 60 months), and five were long-term asymptomatic (LTA; patients with circulating CD4+ cells higher than 400 x 10(6)/l, no signs of HIV disease, no antiretroviral therapy for more than 96 months). A total of 339 serum samples was studied (mean, 16.1 per patient). The levels of RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and correlated with different immunological and clinical parameters. RESULTS: Over the entire follow-up period, the geometric mean of serum RANTES was significantly higher in RP [68.6 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval (CI), 56.9-82.7] than in SP (23.7 ng/ml; 95% CI, 20.0-28.2; P < 0.001) and LTA (19.5 ng/ml; 95% CI, 15.5-24.5; P < 0.001). This difference was already significant during the early clinical stages, when patients had peripheral blood CD4+ cell counts still greater than 400 x 10(6)/l (P < 0.001). By contrast, the mean serum levels of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta did not differ significantly between the three study groups. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that the mean serum concentration of RANTES before the development of AIDS was independently associated with the time to AIDS (relative risk, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.1-18.2; P = 0.035). In patients with low versus high mean serum RANTES before the fall of CD4+ cells below 400 x 10(6)/l, the median AIDS-free time was 117.5 and 42.7 months, respectively (P = 0.037). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that an elevation of serum RANTES predicts a rapid progression of the disease since the early stages of HIV-1 infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ideal mate personality concepts and compatibility in close relationships: a longitudinal analysis.

How 2 personalities may be best combined in a couple has often been answered in terms of similarity in partner's personality characteristics. However, results have been inconsistent. The present study proposed that relationship outcomes should depend more on the similarity between individuals' ideal mate personality concepts (IMPCs) and their partner's personality as both perceived by the self and self-reported by the partner. Study 1 introduces a new Q-sort to assess IMPCs and provides evidence for the interindividual variability and the short-term consistency of IMPC. By following nonmarried couples over a 9-month period, Study 2 replicated findings from Study 1 and demonstrated that, overall, the current concept of congruence predicts relationship outcomes better than both personality similarity and the partner's individual personality traits.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Longitudinal analysis of lung function growth in healthy children and adolescents.

Lung function and height in 242 8-yr-old and 299 12-yr-old children without known or suspected predisposition to lung disease were measured annually over 6 and 8 yr, respectively. Growth of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity, and expiratory flow after expiring 50% of vital capacity were statistically modeled by age and height by use of a multivariate normal model for longitudinal data. This method has the flexibility to fit an appropriate (not necessarily linear) mathematical description of average lung function while concurrently modeling the covariance between measures on the same individual. Differences in lung function growth between girls and boys, pre- and post-puberty, showed that girls had a steadier though less pronounced increase in lung function with height. In boys, before puberty there was deficit in lung volume relative to height (not evident in girls), which was compensated for by rapid growth after puberty. The standard error of FEV1 predictions based on current height and age were more than halved when measurements of FEV1, age, and height taken 1 yr before were incorporated. We found evidence for dysanaptic growth in childhood. Fitted models have application to early detection of departures from healthy lung function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Serum androgen concentrations in young men: a longitudinal analysis of associations with age, obesity, and race. The CARDIA male hormone study.

Serum testosterone concentration appears to be higher in black men than white men, particularly at younger ages. The higher incidence of prostate cancer in blacks has been attributed, at least in part, to this difference. Other factors associated with androgen levels in men include age and obesity. However, most of the studies of adult androgen levels are limited by their cross-sectional design. We conducted longitudinal analyses (Generalized Estimating Equation) of the associations of age, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference with total and free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations during an 8-year period and compared these hormonal factors between black (n = 483) and white (n = 695) male participants of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. For men ages 24 years and older at the time of the first hormone measurement, increasing age was associated with a statistically significant decrease in serum total and free testosterone and an increase in SHBG (P < 0.05). BMI and waist circumference were inversely associated with total testosterone and SHBG, but only BMI was inversely associated with free testosterone. After adjustment for age and BMI, total testosterone was higher in blacks (0.21 ng/ml; P = 0.028) than whites, an approximately 3% difference. However, after further adjustment for waist circumference, there was no black-white difference (0.05 ng/ml; P = 0.62). These results indicate that the age-associated decrease in circulating testosterone and increase in SHBG begin during the 3rd decade of life, and that increasing obesity, particularly central obesity, is associated with decreasing total testosterone and SHBG. Results also suggest that the previously observed difference in total testosterone between black and white men could be attributed, for the most part, to racial differences in abdominal obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis.

Population migration is a major determinant of an area's age-sex structure and socio-economic characteristics. The suggestion that migration can contribute to an increase or decrease in place-specific rates of illness is not new. However, differences in health status between small geographical locations that may be affected by the inter-relationships between health, area-based deprivation and migration are under-researched. Using the Office for National Statistics (ONS) England and Wales Longitudinal Study (LS) 1971-1991, this research tracks individuals to identify any systematic sorting of people that has contributed to the area-level relationships between health (limiting long-term illness and mortality) and deprivation (Carstairs quintiles). The results demonstrate that among the young, migrants are generally healthier than non-migrants. Migrants who move from more to less deprived locations are healthier than migrants who move from less to more deprived locations. Within less deprived areas migrants are healthier than non-migrants but within deprived areas migrants are less healthy than non-migrants. Over the 20 year period, the largest absolute flow is by relatively healthy migrants moving away from more deprived areas towards less deprived areas. The effect is to raise ill-health and mortality rates in the origins and lower them in the destinations. This is reinforced by a significant group of people in poor health who move from less to more deprived locations. In contrast, a small group of unhealthy people moved away from more deprived into less deprived areas. These countercurrents of less healthy people have a slight ameliorating effect on the health-deprivation relationship. Whilst health-deprivation relationships are more marked for migrants there are also health (dis-) benefits for non-migrants if their location becomes relatively more or less deprived over time. Overall we found that between 1971 and 1991, inequalities in health increased between the least and most deprived areas, compared with the health-deprivation relationship which would have existed if peoples' locations and deprivation patterns had stayed geographically constant. Migration, rather than changes in the deprivation of the area that non-migrants live in, accounts for the large majority of change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Longitudinal analysis of circulating myeloma cells detected by allele specific mRNA in situ hybridization.

Individual myeloma cells in the peripheral blood of 7 patients with multiple myeloma were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using biotinylated antisense oligonucleotide probes to non-germline sequences of the CDR3 region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Peripheral blood samples from these patients were studied over a period of 2-3 years. The number of circulating myeloma cells varied from 0.1-23% of the mononuclear cell population. Longitudinal studies showed that the highest number of circulating myeloma cells were present during escape phase and thus the percentage of mRNA ISH+ cells correlated with the clinical state of the patient. This technique is the most accurate means of monitoring and quantitating individual myeloma cells in the peripheral blood of patients with myeloma and provides insight into the relevance of circulating myeloma cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal analysis of bone density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to investigate change in bone mineral density (BMD) over time in HIV-infected women in comparison with healthy control subjects similar in age, race, and body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS: BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 100 HIV-infected females and 100 healthy controls similar in age (41 +/- 1 vs. 41 +/- 1 yr, P = 0.57), BMI (26.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 27.2 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2), P = 0.12), and race (60 vs. 65% non-Caucasian, P = 0.47, HIV-infected vs. controls). Changes in BMD were determined every 6 months over 24 months. RESULTS: At baseline, HIV-infected subjects had lower BMD at the lumbar spine (1.01 +/- 0.01 vs. 1.07 +/- 0.01 g/cm(2), P = 0.001), hip (0.94 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.98 +/- 0.01 g/cm(2), P = 0.02), and femoral neck (0.83 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.87 +/- 0.01 g/cm(2), P = 0.02). Historical low weight, duration of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor use, and FSH were significantly associated with lumbar BMD, whereas duration of HIV, BMI, historical low weight, smoking pack-years, N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen, viral load, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin were associated with hip BMD at baseline. In mixed model longitudinal analyses, BMD remained lower in HIV-infected subjects than in controls over 24 months of follow-up (P = 0.001 for the spine, P = 0.04 for the hip, and P = 0.02 for the femoral neck). These differences remained significant controlling for age, race, BMI, and menstrual function. In contrast, rates of change for the spine (P = 0.79), hip (P = 0.44), and femoral neck (P = 0.34) were not different between the HIV and control groups over 2 yr. In the HIV group, longitudinal changes in BMD were not associated with current protease inhibitor, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor use but were associated with CD4 count, weight, FSH, N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen, and baseline BMD. CONCLUSIONS: BMD is reduced at the spine, hip, and femoral neck among women with HIV in relationship to low weight, duration of HIV, smoking, and increased bone turnover. Over 2 yr of follow-up, BMD remained stable but lower in HIV-infected women, compared with control subjects.

Adult↗