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PubMedDate not supplied

Lamination of fragile documents as preliminary intervention to aqueous mass deacidification. A study on reversibility effects.

Paper lamination is a widely known method to consolidate fragile and brittle documents. Since the loss of mechanical strength of paper documents is almost completely due to their acidity, the procedure generally adopted by restorers consists of an aqueous treatment of deacidification followed by consolidation. The drawback of this method is due to the loss of paper fragments during the deacidification step, that must be therefore accurately controlled. Some preliminary experiments showed that a better and faster practice would be the lamination of paper documents with a water-resistant sheet before their immersion in the deacidification bath. The aim of this work is to evaluate the permeability, chemical stability and reversibility of the lamination sheets coated with two commercially available acrylic resins. From both gravimetric and FTIR analyses it appeared that slight modifications of the acrylic monomers led to different properties, and this behaviour can be exploited to improve the properties of lamination sheets in order to set up a reliable method of aqueous mass deacidification.

Acids↗
PubMed1985

Mapping of the mouse X chromosome using random genomic probes and an interspecific mouse cross.

Two libraries enriched in murine X chromosome material have been constructed in the lambda vector NM 1149 from flow-sorted chromosomes. Inserts of unique genomic sequence DNA were purified and their X chromosome specificity characterised by hybridisation to a panel of somatic cell hybrid lines. Of the first five such X chromosome-specific probes characterised, all detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) between inbred mouse laboratory strains such as C57BL/6 and BALB/c and the SPE/Pas mouse strain established from a wild Mus spretus mouse, when their DNAs are digested with the restriction enzyme TaqI. Taking advantage of these RFLPs, all five probes have been localised on the X chromosome using an interspecific backcross between the B6CBARI and SPE/Pas mouse strains segregating the X chromosome markers hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) and Tabby (Ta). Three of the probes map to the region between the centromere and Hprt, and two distal to Ta. Since such X-specific sequence probes detect RFLPs between M. spretus and M. musculus domesticus DNAs with high frequency, a large panel of well localised probes should soon be available for studies of biological problems associated with the X chromosome which can best be approached using the murine species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Vaccine research and development for the prevention of filarial nematode infections.

The development of vaccines for the prevention of filarial nematode infections is in a state of relative infancy in comparison to vaccines for other parasitic diseases, such as schistosomiasis and malaria. There are many reasons for this slow start. Some of the principal problems are: (1) the lengthy and complex life cycle of these organisms with attendant complex immune responses, (2) the unique characteristics associated with a relatively large number of different pathogens, (3) the lack of suitable model systems for study of medically important infections, (4) the paucity of parasite material for antigen discovery and recombinant library construction, (5) the lack of substantial evidence suggesting the natural occurrence of protective immune responses, and (6) the limited data on mechanisms responsible for protective immunity. As technical hurdles are considered, it is also critical to focus on the characteristics of a vaccine necessary for its eventual utility. In the case of a vaccine for D. immitis a completely successful product will need to approach a 99+% efficacy. This is because of the 99+% efficacy of competitive chemotherapeutic products and the fact that microfilaremia observed on blood examination, resulting from as few as two worms, would present as a vaccine failure. Although very low worm burdens in large dogs could be perceived as success in the context of protection from clinical disease, because of the option of virtually complete chemoprophylactic protection, the typical veterinary practitioner would probably fail to appreciate less than complete vaccine protection. In contrast, a vaccine that produced a reduction in adult worm burdens without complete protection in either lymphatic filariasis or onchocerciasis would be very important. Highly effective chemoprophylactic agents are not widely available for prevention of the human filariases, and dramatically reduced clinical disease provided by less than a completely effective vaccine could occur as the result of fewer adult worms. The importance of developing these vaccines has outweighed the obstacles to this research. There has been a great deal of epidemiological and experimental evidence to suggest a vaccine is feasible and antigen discovery has progressed relatively rapidly within just the past few years. Efforts to generate appropriate larval cDNA libraries are beginning to yield dividends and a variety of fascinating vaccine candidates have been cloned. Additional antigen discovery, research on appropriate modalities for overexpression of genes from these parasites, and the complex tasks associated with vaccinology remain as significant research and development obstacles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Bed rest or early mobilization as treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to know if treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with early mobilisation is as safe and effective as bed rest. MATERIAL AND METHOD: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library (CCTR), Spanish Medical Index, and MD-Consult Virtual Library databases were searched. We also cross-checked bibliographies of the retrieved articles. The TESEO database of doctoral theses in Spain was also revised. We only searched for clinical trial articles comparing bed rest with early mobilization with respect to the incidence of objectively diagnosed pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients treated for DVT of lower limbs. The concordance coefficient was evaluated by statistical methods. We used relative risk and 95% confidence intervals. Selection bias was evaluated using funnel plot. RESULTS: Only three articles were included in the metaanalysis, with 296 patients randomized from 773 patients initially evaluated, with a follow-up of 9 days to 3 months. Quality rating ranged from 61.4 to 90% and the kappa index of concordance ranged from 0.78 to 0.93. The relative risks of PE between the two groups of treatment (early mobilization versus bed rest) were 1.31 (0.63-2.72), 1.50 (0.17-13.23), and 1.45 (0.56-3.75), respectively, and the global RR was 1.37 (0.78-2.40). CONCLUSIONS: The analyzed studies reveal that the treatment of DVT with early mobilization rather than bed rest neither increases the rate of PE nor increases the complication rate. New well designed, controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the conclusions of this review.

Bed Rest↗
PubMed1995

Using medical dictionaries to teach the critical evaluation of information sources.

Bibliographic instruction (BI) is the formal teaching of information skills by library professionals. It is argued that biomedical BI must involve the teaching, not only of information retrieval, but also of evaluative skills. A course-integrated BI session on the critical evaluation of health information sources is described. This session uses medical and nursing dictionaries as a subject for investigation. Students in small groups evaluate various dictionaries according to selected criteria. Then they rank the dictionaries and defend the ranking before the rest of the class. It appears to be an effective learning experience from which participants emerge with sharper evaluative skills.

Dictionaries, Medical as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Rapid generation of region-specific genomic clones by chromosome microdissection: isolation of DNA from a region frequently deleted in malignant melanoma.

Malignant melanoma is frequently characterized by the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 (usually encompassing 6q16-q21). In an effort to saturate this region with DNA markers, microdissection and molecular cloning of DNA from banded human metaphases recent development of a novel chromosome microdissection scheme that omits microchemical manipulation of DNA. Microdissection was targeted on band 6q21. Direct PCR amplification of dissected DNA was first used as a probe in chromosomal in situ hybridization of normal metaphases to confirm the specificity of material excised for cloning. A genomic library of 20,000 clones, which is highly enriched for sequences encompassing 6q21, was then constructed. Clones from this library have been mapped against a human-rodent somatic cell hybrid mapping panel that divides chromosome 6 into seven regions, confirming the localization of probes within the target region. Direct PCR amplification of DNA excised by microdissection greatly simplifies and facilitates this chromosome band-specific cloning strategy. The isolation of microclones from this region of chromosome 6 should assist in establishing a physical map of the melanoma deletion region.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Lipid-based nanotubes as functional architectures with embedded fluorescence and recognition capabilities.

A limited combinatorial strategy was used to synthesize a small library of soft lipid-based materials ranging from structurally unordered fibers to highly uniform nanotubes. The latter nanotubes are comprised of a bilayer structure with interdigitated alkyl chains associated through hydrophobic interactions. These tubes contain accessible 2,6-diaminopyridine linkers that can interact with thymidine and related nucleosides through multipoint hydrogen bonding, thereby quenching the intrinsic fluorescence of the aromatic linker. These results are the first example of a systematic strategy to design functional lipid nanotubes with precise structural and functional features.

Aminopyridines↗
PubMed2004

Targeted generation of 16 sequence-tagged sites for bovine chromosome region 5q21-q25 by microdissection.

The cattle chromosome region BTA5q21-q25 is associated with immune defense and is linked with several economically important traits for growth, ovulation, twinning and milk yield. Chromosome microdissection of the region was performed to generate fragment-specific DNA libraries and to provide new bovine-specific DNA sequences as starting material for physical fine-mapping approaches or linkage studies. A first library screening resulted in the identification of 16 region-specific sequence-tagged sites (STS). Fifteen STS represent new unique cattle DNA sequences, of which one identifies a new microsatellite. Homology with the gene CDK2 was found for the remaining STS.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Gene expression in CD34(+) cells from normal bone marrow and leukemic origins.

INTRODUCTION: To address the molecular regulation of hematopoiesis and the complex mechanism in leukemogenesis, we established the first catalogs of genes expressed in normal bone marrow and leukemia CD34(+) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CD34(+) cell cDNA libraries were constructed using mRNA from adult bone marrow and from a case of acute myeloid leukemia-M5 transformed from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS-AML). Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and full-length cDNAs were generated by sequencing and were annotated using bioinformatic tools. RESULTS: From a total of 4142 ESTs obtained from normal bone marrow, 3424 meaningful tags were integrated into 1630 clusters, representing 622 known genes, 522 dbEST entries and 486 novel sequences. Out of 5382 ESTs from MDS-AML, 1985 clusters were produced based on the analysis of 4321 useful ESTs, including 711 known genes, 657 known ESTs and 617 novel sequences. Among 251 transcripts found in both bone marrow and MDS-AML EST datasets and those present in only one dataset, 58 showed statistically significant differences in EST copy numbers between the two tissues (P<0.05). Twenty putative full-length cDNAs for novel genes were also cloned from the MDS-AML library. CONCLUSION: The distinct gene expression patterns in MDS-AML-CD34(+) cells as compared to normal control cells may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of the malignant phenotypes of leukemia cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Rational design of porous titanophosphates.

To rationally design new nanoporous materials based on titanophosphates, a small library of titanium phosphate crystalline nanoporous compounds has been build up and its compounds have been investigated by X-ray diffraction and by in- and ex-situ NMR. The main trends of the unusual titanium solution chemistry, of the prenucleation building units and of their assembling have been established. The classical trial and error strategy can therefore be replaced by a better control of the steps leading to the final targeted network.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of Borna disease virus-specific RNAs in infected cells and tissues.

Borna disease virus (BDV) is an infectious agent that causes profound disturbances in motor function and behaviour in a wide range of animal species and possibly humans. The infectious nature of BDV has long been established, but the aetiological agent has not been isolated or classified. Recently, we have reported the isolation of BDV-specific cDNA clones using subtractive libraries constructed from mRNA from infected material. Here we describe studies on one of these cDNA clones, B8, and confirm its specificity by in situ hybridization on sections of BDV-infected brain. The complete nucleotide sequence of BDV-specific clone B8 was determined. Oligonucleotides of positive and negative polarity synthesized from sequences from the 5' and 3' ends, as well as the central part, of clone B8 identified both positive- and negative-strand BDV-specific RNAs in infected rat brain. All B8 sequences used as oligonucleotide probes were found to be contained in the larger positive- and negative-strand RNAs. Thus, the structure of the BDV-specific RNAs appears to be a nested set of multiple, overlapping subgenomic positive- and negative-strand RNA transcripts.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Detection of amplified sequences at 5q11-->q13 in a homogenously staining region found by fluorescent in situ hybridization in a case of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Gene amplification is one of the molecular mechanisms possibly involved in the initiation of tumorigenesis. Homogenously staining regions and double minutes have been shown to contain amplified DNA sequences. We report here a case of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) carrying an abnormal chromosome 5 with an hsr-like region at 5q11-->q13. Chromosome "painting" with a chromosome 5-specific library (pBS5) showed that the amplified material was indeed derived from chromosome 5. Further identification of the amplified DNA sequences was performed with a set of YAC probes localized to 5q12-->q14. The amplified region contained genetic loci defined by D5S6, D5S125, D5S112, and D5S39. A three-fold level of DNA amplification was visualized by Southern blotting using a DNA probe from the amplified region. The present results suggest that unknown gene(s) at 5q11-->q13 might be involved in the process of lymphomagenesis when amplification occurs.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed2000

The South Wales Miners Federation, Miners' Lung and the instrumental use of expertise, 1900-1950.

Oral history materials from the South Wales Miners' Library are used to examine the communal understandings of, collective responses to, the scourge of Miners' Lung (pneumoconiosis) in the 1920s and 1930s. Lay epidemiology in mining communities attributed an aetiological role to coaldust at a time when many experts believed miners' pulmonary disease to be bronchitic, or to be silica-induced. In their efforts to secure compensation claims for their members, union officials instrumentally used scientific expertise in a variety of forms: they contributed to epidemiological evidence; they lobbied for more government-funded research; they 'bought' experts; they duped expert witnesses; and they made sophisticated instrumental appeals to the supposed independence of favorable expert judgements. Eventually, miners' situated' 'local knowledge' became scientific orthodoxy, a success story which may be associated with the class-conscious miners' 'bump of irreverence' about expert knowledge, and with the divided character of the expert core-set, sections of which were receptive to miners' 'local knowledge' claims.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Growing up Kennedy: the role of medical ailments in the life of JFK, 1920-1957.

As a result of the opening of new materials at the John F Kennedy Library relating to John F Kennedy's medical problems, we have a better understanding of the specific nature of those ailments, how they were treated, and how he responded to them. Most important, this study focuses on how his medical problems affected his relationship with his parents, especially his father, in the context of an older sibling who personified what a Kennedy should be: bright, athletic, and healthy. John Kennedy's response to family expectations produced a sometimes rebellious and detached youth who learned to rely on his charm, wit, intellect, and inner toughness to overcome adversity. In the process of dealing with serious medical issues into adulthood, John Kennedy revealed both courage and fortitude-traits that would eventually carry him to the White House.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1990

Learning resources in a medical school--the evolution of an innovation.

Resources to support self-study have been provided in the Medical School of the University of Aberdeen for the past 15 years. The initial impetus to this provision was given when a project--the Postgraduate Teaching Project--was set up in 1974 to develop programmes for medical postgraduates studying the Membership Examinations of the Royal College of Physicians. The success of the project resulted in a widening of its remit to undergraduate medical education. This led, in turn, to the formation, in 1978, of the Medical Learning Resources Group and the construction of a designated Learning Resources Area in the Medical School Library. Use of resources is continuously monitored and the resources themselves are regularly revised and updated.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1992

High-efficiency cDNA cloning: a comparison of electroporation and in vitro packaging.

The production of complete cDNA libraries from minimal amounts of starting material (i.e., mRNA) is a major challenge for cDNA cloning technology. This paper reports the cDNA cloning efficiencies of electroporation and in vitro packaging. These two methods produce a tremendous number of recombinant clones (greater than or equal to 1 x 10(8) clones/micrograms cDNA) although electroporation generates more clones at nearly all cDNA concentrations used in a ligation reaction.

Cloning, Molecular↗